He aha e hiki mai ka wā o kaʻaila holo? Pehea ka nui o ka lawa ka aila? Oil poe

I ka wa e holo mai o ka aila? Makahiki aku nei, i ke ao nei i mua ia i ka mea, me ke koe hiki i ka hopena. I kēia lā oi ka aila ma mua o ka pono. He aha i hanai i ka ulu ana oʻeleʻele gula?

Carter ka televised helu

Ke ahiahi, April 18, 1977, US Pelekikena Dzhimmi Karter kono kīwī reporters ma ka'ololaha Keena o ka White House, a ominously hai mai ai i ka poʻe 'Amelika i ia manawa manao e kamailio i kaʻawaʻawa loa paha o kekahi' ano kūkaʻi pilikia i loko o ka United States mōʻaukala. He olelo no ka nui loa kia-kaua aupuni maluhia hoʻoweliweli.

Ano kūkaʻi 'aʻa, a i kūkākūkā i ka ikehu. A i 'ole, e ka nele o ka mea. E like me ka 39th Peresidena o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, i ka aila ulia ua kena ae la i ka pono, e koe i ke koi no ka ikehu ku i ka kokololio emi i loko o nā kumu waiwai. Depleted hydrocarbon me ke koe hoike no ka 75% o ka aina ka kumu o ka ikehu. Peresidena a hiki i kapaia manawa ia i kaʻaila holo - ka mea, i hele aku ai e hiki mai ana ma ka hope 6-7 makahiki.

Olelo ana Carter Ua hoʻokipa me ohohia. Na Americans i i mahalo i ka apocalyptic memo, a hiki emi - kona hihio OAAIeOO mai i kēia kahua me ka didactic koi o like pono kākoʻo. Akā, kakaʻikahi nā kanalua iho la i ka haawiia mai kūʻiʻo.

A nae, i ka US pelekikena i ke kuhihewa. ʻIkepili ma luna o ka lāʻau o kaʻaila kā a me maoli kinoea hooiaio ia e hewa. Energy ole wale, ua ole i ka hopena, ka mea, he mau, ina i mana loa, incomprehensible nunui. No kekahi ike ia laila, akā, i kēia lā ua nui ka ike o keia.

Pehea ka nui o ka lawa ka aila?

Ma waho kaumaha hydrocarbon hoʻokomo kālā i loko o North America, Rusia, Saudi Arabia a me nā Middle East ka hana'āina, he mea nui untapped hoʻokomo kālā i loko oʻAmelika Hema, Africa a me ka Arctic:ʻaʻole ieeeea? O barela a me trillions. Penei, haohao mea e hiki mai ka wā o kaʻaila holo a hiki i ka wanaʻao. Ma ke kue, e like me ka hoike mai Harvard University, ke ao nei e hele ana i ka hoopiha ia hydrocarbons.

75-ʻaoʻao study akamai a me ka mea kahiko luna manakia Leonardo Modzheri Eni, a ua kālailai i ke ana a me ka hanaʻino o ka aila mahinaʻai a puni ka honua, Wānana hoʻi he 20 pakeneka mahuahua ma global? Iecaianoaaiiuo i ka 2020.

Ma kekahi, ia kahiāuli i loko o ka hoike:

• hohonu hoʻokomo kālā ma Palakila Santos kīʻaha, a ua manaoio ia no ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 150 ieeeea? palela 'aila ;
• Venezuelan hoʻokomo kālā "keu kaumaha" aila Orinoco hohono one, oaeuiinoe ma 1,2 trillion pahu;
• Canada ka aila one;
• Kwanza pa holoi i loko o Angola,
• like pono me hoʻokomo kālā o ka Bakken, aʻekolu manamana ma North Dakota, a Montana ma ka United States, a, e like me Modzheri ke lilo i ka like o ka Peresia awawa.

A me ke kumu no keia mea hoʻonui? Keʻanoʻenehana kipi e ana o ka aoao o ka loaa a me ka hanaʻaila.

"I keia la, i ka hana i hiki ke ike i ka mea i i ike mua, a me ka imi i kekahi mea i mua hiki ole loaʻa - wahi a Gerald Shotman, i ka poʻe i ka luna 'enehana luna o Shell, ma muli o ka Haag. - Akā, ke mea i oi hiki ke loaʻa mai o ia mau me ke koe, he oi sensible kokoke i pehea mākou e hana ai me ia ".

shale aila

Kekahi o na e piʻi like nui a me ka hakakā o ka aila-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a i Kīwala'ō i ka lono i loko o nā makahiki, nā ma ka maikaʻi, a me ka io ala, o ka 'ike loea hou a neaa fracturing, a freking. Ma o Mānoa, i kēia hana o ka ho opa hydrocarbons lelo, ma ka shale me ka ho okumu, ka hoʻohana 'ana loa ikaika ka wai EII ni, pressurized i ka 14 tona / sq. Neaa fracturing m. Ua hoʻohana mua ma Honolulu ma ka forties o ka hope ke kenekulia, akā, wale nō i loko o nā makahiki i ke aloha i ka hou lehulehu i loko o ke kumu kuai o ka aila i haule ma kēia kaʻina hana no laila, i ka 'ike loea hou ua lilo hoʻokele waiwai viable. Nā minelala hao, mua manaoia unrecoverable, ka manawa i loko o mākou i loaa ole.

Wahi i kēia e piʻi like i ole exploited me ka oi ohohia ma mua i loko o ka 'Amelika. No ka makahiki eono, i ka helu o ka barela i lawe, mai ka Bakken kahua, shale, a ninoaaeyao ka wahi o ma kahi o 518 sq. M. ei, kona mai Montana a hiki i North Dakota, a mahuahua nui e 100 mau manawa - mai 6 tausani a hiki i 600 tausani no ka lā - .. a e North Dakota i ka lua o ka nui loaʻaila ka hoʻohua i loko o ka United States ma hope o Texas. I ka nui o ka papa kuhikuhiE kulanakauhale Williston State ka i pākolu ma luna o ka 10 makahiki i hala iho nei. Here holo truckers a me oilfield ka poe e hana mai ma ka aina e loaa ana mai o ka recession. Ma North Dakota, wehe hou pāʻoihana a me ka hou oihana o Ho 'Oponopono, ukali ma nā pono, uwe ma lalo o ke kau paona ana o ka heluna kanaka influx. ? aneie pūʻulu paʻa vociferous kai eʻe ma luna o frekinga, e hoole ana i ka 'enehana pollutes lola honua ka wai kumu, e hookomo ana i nā ōlaʻi, a me ka pilikia o ka' āina i ka hailona oʻawahia neoneo.

frekinga Proponents koi aku i mau ka pilikia hiki ke kapu nui. A ka mea kuhikuhi i ka nunui pomaikai o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ina hana like. Ka mea hoʻonui i North Dakota, a me ka kokololio hou 'ana o ka Amerika Huipuia, mai ka upena mea hoʻokomo i ka upena ikehu mea hoʻolilo hoemi ia i ka aina o ka kaukaʻi ma ka ikehu kumu waiwai o ka Middle East. Hana o ka aila hana o Kina, Rusia a me Argentina, holoʻokoʻa i hele mai ma ka hopena o ka Amerika Huipuia ia lakou iho e hoomaka ana e apono i keia 'enehana. Ka poe Linc Energy kūkala manao e hoʻouku 233 ieeeea? Palela 'aila mai shale pōhaku i loko o ka'Aukekulelia outback.

hohono one

Akā, i ka wa e holo aku mai o ka aila shale mea e hana ai? Freking - keia mea pono i kekahi o ka mea nui kupanaha Hopu ma hope o ka hou mea hoʻonui. Kōkuaʻana i ka paka paakiki-i-kaʻaila enehana Ua loaʻa i ke ala, e kiʻi iā ia mai loko mai o ka hui ana o ke one, a he palolo kekahi ike like hohono a me ka aila-hanau ana sandstone, ua loaʻa ka nui hoʻokomo kālā o ka i ana ma Canada.

Like shale, hydrocarbon? Iecaianoaaiiie ua mua uneconomical, akā, hou keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a loaʻa mahu paio hahana maoli nō ke one, i 'ike loea hou uʻi. Canada Ke produces 1,9 miliona pahu i ka lā o ka aila i loaa i loko o keia alanui, nae, like freking iaoia i hoʻohina nunui kue. Albert Gor, kinai no ke kaiapuni, ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka hohono one me "ka dirtiest kumu o ka wai a wahie i hiki ke noonoo, a kāhea akula i ka manao, e kūkulu i kekahi mele hou pipeline mai ka aila mahinaʻai o Alberta i refineries« Texas awawa "" Kamehameha. "

papamoeʻeli

Ka aila mea hoʻonui ua i wahie ma ka hou, oi pololeiʻeli ki ina hana like. Ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole mea he ano o ke ana papamoe, 'o ia hoʻi i ka wahi ma luna o ka ili o he mau kilomika mai i ka pale kaua. Companies hiki? Eou i lalo, a laila, huli i ke ala e hiki aku, e hele i ka makemake wahi. Ka hale kiai o Nyos i loko o ke kai wehe i ka mamao o 500 kilomika, mai ke kahakai, ai ka pohaku e hele aku i lalo i ka 7 ei a me 7 ei aku, a haʻalele like me ka makemake wahi. Ma pōkole, kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea mea kokoke ole e? Eou i kekahi puka maloo. No ka laʻana, i ka 2011 i ka pomaikai o kaʻeli i ua pomaikai i ka 99% o ka hihia.

Pilikia ultradeep punawai

Oil poʻeʻepekema oi ma mua loa ma mua kaumaha. Rig "Hawk" ma ka mokupuni o Sakhalin kokoke i ka hikina kapakai o Rusia i hoonoho na mea he nui ka hana mooolelo, a me kaʻeli o ka punawai me ka Andata haiahū kūmau hohonu o ka 12 345 m, i aku i ka nui o ka mauna Everest.

I ka manawa, o ka poe noonoo ole anahonua kāohi 'ia pahaʻeli i ka oi aku hohonu. Like wehewehe maka aniani Kuk, ka luna pae'ōnaehana luna o Shell ma Kina, e e ka ikaika o ka luawai me ka kila, no laila ka mea, e luku ole ia, akā, i ka wale ala i lalo loa i ka kila pōkā pū - hana ia i ke anawaena o kēlā me kēia paipu ukali ma ka apana uuku na emi mai o ka mea mua kekahi.

'O kēia mea hoʻohaiki ana i ka hohonu. "Inā e ka poe i makemake e? Eou he kanakolu-kilomika o maikaʻi, a laila, e ka olelo, i ka mua pōkā pū pono kela aku kona nui ma mua o ka hale i loko o ka mea aʻu e noho," - wahi a Cook.

Holomua, nae, he he irresistible imua momentum, a me ka mea e e holomoku i keia la, i ka la apopo e e elemakule-puʻu waiū. No ka poe Shell hope 10 makahiki i ulu 'enehana monobore mea e haahaa i ka pōkā pū i loko o kekahi i kekahi, a laila, nae ia i ka ia nui. Ma kumumanaʻo, keia, e kōkua i kaʻeli oʻoi pūnāwai,ʻaʻole naʻe nā kānakaʻenehana nō i ke pohihihi mai ana, e pale aku i ka heheʻe o ke paipu ma ia hohonu. I ka manawa ia i kaʻaila kahe loaʻa mahinaʻai, a me ka pilikia, eʻoiaʻiʻo nō, e Wehewehe i nā hāʻina.

Search no hydrocarbons: hawewe moku

Like i ka ninau o kahi e ua aia i ka aila hoʻokomo kālā, i ka huli 'ana no ka pane e wahi mau. Kanaka hulihonua, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, i kahi ia mea,ʻaʻole e pono e nana aku ai. Hydrocarbons i hana mai ka moku decomposed mea kanu, ka līoho a me ka koʻohune e ola ai i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka Hawaiian holopapa, akā,ʻaʻole loa e hele no ka mea, no laila i kaʻailaʻeli i ka waena o ka moana makemake e meaningless.

Kokoke i ka honua, nae, 'ole. N. hawewe moku 10, e huki uwea 20, kela mea keia mea o 15 ei ma ka lōʻihi, acoustic wa probing no ke alo o ka aila a me ka kinoea hoʻokomo kālā. "I ka Ia manawa, e nee aku no ia mea, ka mea mau i ka nui mea ua kanaka la-i ma ka honua nei," - wahi a Robin Uoker, hope pelekikena o ke kūʻai akuʻana ma WesternGeco, a nona mau ia Aha. A ka mea i maoli nunui. I ka nui o lakou, Ramform Sterling, aole ia i hui ole ia me WesternGeco, PGS a me Norse, a i ma ka moku 400 na tona o ka kiʻekiʻe-miomio lolouila lako a kau ma luna o ka wahi o ka 830 pôpeku mahinaʻai.

Kēlā me hawewe moku e paha acoustic lāʻau ikiʻai wale i loko o ka wai me'opihia ea ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka ea ka pū. Na nä hawewe kani i laila lewa mai ka pitfalls, a houluulu hawewe pahi i hoʻolako pono me ka papa anuʻu loa kai microphones. Këia i kēiaʻikepili, kanaka hulihonua e hoʻokomo kālā a me nā kāleka 'ia paha, a lakou i piha me - kaʻaila, kinoea, a me ka wai pono.

Ma ka seventies, hawewe moku i hoohuliia ka lawaia moku, akā, wale i ka mau-dimensional 'enehana. I kēia mau lā ka mea, ua kukuluia ua hōʻike hewa i loaʻa $ 200 miliona a me ka hoʻohana 'ekolu-dimensional visualization, a i me ka nui loa hou lākou pololei. Kēia iaoia mea ole infallible. I kekahi manawa uwea i hopelessly pioloke. " 'O kēia ka honua i ka nui loa papa o spaghetti - Walker nei. - Ua lawe i kekahi mau pule, e untangle ia. Aka, o ka nui o ka manaʻo pohihihi mea breathtaking. "

makahiki koina

"He aha ka mea i hanaia malaila mea he nā like paha o ka papahana makahiki, - aku la o Robert Bryus, he mea kākau moʻolelo Amelika a me ka kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa hana kūikawā ana ma ka ikehu helu. - A pau keia ua hoʻolako 'ia mai Pekelala ai ".

Na dala i ka pae'āina 'aneʻi, ke mea huli i ka poo. I huina, i ka poʻe hana ma kaʻimi loa i ka lewa, a? Iecaianoaaiiie i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō ke lilo aku oi ma mua o $ 1 ieeeea?. Oil poe Shell, no kekahi laʻana, uku 63 miliona paona no ka mea pono, e makaikai i ka wahi o ka 13 tausani sq. M. ei aku i ka hikina kapakai o Canada. Ua makemake ole e hiki ole nuiʻikepili ma ke alo o hydrocarbons, akā nō ma na aoao o ka loa ma ko manaʻoi hāpai 'ia i loko o ka ahakanaka kala hai mai i ka hana i na kēia: «Shell mai la i koe ia e ka manao, aia no iloko olaila ka mea hou mau mea o ka aila a maoli kinoea. " No ia mea, pehea ka nui o Shell uku, ina au i ike no kaʻoiaʻiʻo?

punawai Santos

Competition i waena o Dealers, ana, searchers a me intermediaries ka'āina uaua. Ua noa makemake e kiʻi i ko lakou kaʻana like, a me nā luna i ke kuai i ka akau koke.

Kekahi o ka fiercest kahua kaua i loko o ka elua makahiki i hala o Brazil. Mua Santos pa holoi, i ka moana kahi i loko o 320 ei hema-hikina o Sao Paulo, ka mea, ua hiki ole e noiʻi ana i ke alo o kaʻaila aie i ka mānoanoa, ahu iho o ka paakai, no ka mea, o poorly? Aaeaao kamakawiwo ole. Akā, me ka hooulu ana o ka seismology koke i ka wahi i ka manao o ka ikehu hua hui, a ma ka makahiki 1999 i ka aila huakai Petrobras loaʻa 'aneʻi kula i loaʻa ma kahi o 700 miliona pahu.

punawai Kwanza

Oka ma Brazil ua paipaiʻia kanaka hulihonua, e nana ma ka 'Akelanika i Angola mālama'-paakai ho okumu. Ike i ka mokuna o Brazil, 100 miliona makahiki aku nei, pili ana i ka komohana o Aferika, ka mea i manaoio aku i kēia mau me ke koe i nei malaila. Ma Pepeluali 2012, i kēia mau theories i ua hoʻopaʻaʻia i ka loaʻa mai o hoʻokomo kālā i loko o ka Kwanza kīʻaha, ka mea nona ka mana hiki ma kahi o 1.5 ieeeea? Pahu. Mai laila, he nui ka aila poʻe, me BP a me Total, loaa na pono eʻimi loa i ka lewa i loko o Angola.

ʻana bidders i i hōʻike aku i ka nui o ka ai-kapa inoa bonuses, akā, e ka palekana e kuhi ia ka mea, he nui. I ka 2006, i ka Pākē kanaka nunui Sinopec Ua hoonoho ke ao nei mooolelo ma ka uku ana no i ka moana āpana o 1.1 ieeeea dala. Pehea ka nui o ia mau dala, e kiʻi ai i na kanaka o Angola - he moot wahi. I ka moolelo o ka ailaʻimi loa i ka lewa i loko o Africa mea i hauʻoli loa. Ke aupuni ninoaaeyao i ka haahaa 168th mai o 182'āina i loko o ka palaho pokole Index Mäliko International.

He naʻaupō i ka manaoio i ka genie hiki loa kau hoʻi i loko o ka mole. Wahi a Robert Brays, ke ao nei e holo ma luna o kaʻaila, manawa. No ē paha i ho'ākāka hiki ole paʻi me ia, i ka wa e hele ai i ka ikehu nuʻa, kohoʻia, nanea ana o ka aaioee a me ka hooluolu aku au i ka halihali. Ināʻaila hakuʻole, ka mea makemake i ke invent.