Hadron Collider: Start. Ke Large Hadron Collider no ke aha la? Auhea la hoi?

Mōʻaukala o ka accelerator, a ua ike makou i keia la, e like me ka Large Hadron Collider kaʻina kānāwai 2007 hou ma hope. Initially ia ka hoʻomaka 'ana me ka chronology o ka accelerator o ka cyclotron. Ka mea ua he uuku na mea maalea, e hiki wawe ka fits ma ka papa. A laila, ua ulu steadily ka moʻolelo o accelerators. Uaʻikeʻia synchrotron a me ka synchrotron.

Ma ka mōʻaukala o paha ka loa, hoʻokipaʻia i ka wā mai ka makahiki 1956 a hiki i 1957 makahiki. I ka manawa, Soviet epekema, pakahi aku la ke kālaikūlohea, i ole lag ma ke kua o na hoahanau. E ho ohana i ka makahiki loaa o ka hana, ka Soviet physicist o Vladimir Veksler i ka Hopu ma ka 'epekema. Ka mea, he poe i hana i ka synchrotron loa ikaika loa i ka manawa. Kona hana ana nona iho ua 10 GeV (10 ieeeea? Huina'ine volts). Ma hope iho o kēia loaʻa i mua hanaia examples nui o accelerators: Large huina'ine-Positron Collider, he accelerator Hawaiian, Germany, ka United States. I mai la lakou a pau i hoʻokahi na pahuhopu - i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i kumu (particles) o quarks.

Ke Large Hadron Collider i hanaia i loko o ka mua wahi mililani aku i na hana o ka Italia physicist. A o kona inoa ua Carlo Rubbia, Nobel waiwai pio laureate. Ma kona ha awina Rubbia hana me he mea kuhikuhi i ka Europa Organization no nukelea Research. Ua Ua hoʻoholo i kūkulu, a holo i ka LHC mea ma-paena noiʻi waena.

Where Hadron Collider?

Collider hoonoho iho la ma ka mokuna ma waena o Kuikilana, a France. Loa o kona anapuni, he 27 kilomika, a no laila, ka mea, ua kapaia nui. accelerator ke komo lima hoi 50 a hiki i 175 mau mika. Ke Mākēneki 1232 Ua hoʻonoho collider. Ka mea, e superconducting, i kekahi i kekahi ke kūkulu i kekahi i kā mākou mahinaʻai no ka hoʻonui, mai ka ikehu koina o ia nā mākēneki iʻaneʻane kahi e. Ka huina kaumaha o kēlā me kēia Mākēneki mea 3.5 tons ma ka lōʻihi o 14,3 mau mika.

Like kekahi physical e hoopii mai ai, i ka Large Hadron Collider paha ke wela. No laila, ka mea, he pono ia mau me. No keia mea, ka mahana ua mālama 'ia ma 1,7 K hoʻohana' ana i 12 miliona nā lika o ke kinowai ai naikokene. Eia hou kekahi, wai helium (700,000 nā lika) ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka anuanu, a me ka hapanui importantly - ka'aloʻahiʻa ua hoʻohana' ia, i ka pa umi aku ko haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mea maʻamau ka lewa puʻe.

Mahana 1,7 K centigrade mea -271 degere. Oia ka wela mea kokoke kokoke i ka loa 'Aʻohe. Loa 'Aʻohe ua kapaia ka haahaa e hiki kali, a hiki i ka hoʻoponopono kino.

Ka loko lilo o ka tunnel mea i emi hana hoihoi. Aia i niobium-titanium superconducting uwea me nā papaha. Lākou lōʻihi o 7600 kilomika. O ka huina kaumaha, he 1.200 tons uwea. Kalaiaina o ka uwea - he plexus o nā kaula 6300 me ka mamao huina nui o 1.5 ieeeea? Kilomika. Kēia lōʻihi mea like i 10 Astronomical Unit. No ka laʻana, ka mamao, mai ka honua a hiki i ka la o 10 mau huahelu.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i kona Leeuwerikplein wahi, ka mea hiki e mai la oia i ka collider apo moe ma waena o nā kūlanakauhale o Saint-Genis a me Forno Voltaire aia ma kaʻaoʻao Farani, e like me ka pono me Marin, a Vessurat - me kaʻaoʻao Hawaiian. Small ke komo lima, i kapaia o PS, kŰlń ao ma ka palena o ke anawaena.

Ke raison d'être

I mea e pane i ka nīnau "He aha ka ke LHC", e pono e huli i nā kānakaʻepekema. He nui nā kānakaʻepekema i aku nei au ia mea, o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole nui no ka holoʻokoʻa wā o ke ola o ka 'epekema, a me ia' epekema ole ia, a uaʻikeʻia ia iā mākou i kēia lā, pono 'aʻole ole e hoohalike. Ke ola a me ka Launch o ka Large Hadron Collider e hoihoi 'ana ma i ka hookui ana o (particles) i loko o ka LHC mea he Naita. A pau i ka nani (particles) hoʻopuehu aku i loko o kekahiʻaoʻao. E hana hou (particles), a e wehewehe i ke ola ana a me ka manaʻo o na mea he nui.

Ka mea mua i kānakaʻepekema i ho'āʻo e loaʻa kēia mau (particles) ili nā - ka mea, ua theoretically wānana ma ka physicist Peter Higgs kula haʻahaʻaa huna i kapaʻia ka "Higgs boson". He nani loa huna o ka lawe o ka 'ike, i manaoia. Aka ka mea, ua kapaʻia he "huna ke Akua". Wehe ia e neʻe kānakaʻepekema, e maopopo i ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa. It E e kaulana ia i ka 2012, 4 July, Hadron Collider (hoʻomaka ia hapa 'ia' pomaikai ae) e kōkua loaʻa i ka like huna. I ka lā,ʻepekema Ke ho'āʻo nei e noiʻi i ia i loko o au mamuli.

Pehea lā ka lōʻihi o makemake ...

O ka holo ana, ke ninau koke aicieeaao, no ke aha la i kānakaʻepekema i lōʻihi e noiʻi i kēia mau (particles). Inā 'oe i kekahi mea, e hiki ke holo ia, a me na manawa, e pana hou, a nuiʻikepili. Ka nui, e hoike ana i ka hana o ka LHC - ia mea he pipiʻi makemake. Kekahi Launch koina he nui huina. No ka laʻana, ka makahiki ikehu hokii mea like i 800 miliona. KW / h. Keia dala o ka ikehu luku i ke kulanakauhale me ka heluna o ma kahi o 100 tausani, Man, ma ka awelika hae. 'Aʻole i kēia loaʻa ka hoʻoponopono koina. Kekahi kumu - o ia ka LHC Naita me ia i ia lŘlŘ ka wāʻoiai ka protons e paa ana i ka paka i ka nui ka leo o kaʻikepili: he kamepiula-readable 'ike ai i ka aaioee i ka puu o ka manawa. E hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea e ka mana o ke kamepiula 'ē aʻe e loaa ai ka ike, he nui ma ka i keia la i ka hae.

Kekahi kumu - ia mea i emi kaulana pouli mea. Epekema e hana ana me ka collider i loko o kēia kauoha, hoomauia i ka hiki huahelu o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa mea wale 4%. Ua Ua ea ae ka hana i ke koena - ia mea pouli mea a me ka pouli ikehu. Experimentally ho'āʻo nei e hooiaio i keia kumumanaʻo ka pololei.

Hadron Collider: no ka ai e ku e ia

E kau aku i ka kumumanaʻo o ka pouli mea i kapaʻia i loko o ninau i ka maluhia o ke ola o ka LHC. Ke ninau ae la: "Hadron Collider: no ka ai e ku e ia?" He Ua hoohihiaia nuiʻepekema. A pau i ka manaʻo nui o ke ao nei e māheleʻia i loko o nā waeʻano. Ua kau aku i mua "hoa" he hana hoihoi pähola 'ia inā ua mea nei, alaila, e pono e kona alo huna. A me kahi mea akaka i ka hookui ana o (particles) i loko o ka accelerator uala eleele hapa. Aia i kekahi pilikia i ka pouli loa, a me ka hapa i ke ike maka. A laila ka mea, ke alakaʻi aku i ka make ana o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka hoʻomaka 'ana mua LHC kēia kumumanaʻo i Ua he nawaliwali kekahi.

Next i ka nui e hiki mai ka Naita o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a he oiaio, ua - o ka hanau ana. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka hookui hiki e malama ana i ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa naʻauao i loko o nā kekona mua o ko lakou ola. Ke ala nānā akula ma hope o ke kumu o ka Big Ekahi. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka huna hookui hookahe koko ana kaʻina hana ka mea i like loa me ka kekahi i ua ma ka hoʻomaka o ka hanau ana o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kekahi Fabulous manaʻo i kānakaʻepekema kulana kupono - he mea lahaʻole Ke Ana Hoʻohālike. Ua mea hiki ole, akā, aia no he kumumanaʻo i paipai i loaʻa i nā Ana a me universes e like mākou poʻe kānaka hoʻokahi. A oddly lawa, e hiki ke kōkua i ka accelerator a.

Aloha kau, i ka manao o ke ola o ka accelerator mea e maopopo mea i ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa mea, pehea ia i hana, e ho'āʻo 'ole höʻoia' i kekahi na pähola 'o (particles) a me nāʻike manaʻo. O ka holo ana, ia e lawe makahiki, akā, me kela a me keia hoʻomaka, hou discoveries i hoʻokahuli i ke ao nei o ka 'epekema.

Kūʻiʻo e pili ana i ka accelerator

Ka mea ike i ka accelerator hōʻeleu i (particles) i ka 99% o ka mämä holo o ka malamalama, akā,ʻaʻole he nui kanaka ike i ka pakeneka mea like i 99,9999991% o ka mämä holo o ka malamalama. He mea kupaianaha huahelu i ano no ka mea, o ka mea pono a me ka manao ikaika nā mākēneki hōʻeleu i. Mākou e hoailona oukou i kekahi o ka ike emi kūʻiʻo.

Nā helu hua mai la i ka hookui hookahe koko ana o (particles) i hoʻonui

Ka helu o nā protons i loko o ka pua kiele	i 100 Bln. (1011)
ka helu ana o na pai	i 2.808
I ka helu o ka hele proton kaola i loko o ka mīkini hopu ka mea hewa ciia	i ke 31 miliona. lua cii 4
I ka helu o ka huna hookui hookahe koko ana ma ke kuʻina	i ka 20
Volume no hookuiʻikepili	ma kahi o 1.5 MB
Mea o (particles) Higgs	1 nahu kela 2,5 kekona (i piha ka nui o ka mea nana i ulana, a me ka like ana me kekahi nā mea mahuʻi e pili ana i ka waiwai o na (particles) Higgs)

Kahi o 100 miliona. Kahawai o kaʻikepili e hele mai, mai kela a me keia o ka papa kuhikuhiE detectors elua hiki i kekahi mea o nā kekona, e hoʻokō 'oi ma mua o 100.000 CDs. I wale hoʻokahi mahina i ka helu o nā iwi kuamoʻo i hiki ia i kiekie i ka wa e moe iho ma ka noae, ka mea makemake e lawa i ka mahina. Ua Ua nolaila, hoʻoholo ole, e ohi i ka ikepili e hele mai, mai na detectors, akā, ka poe e ae, e hoʻohana i kaʻikepili ohi'ōnaehana, a me ka mea hana me ka Kānana no ka ikepili ka poe wale. Ua Ua hoʻoholo i ka palapala hanana wale 100 e mai ai i ka manawa o ka Naita. Hoʻopaʻa kēia mau hanana, e lilo ia i Archive i nā ikepili konu o ka LHC oihana, i ua Aia ma ka Europa keʻena hoʻokolohua no ka huna ke kālaikūlohea, i mea no hoi i ka wahi o ka accelerator kulana. E e kākau i nā hanana i i ua palapalaia, a me ka poe ho i ka 'epekema kaiāulu i ka nui ka uku hoopanee.

aftertreatment

Ma hope o kākau i hoʻokahi haneri kilobytes o aeaiiuo e e hoʻokō 'ia. No keia mea, elua miliona oi ma mua o kamepiula 'ē aʻe ke aupuni' o CERN. Ke kumu o kēia kamepiula 'ē aʻe o ka aaioee o ka maka ikepili a me ke kahua o ko lākou mau kumu, a e e pono no ka hou Ka Ikepili. Eia ua loaʻaʻikepili kahawai e e kuhikuhi 'ia ka' ē aʻeo ka maka aha. Kēia Pau online ulana pukapuka, hoʻohuiʻia nā tausani o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe e i ke aupuni' o kekahi kulanui a puni ka honua, e hoopaa ana oi ma mua o hoʻokahi haneri nui-oaio? A, a i aia ma 'ekolu' âinapuni. e pili All mau kumu me CERN ka hoʻohana'ōnohi olona, - no ka i kā mākouʻikepili kōmi.

Olelo ana o nā kūʻiʻo, e mea pono e hōʻike pū e pili ana i ka 'ole o ke kino ai' nā hoailona. Tunnel accelerator mea he haiahū kūmau o 1.4%, mai ka papamoe pelane. Kēia i hanaʻia i loko o ka wahi mua no i ka hapanui o ka accelerator tunnel ma monolithic pohaku. Pela ka hohonu o kahi i hoʻokomo ma luna o ka mea e ku ponoʻaoʻao iʻokoʻa. Inā mākou e kuhi mai o ka moana wai, i kahi kokoke i Geneva, i ka hohonu o 50 mau mika. Ke ku pono ana i ke kuleana o ka i ka hohonu o ka 175 mau mika.

Na hana hoihoi mea mea mea I Helu kūlana aloha ia i ka accelerator. Ua paha mea e like me ka mamao mea hiki ke hana i ka mamao. Akā, ka mea, ua kaulana ia i ka piha mahina, ka wā he mea kekahi kēia o ka'āina i loko o ka Geneva wahi, e ala ana ma ka like ka nui me 25 mau kenimika. Kēia e loli ai i ka lōʻihi o ka collider. Lōʻihi hiki yi e 1 millimeter, a ua loli ka laau i ka ikehu e 0,02%. Mai ka ikaika o ka mea nana i ulana ana pono e paa i ka 0,002%, ka noiʻi e lawe i loko, no keia kŰia.

I hoihoi 'o ia i ka collider tunnel i ke kinona o ka octagon, aole ma mua o ka hoa kanaka, e like me na mea he nui nō. Pana pua i hanaʻia o ka pōkole pauku. Ka mea, i hoʻonohonoho paa detectors a me ka'ōnaehana e kahu ai i ka hōʻeleu i huna mea ulana lole.

'ole

Hadron Collider, ka Launch o i ua pili i na mea he nui o nā mea kiko'ī a me ka pīhoihoi o nā kānakaʻepekema - he mea kupaianaha hoʻoluku. A pau accelerator he o nā apo. Small ke komo lima kapa proton synchrotron paha, e hoʻohana hua h ÷ ailona - PS. Nui ke komo lima - Super Proton Synchrotron, a SPS. Together na apo elua ae i ka hele hapa ia 99,9% i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama. Pela collider, piʻi pū, a me ka ikehu o protons, mahuahua ko lakou mau huina ikehu o 16 manawa. Ua hoi e leie aku ka (particles) collide me kekahi i kekahi, o ka hola 30 Mill. Time / s. no ka 10 hola. 4 nui detectors ua loaa i ka hapanui 100 terabytes o kikohoʻeʻikepili no kekona. Loaaʻikepili aie i kanaka aʻe. No ka laʻana, ka mea hiki ke huai ae kula haʻahaʻaa (particles), a i ka io uila malama, a i ka hapa-milo. No kēia mau (particles) e lolelua, laila, kauoha lākou ka loaʻaʻana hiki ole ka hiki e huai ae wale lākou ikehu e ke kinoea i ka kekahi huina i ka laau iho (axis). Keia mua ua kapaia ka mua kāhea pae. Kēia ka anu u ua ukali ia e oi aku mamua o 100 kūikawā ikepili pepa, a i noniakahi ma ka kūpili manaʻo. Kēia kuleana Ua wehewehe aku i loko o ia i loaa o kaʻikepili mea he koho o ka oi ma mua o 100 tysyachʻikepili ālai 'i loko o kekahi lua. A laila, e hoʻohana i kēia mau 'ike no ka Ikepili, i mākaukau kaua paha ma ka hoʻohana' ana i kekahi kiekie-ʻilikaiʻano papa hana.

Next Level Systems, conversely, loaa 'ike mai nā mea a pau o ka mīkini hopu ka mea hewa pele. Nokia mīkini hopu ka mea hewa hana i loko o ka mea ulana pukapuka. Aia ia e hoʻohana i ka nui helu o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe, e ke kō mahope ikepili palaka, ka awelika manawa ma waena o nā ālai' o - 10 microseconds. Papahana e pono e hana i kekahi hoailona o (particles), e like me ka palapala wahi. Ka hopena o ka 'ike' ia paha i hanaʻia oia hoi o ka momentum, ikehu, a me nā ala e ala ae la i kekahi hanana.

accelerator wahi

All accelerator hiki ke maheleia i 5 ka papa kuhikuhiE māhele:

1) i ka huina'ine-positron accelerator collider. Ke kuleana mea e pili ana i 7 tysyach nā mākēneki me ka superconducting waiwai. Me ia ia lŘlŘ ma ka annular kuhikuhi ana o ka mea nana i ulana tunnel. A no hoi e kālele ana i ka laau nui i loko o kekahi pele kona laula emi i ka laula o ka hoʻokahi lauoho.

2) Audiobooks muon solenoid. Kēia mīkini hopu ka mea hewa ua papahana no ka mau mea. Ma ia ka mīkini hopu ka mea hewa e huli i ka houʻike manaʻo, a, no ka laʻana, huli no ka Higgs huna.

3) mīkini hopu ka mea hewa LHCb. Ka manaʻo nui o kēia mea mea, e huli i quarks a me na (particles) kue ia - antiquarks.

4) Na toroidal mea hoʻonoho Hawaiian Edition. Kēia mīkini hopu ka mea hewa ua papahana no ka fixation o na muons.

5) Alice. Kēia mīkini hopu ka mea hewa ka hopuʻia colliding kēpau Ion, a me ka proton-proton hookui hookahe koko ana.

Pilikia e hoʻomaka ana i ka LHC

I loko nō o ka mea i ke alo o ka 'ike loea hou kiʻekiʻe eliminates mea okoa i ka manawa kūpono o ka wahaheʻe i loko o ka hana pono na mea a pau. Iloko o ke kali hou aku, e like me ka hoʻokō 'ole' manawa o ka accelerator anaina. Au pono aku nei au i keia kulana ua ole. Ka mea he nui nuances a pono ka miomio i kńnaka i manaʻo like hopena. No ka laʻana, kekahi o ka pilikia i ke ehuehu o nā kānakaʻepekema i Launch - i ka hoole ana o ka Mākēneki, aʻeleu kaola o protons koke ma mua o ka hookui hookahe koko ana. Kēia hoʻoponopono ulia i ke kumu ma ka make ana o ka mauna aie a hiki i ka emi ana o superconducting Mākēneki.

Kēia pilikia ae la i ka 2007. No ka mea, no ka mea, i ka Launch o ka collider hailona kekahi mau manawa, a ma June ka Launch i wahi, aneane he makahiki Collider nae hoʻomaka 'ana.

Ka hope Launch o ka collider ua holomua, ka mea hōʻiliʻili nui terabytes o aeaiiuo.

Hadron Collider, ka Launch o i i wahi ma April 5, 2015, ana hana. I loko o ka mahina kaola e alualu a puni ke apo no ka ihu, ke kiʻekiʻe e māhuahua ka mana. Nā Pahuhopu no ke ao, e like me ia, aole. hookui hookahe koko ana ikehu kaola e mahuahua, e. I ka waiwai o ke eaʻe mai 7 a hiki i 13 TeV TeV. Kēia mea ulu e ae i ike hou kūpono ma ka hookui hookahe koko ana o (particles).

I ka 2013 a me ka 2014. ua nui oaoieei-ka nānā 'ana o nā tunnels, accelerators, detectors a me nā lako a pan. Ka hopena ua 18 bipolar nā mākēneki e superconducting kuleana pili i. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka huina helu o ia mea 1232 apana. Naʻe, nā mākēneki ka i koe, i ole hele unnoticed. Ole mākou e puku i ka'ōnaehana o ka palekana i ka anuanu maila ia, kau hou. Nō hoʻi hou i ke anuanu maila nenoaiu o nā mākēneki. Ua apono 'ia e noho ma haʻahaʻa mahana, a me kā mākou mana.

Inā a pau e hele pono, ka mea e hiki mai ana Launch o ka accelerator, e lawe wahi wale nō ma hope o nā makahikiʻekolu. Ma keia wā i hoʻopaʻa 'o ka hoʻoneʻe hana, e hoʻoikaika' ana, ka oaoieei-ninaninau o ka collider.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ke kapili na koina i ka denari, me ka noonoo ole i ka lilo. Hadron Collider, like o ka 2010 i ka like a like me ke 7,5 bln. Euro. Kēia huahelu SafeSearch ka holoʻokoʻa papahana ma ka wahi mua i loko o ka papa inoa o ka loa pipiʻi papahana ma ka mōʻaukala o ka 'epekema.

Recent kūkala nūhou

Hadron Collider, ka Launch o i i wahi ma hope o ka wanaao ae, ua holomua. Mea ikepili i ohi ia. No ka mea he nui, i hōʻike mai iā ia kekahi hōʻike i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia manaʻo o ka mea pololei (particles). Keia ua i hiki ai i ke aloha a hiki i ka pono hana o ka CMS a me LHCb detectors. Mau detectors palaho Bs hopuʻia e nā meson, i mea Direct hoike ihola ua kēia theories.

He kumukuai e noi ana i ka ninau, pehea o ka maopopo ana o keia kumumanaʻo. Kekahi aoao - keia mea i ka hopu ana o hou (particles). Ia mea, ina he hookui hookahe koko ana, e e hou kula haʻahaʻaa (particles), a 'o ia hoʻi i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia kumumanaʻo e e nānā'.

Epekemaʻeleu noonoo ana ma luna o ka huna, no ka mea, ke hōʻike, a ma ka liʻiliʻi loa wehe i ka puka i loko o ka olelo o ka supersymmetry. He He maikai hoʻomaka 'no hou study a me ka hana i loko o ka Center no ka Ho oholo Wae Research ma Geneva.

He aha e hiki mai ana?

Ma hope o ka hele ana, e hiki mai kela modernization o ka collider e eʻano hana me ka hou study o (particles). Ma kekahi, ka mea e e pono e aʻo hou aku e pili ana i ka Higgs boson. I loko nō o ka mea i no keia loaʻa i i hookoia ka Nobel uku,ʻaʻole a pau o kona waiwai piha hoomaopopo a me ka ai. Nolaila,ʻepekema i ka lōʻihi, a paakiki hana ma luna o ke ao ana i keia mea kupaianaha (particles).

Eia hou kekahi, e pono e hoʻomau i ka hana, e hooiaio ole höʻoia 'i ka kumumanaʻo o ka supersymmetry. ʻOiai ka mea, manao he iki fantastic, akā, ka mea, i ka pono, e nei. Mai Mai manaʻo i ua hāʻawi wale i ka mua hoopuka o ka nui no kēlā me kēia papahana a pau i ka noonoo ana i kona hui iho o nā kānakaʻepekema e hana ma kēia kahua.

O ka holo ana, keia mea,ʻaʻole i nā hana e pono ai i ke kakau ana i ka noiʻi. Me kēlā hou terabyte o ka 'ike i loaa mai i ka papa inoa o ka ninau mau inā, a hiki ke nānā i kā lākou mau pane ma ka makahiki.