Gustav Husak - pragmatic politician paha he repressive alihi kaua?

Ke ola moʻolelo o Czechoslovak politician Gustav Husak he instructive. Kona noho alii ana i kaulana ai-kapaia "normalization", oa ka hoʻopau o ka hopena o na nā mea hoʻololi "Palaka Hao." Gustav Husak ua Slovak ohana, a me kaʻaʻole loaʻaʻoihana keiki. Life ua hooku ae la ia i ka oioi o ka mana. He lilo Peresidena o ka Socialist Czechoslovakia,ʻaneʻane undisputed alihi kaua o ka Communist Party o ka aina. E like me ka reformer i loko o kona wa opiopio, hoomaka ae la oia e repress i kaʻeha ma ka naʻau i loko o nā sixties o ka hope kenekulia. Ua haʻalele nō naʻe ia ia i ike i kona manawa i no.

Kakahiaka Kawaihae o Gustav Husak i loko o kona wa opiopio

Aina hanau o Czechoslovak kulekele ma luna o ka mokuna o Austria-Hungary, ma Poshonihidegkute (e Dubravka), January 10, 1913. I kona makahiki 16, ua lilo i lâlâ o ka Communist wā kamaliʻi pae. Ua ua i kona mau haʻawina ma ke kula Bratislava. A ia ia i komo aku i ke kānāwai'āuna kumu o Comenius University, ka mea, ua lilo ia i l & acirclâ o ka Communist Party. Aiaʻo ia koke i kona 'oihana, neʻe maila kēlā me kēia manawa a hiki i ka pae kiʻekiʻe. I ka 1938, i ka aoao i banned. Ma ka outbreak o ke Kaua Honua II, Gustav Husak, ma ka kekahi lima, ka mea, ua pinepine 'ole i loko o ka puka Communist hana, no ka i ka mea i Hoomau pinepine hopu ia e ka poeikohoia o ka fascist aupuni o Jozef Tiso, a ma luna o ka mea' ē aʻe - ua hoa me ka luna o ka loa-pono Slovak Alexander Mach. Kekahi kumu e olelo aku i keia mea ke kumu ia i hookuu ia ma hope o kekahi mau mahina o ka hoʻopaʻahao. I ka makahiki 1944, lilo 'o ia i kekahi o nā luna o ka Slovak National Uprising e kū'ē i ka Nazis a me ko lakou poe hoomalu.

Gustav Husak ma hope o ke kaua

hoomaka ae la kekahi keiki i olelo mua iaʻi politician koke i kona 'oihana me he statesman a me ka' aoʻao functionary. Mai ka MH 1946 i ka makahiki 1950ʻo ia nae hoʻokani i ke kūlana o ke Kuhina Nui Kuhina, a, penei, i ka 1948, oia komo i loko o ka liquidation o ka kemokalaka Party o Solowakia, a ma luna o ke koho ana ma kanaha-ono o ka makahiki, lanakila 'o ia 62 pakeneka o ke koho balota. Akā, ma ka makahiki 1950, lilo iho la oia i ka luahi o Stalin ka hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka a me ka manawa o ka noho alii ana o Klement Gottwald i ho'āhewa o nationalist manao a me ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ke ola i loko o ka halepaahao, oia kana a makahiki eono i loko o Leopoldov o ka hale paʻahao. I ka hoomaopopoia Communist, aole ia i manao ia repression i pili i ka mea i misunderstanding a mau i kākau tearful palapala e pili ana i ka aoao alakaʻi. Interestingly, ka laila, alakaʻi o ka Communist Party o Czechoslovakia Aleksandr Novotny hoole, e kala aku ia ia, e hai ana i kona hoa no keia pii ana "oe e i ike i ka mea hiki ke hana, ina ia e hele mai i ka mana."

Trees moku'āina ka luna

Iloko o ka de-Stalinization o Gusak Gustav oia i rehabilitated. Kona hoohewaia e Ua hōʻoki aku, a ke hoihoi hou ia i loko o ka aoao. Ua hiki i ka makahiki 1963. Mai laila, ke kulekele ua lilo he nui hoa paio Novotny a kākoʻo Slovak reformer Aleksandra Dubcheka. I ka makahiki 1968, iloko o ka "Palaka Hao", lilo 'o ia i ke Kuhina Nui kuhina o Czechoslovakia, kuleana no ka lawe ana mai nā mea hoʻololi. I ka wā o ka Soviet Union hōʻike ikaika'ōhumu mai me ke kulekele o ka hou alakaʻi, Gusak Gustav i kekahi o ka mea mua, ka poe i kapaia no ka mālama nui. Hoomaka ae la oia e olelo-Liloa e pili ana i na nā papaha o ka "Palaka Hao", a iloko o ka oihana 'uao i loko o Czechoslovakia ma ka Warsaw Pact'āina lilo aoao a hiki i ka naʻe ma waena o Dubcek a me Brezhnev. Koke Husak alakaʻi i ka hapa o na hoa o ka HRC, ka poe i ua kahea no ka "rollback" o nā mea hoʻololi. I kekahi o kana mau olelo, i ka laila oia i noi i ka rhetorical nīnau e pili ana i kahi e houluulu kākoʻo o Dubcek nana i hoa i makemake kōkua i ke aupuni Makuakane me ka Soviet hao wale. No ka Husak kapaia pragmatic politician.

Ka luna o Czechoslovakia

Me ke kākoʻo o ka USSR kulekele koke auou caiaiai Dubcek i loko o ka pou HRC alihi kaua. He ole wale huli hoʻi i ka mihi kaʻina hana, akā, i kipaku mai i ka aoao o ka lokomaikai hoi o ka-manao. I ka 1975, Gusak Gustav i koho Peresidena o Czechoslovakia. Iloko o na makahiki he iwakalua o kona noho aliʻiʻana, i ka aina koe kekahi o ka kulekele oiaio o ka Soviet Union. I ka makahiki kakahiaka nui o kona loiloi like Husak ho'āʻo i ka mālie i ka huhu kanaka o ka aina, e hooho ana i ka waiwai maikaʻiʻana a me ka ae ho'āʻo ana nunui, a hamama repression. I ka Ia manawa pono kīvila ma Czechoslovakia ua oi kaupalena ma mua, no ka laʻana, ma Yugoslavia ma ka manawa o Broz Tito, a me kona moʻomeheuʻikepili hiki ke ahiahi, e like me ka mea ia i loko o ka wā Romania Nicolae Ceausescu. Ma lalo o nā slogans o kumupaʻa o na lawelawe malu o ke aupuni i mau hopu ana dissidents, e like me na lala o ka "Palapala 77", e like me ka pono a pau i kalepa hui luna, ka mea i ho'āʻo i ka hoonohonoho pepehi iho at ia.

Husak i loko o ke au mai o "perestroika"

Ka mua, oi makeʻe kulana lilo Hsu Gusak Gustav (ka hoʻokolokolo i nā mea i loaa mai i ka 1983). Naʻe, i loko o nā seventies o ka iwakalua kenekulia, hoi aku la oia a hiki i ka aoao o ka poe i kipaku ma hope o ka "Palaka Hao", oiai ka mea, ua koiia e akea mihi o "kuhihewa." Ma ka 80-ies. ka Politburo, i kona alakai i ke aumeume aku la no, ina paha e lawe mai nā mea hoʻololi e like "Gorbachev". No ka mea Czechoslovak "perestroika" ua'ōleloʻia Kuhina Nui Kuhina lubomír štrougal. Husak i koe'ākilikai, akā, ma April 1987, hai mai la i ka polokalamu o nā mea hoʻololi, i poe e hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1991.

Ka pau 'o ka' oihana

I ka 1988, i ka Czechoslovak Communists, e koi ana i kā lākou mau alakaʻi, e hāʻawi mai i ka mana a hiki i ka muli iho ia hanauna aku. I ka pragmatist, Husak hoʻoholo ihola,ʻaʻole e hele kekahi,ʻaʻohe, a olelo mai la e haʻalele, haalele i kona kulana like Peresidena o Czechoslovakia. I ka mea hoi ana i hana mai ai i ka "velvet kipi" i ka 1989. He pono kauoha Marian Chalfie holo i ke aupuni "aupuni hilinaʻi" a haawi aku la ia ia i ka mana o Dekemaba 10 o ka hookahi makahiki. Kēia i ke kūlana pau ana o ka? Eia i hoʻokumuʻia e ia. Ma kaʻAʻole eʻole ke hoao ia e rehabilitated, ka Czechoslovak Communist Party kipaku iā ia mai kona poʻe kaua i ka makahiki 1990, akā, ka mea i kōkua iā ia i loko o ke koho ana. Peresidena o ka aina i lilo i dissident Vaclav Havel. Gander i Catholicism i ka makahiki 1991, kokoke e pau loa hoopoina, i make.

Hiki i keia manawa, kākau moʻolelo hoʻopaʻapaʻa wale no mea i ka pono kuleana o kēia kulekele i loko o nā makahiki o kona noho aupuniʻana i loko o Czechoslovakia. Anei oia i ka pāʻana i ka moku'āina i hoʻomākaukauʻia, a me ka ua i ka pāʻani ala o ka hanana a me nā kanaka? I ka hope makahiki o kona ola ana Husak i hoaponoia, i ka mea i pono i makemake e hoopalupalu mai i ka inevitable ka hopena o ka Soviet kaua o ke aupuni a me ka ho'āʻo ai i ko oukou pale ana i ka "Hawk" i loko o kona 'aoʻao. Ma kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo ia nae mau, imi ae la ka withdrawal o Soviet poʻe hao wale, mai Czechoslovakia. Paha keia i alakaʻi ai kona maalea, no ka mea, mau hoao e hana i ka manaʻo i nā mea a pau "maʻamau."