Hoʻokiwikā agglomeration - o ka nui loa Kauhalenui mau mea ...

Ka hoʻomaka koke hoʻololi maka o ko ke ao nei: o ka kauhale, a me nā kauhale e hee aku ai i nā kūlanakauhale, i ka la mahope, i ka huli, ua spliced pu, a lilo agglomeration. Kēia helu wehewehe a-yeiiiie? Kaʻina i hoʻomōhala ana i ke kiʻekiʻe, a ma ka kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka mea hiki ole ke wawahiia. Holomua iho dictates nā kūlana a hiki i ke kanaka kona nui hoʻonui. Ka holoʻokoʻa iwakalua kenekulia o ke au o ka papakaukau industrialization. Ka hopena ua i ka ulu ana o na hana ma kekahiʻaoʻao, a me ka pili i ka ulu ana o ka hoʻokiwikā heluna kanaka, e leie aku kekahi hanalima mea e hanaʻi, iniiaiie mau - hana.

Ka moolelo o ka

Hoʻokiwikā agglomeration - o ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka aina o ke kulanakauhale ma muli i kona kūkuluʻia a me ka 'āpana o ka moku e noho. Urbanization i hala koke lawa no 80-95 makahiki. Inā mākou e hoohalike ai i ka heluʻikepili ma ke kumu a me ka welau o ka iwakalua kenekulia, e kahaki ii ka lākiō o ke kua'āina, a hoʻokiwikā populations. Ma pakeneka hua'ōlelo, Ua like penei: ma ka 1903, 13% - nā kānaka o nā kūlanakauhale, ma ka 1995 keia huahelu o 50%. Ke kū i ke hoʻomau i kēia lā, akā, me ka mea mua nui hoʻokiwikā-oaio? Aʻikeʻia i loko o ka honua kahiko. Me lakou i mea hoike, Athens, Alexandria, a, o ka papa, i ka Roma nui. Nui hope, i ka XVII kenekulia, ka mua agglomeration i waho ma Europe - keia mea Paris, a London, i noho ma nā'āpana ma ka Beritania Isles. Ma ka XIX kenekulia, ke kahua o ka nui hoʻokiwikā noho ka hoʻomaka 'ana i loko o' Amelika 'Ākau. Ka manawa "agglomeration" ua hoʻolauna no ka manawa mua i Palani geographer M. Rouget. E like me ia i kona wehewehena, ka hoʻokiwikā agglomeration - o ka auoiaea o ole-mahiʻai hana o ka hoʻomalu? Aieao no ka hooponopono a me ke komo i loko o ka mea, o ka puni noho. Currently na ka wehewehena no ka hōʻike o ka lawa like, akā, generalizing i ka loina o ke kaʻina hana o ka? Anoe? Aiey, ulu o ke kulanakauhale. A pau keia ua laweʻia i loko o ka mooolelo o ka helu o nā ana hoʻohālike.

ka wehewehena

N. V. Petrov wehewehe i ka agglomeration like me ka hono o na kulanakauhale a me na Luna Hooponopono ma ka ia kenekoa rula, a me ka mea, e ulu pu laua i loko o ka ulu ana kaʻina hana, aia no he hoʻoikaika 'ana o nā mea a pau ano o ka pili ma (ka hana, nohona kanaka, waiwai, a no laila, ma luna o. D.). Ma keia hihia, pono ia i ka hono olelo hoopomaikai, a i ka ike aaieieno? Aoeaiuo i - nā maloko, a mawaho. Pertsik EN haawi i ka iki okoa ka ho'ākāka 'ana: ka hoʻokiwikā agglomeration - mea he kūikawā' ano o ka urbanization, i komo ai huiwaina geographically hea ka Luna Hooponopono i hoʻokele waiwai interdependent a kaʻana like i na amo pukapuka, 'enekinia, nā pono, hanalima a me ka nohona pili, e like me ka pono a me ka oaoieei kumu. Ma kana mau hana, oia 'aloʻahia i kēiaʻano o ka' ona o ka loa hoʻomāhuahua ai 'ia no ka' epekema, aʻanoʻenehana hana, i ka ulu ana o ka holomua ike loea a me nā iauaeoia. Alaila, ia meaʻaneʻi mea i Hoʻohui 'na hana loa mākaukau no ka pono a hoʻomōhala i ka lawelawe kaiaulu a me ka hana ana no ka pono koena. Ua nui loa na kulanakauhale a me Kauhalenui like nō nā kenekoa palena o ka lawe lima, ka mea,ʻaʻole like ka maoli wahi o kanaka 'ikamu, akā, manawa paha hoolilo ia ma luna o ka neʻeʻana o ke kanaka a me ka ukana, mai ka nucleus a hiki i ka periphery.

'Oihana no ka hoomaopopo ana agglomeration

Mawaena o ka mea nui ke kālā no kulanakauhale loa ke kino, a me ka heluna o ka 2-3 miliona kanaka. Ike ai i ko ka Wahiiki hiki ke hoʻolaha like Kauhalenui wahi, he mea hiki, ka hoʻohana 'ana kekahi loiloi' ana hoʻohālike. Akā, iʻaneʻi, nā kānaka kālailai 'manaʻo OAOOUIEeE: kekahi manao, e kālele ana ma luna o ka pūʻulu o kumumea, ka mea'ē aʻe, ua lawa ia i kekahi hiʻona e pono i ho'ākāka' a me ka hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi. Key na kii, e like me ia i ke kulanakauhale hiki e wahi ana i ka agglomeration:

1. Ka heluna nuʻa no 1 m ^2.
2. I ka helu (100 tausani kanaka, o ka luna palena o kona palena).
3. I ka mämä holo o ke kūkulu a me kona ka hoʻomauʻana (emi o 20 ei ma waena o ke kumu nui kulanakauhale a me kona ukali).
4. Helu sequestered localities (ukali).
5. ʻO ka nui o ka hele ana no kekahi mau hana ma waena o ka 'ōlelo a me ka periphery (no ka hana, ao a me ka wa kaawale, o ka ai-kapaia hoʻopoepoe Polenekia).
6. An noniakahi nā pono '(ʻaha hui uila, kele'ōlelo).
7. Huina hoʻoholo i ulanaʻia.
8. Ke kaʻana like 'ana o ka heluna kanaka i hai' ole-mahiʻai hana.

Kind o hoʻokiwikā agglomerations

I loko nō o ka 'ano o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN lauana a me na kumu o ka coexistence o na kulanakauhale a me ko lakou mau ukali, aia no he concise'ōnaehana no ka hoomaopopo ana i ke' ano o ka Wahiiki. Aia i mau papa kuhikuhiE ano: monocentric a polycentric Kauhalenui wahi. Ka nui loa ka helu ana o nei, a hana i ka hoʻokuʻi pū e pili ana i ka mahele mua. Monocyclic agglomeration i hanaʻia ma luna o ka loina o ka domination o kekahi o na kumu nui kulanakauhale. Aia ka he kāna mau 'ōlelo e like me ka pū ma ka ulu ana i loko o kona mokuna o nā kauhale, a me ka paha ke kohoʻia no lākou hou' ana i loko o symbiosis lākou Loaʻaʻia me. Ka nui loa hoʻokiwikā agglomeration (ka mea uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa) i 'ia kaʻoi loa no Monotype. Lakou i mea hoike o ka Moscow a New York. Polycentric Kauhalenui wahi nō ke koe, ka mea, hui pu iho la kekahi mau kulanakauhale, kela mea keia mea o ka i mea i hookaawale Kernel a absorbs ka puni localities. No ka laʻana, ma Kelemania e ka Ruhr pa holoi, hoʻopau ai i ke kūkuluʻia i nui nāʻoihana, kela mea keia mea o ka i loaʻa paha kekahi mau ukali i ka manawa hookahi a lakou e i hilinaʻi ma luna o kekahi i kekahi, a ua hui i loko o kekahi pa alima wale nō ma luna o ka kenekoa manawa.

'ole

Ka nui loa Kauhalenui mau mea o ko ke ao nei i hana i loko o nā kūlanakauhale, kona mōʻaukala helu mai ka 100 a hiki i ka 1000 makahiki. He Hawaiʻi nei, i kekahi hanalima eiiieaenu, kalepa kaulahao, moʻomeheu-oaio? A hiki pono i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana ma mua o ka hana hou poʻe mai kūikawā. Na, koe wale nō 'Amelika kulanakauhale i i mua lokoʻino me ka agglomeration no kiekie aneiai ulu holo' awelika.

No laila, e mākou e he manawa pōkole ka hopena. Hoʻokiwikā agglomeration - mea he mea kūkulu hooponopono, i mea (ka hola, a akaka e palena mai ole nei) hiki ke maheleia i na kēia pauku.

1. Center o ke kulanakauhale, kona mōʻaukala loa, i mea ka nohona'āina hoʻoili o ka māhele 'āina. Kona hele o ke kiekie piko i loko o ke ao, ma laila nō pinepine kapu i komo ai i ka ?? eoi? O pilikino amo.
2. Ke komo lima a puni ke kikowaena hapa, he pāʻoihana waena. Kēia wahi ua loa densely kukulu i oihana na hale, ma ka hou, aole mea he nui nenoaiie o ka ai e hana (Hawaii, ki, haleʻaina), o kekahi o ka laulā o nā lawelawe i hoʻolako loa kaiāulu (nani salons, hale haʻuki a me nā haʻuki keʻena, pahaohao mai la ateliers, a no laila, D.). Aia Ua pono-ulu kuai mea ulana pukapuka, ka oi aku o ka pipiʻi pōʻeleʻele loa me ka mikanele huahana, he mea hoʻomalu lehulehu kulanui.
3. Ke ola wahi, a e pili ana i na hale kahiko. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka agglomeration oia pinepine huli i ka pāʻoihana moku. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka kiʻekiʻe lilo o ka aina no ka keʻena hale. Aie i ka mea ikaika koi no ka mea, ke 'ole i mea ole e pili ana i na kia hoʻomanaʻo i o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ka mōʻaukala, wāwahi ai modernized no ka oihana a me na akea maikai.
4. Nunui-yoa? Iiai papakaukau no? Ieoaeunoaa. Lōʻihi-ʻia (hiamoe) mau mea, manufacturing a me ka hanalima cii. Kēia kaiaulu He IeAUPIIe, IAa IO nui nohona kuhikuhi (kula, nui kalepa ioaaeia, Ho 'Oponopono, nā hale waihona puke a me ka mea e like. D.).
5. Suburban mau mea, wahi ulu lāʻau, nā mahinaʻai, kauhale-ukali. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka nui o ka Kauhalenui wahi, keia wahi ua ulu a me ka maluhia iho la.

kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o? acaeoey

All Kauhalenui mau mea o ko ke ao nei i ke kumu nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka ho okumu. He nui noho i papani iho la i ko lakou ulu ana (ma kekahi kahua), kekahi mea pono e hoʻomaka ana i ko lakou ala i a me ka loa iʻoluʻolu no kanaka e noho ai 'ole. Hiki E maheleia ka penei ke kapuai hookahi.

1. Hanalima agglomeration. I ka pili ma waena o ka 'ōlelo a me ka periphery nānā' ana i? Iecaianoaaiiuo kumumea. Hana waiwai i nākiʻi i ka kekahi hana, aole he mau maoli waiwai a me ka aina market.
2. Transformational ke kahua. Wehewehe aku ma ka mahuahua nui o ka commuting, pakahi, hana i na hana market, i ka piko o ka i mea i kekahi kulanakauhale nui. agglomeration nucleus hoʻomaka e 'Imi' ano i ke kaiaulu o nā lawelawe a me ka lealea.
3. Hōʻeuʻeu agglomeration. Kēia kahua eaaaony no ka modernization, a me ka hoolilo ana o? Iecaianoaaiiuo nona iho ma o kaʻike ākea'āpana. Ma ia laua, ulu hoʻoholo nenoaiu e leie aku oe e hana hou kokololio coalescence o kāna mau 'ōlelo a me ka ukali kulanakauhale. Aia mau hui hana market, maoli waiwai, ua i kūkulu mau aeuiiai ieaia?.
4. Ke kia-hanalima agglomeration. Ka hope loa ke kahua, a ua wehewehe aku ma ka hopena o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Na palapala (kāna mau 'ōlelo-periphery) e hoʻoikaika a me ka hoʻonui. Ua hoʻomaka hana, e hoʻoikaika i ka kūlana o ka agglomeration e,ʻo hou waiwai, a? Anoe i nā hanana.

Hiʻona o Lūkini agglomerations

E hoomahuahua i ka uku o oicyenoaaiiie ulu a me ka ulu ana o kiʻekiʻe-ʻenehana-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, ko kakou aupuni e i ka luawai-hoakaka a kumu kāki no hoʻolālā no ka mea kokoke a mamao wā e hiki mai. Hawaiʻi nei, ua he kahua ma i hoʻokiwikā agglomerations Rusia i ma muli wale nō ke ma ka hanalima type. A hiki i ka? Oaony hoʻokele waiwai e ua lawa, akā, ma ka mea, hoʻoikaika ihola hoʻololi i ka hou 'pae (i ke kahua o ka makeke hoʻokele waiwai), he ka helu o nā pilikia i loaʻa iā ia ia e eliminated i loko o 90 makahiki. Hou 'ana i ka Kauhalenui wahi koi kikowaena aupuni' uao. I mea no ke aha la keia kumuhana ua pinepine kūkākūkāʻia poe akamai, a me ka lokomaikai kiekie kino o ka moku'āina mana. He mea pono e hoʻokō 'ia i ka hoihoi hou ana, modernization a me relocation o? Iecaianoaaiiuo kumu, i makemake entail i hōʻeuʻeu agglomeration keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Me ke komo 'ana o ka moku'āina like me ka funder a me ke kino kālai'āina o keia kahua ia mea,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i na kulanakauhale he nui. Ke aneiai pono o ke hoʻohana agglomerations e C. Brewer, no laila, noho haumāna kahi 'ē aʻe kaʻina ua geographically ua hoʻopili i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale. Nui hoʻokiwikā agglomerations o ko ke ao nei hiki ke hana i loko o Rusia i loko o ka wā e hiki mai ma kahi o. Mākou i nā mea a pau o ka mea waiwai, he mea pono e pono e hoʻohana i ka papa kuhikuhiE - hoʻomalu.

Ka nui loa hoʻokiwikā agglomerations Rusia

I mea, i ka lā,ʻaʻole nō he maopopo 'ikepili helu. E like me ka loiloi 'ana hoʻohālike agglomerations ma Rusia hiki ke hōʻike' 22 nui, e ulu steadily. I ko kakou aupuni ka i lanakila monocentricʻano o ka ho okumu. Hoʻokiwikā agglomeration Rusia ma ka hapanui o na hihia i aia i loko o ka hanalima kahua o ka? Acaeoey, akā, me ko lakou lako hou o ka lawa kanaka kumu waiwai no ka ulu hou. I ka helu a me ka hihia ho okumu i ka hooponopono ia ma ke kēia kaʻina (mua 10):

1. Moscow.
2. St. Petersburg.
3. Rostov.
4. Samara-Togliatti.
5. Nizhny Novgorod.
6. Novosibirsk.
7. Ekaterinburg.
8. Kazan.
9. Chelyabinsk.
10. Volgograd.

I ka helu ana o hoʻokiwikā agglomerations ma Rusia ua ulu like me ka hopena o ka hana ana o ka hou ahahui, a e ole pono hoʻokomo megacities: ke kuʻi nukeliu i wahi ma ka lilo ana o ka puke 'inideka a hanalima pono.

honua agglomeration

Kupaianaha kūʻiʻo a me na kii hiki ke loaa ma ka këia i ke kumuhana. Kekahi i kekahi global agglomeration wahi a me ka heluna like me ka poe o ka pau aina. I ka huina helu o ka poe kauwa ole, e hoʻomaulia, no kēlā me kēia akamai hoʻohana manaʻo (wae ia) pūʻulu aʻe paha kekahi o ia mau mea. Akā, i ka wa e noonoo pono i ka umi nui loa oe e hiki ke helu i ka manaʻo o ka poe akamai i. No laila:

1. Nui hoʻokiwikā agglomerations o ko ke ao nei - Tokyo, Yokohama. Ka heluna - 37,5 miliona kanaka (Japan).
2. Jakarta (Indonesia).
3. Delhi (India).
4. Seoul-Incheon (South Korea).
5. Manila (Philippines).
6. Shanghai China (PRC).
7. Karachi (Pakistan).
8. New York (USA).
9. Mexico (Mexico).
10. Sao Paulo (Brazil).

Pilikia o hoʻokiwikā agglomerations

A me nā mea a pau o ka olelo, ao ke ano o ka hooulu ana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, moʻomeheu, a me ka hana 'epekema, he mau loa o ka helu o nā drawbacks, a i wehewehe aku e megacities. Mua, he nui loa o ka palapala, a noke ulu haawe (ma kaʻeleu ulu) hiki aku ai i ka pilikia i loko o ka hale noho, niioaaonoaaiii, emi ka nui o ka oluolu o ka makaainana. Ka lua, amo a me ka hoʻoholo manaʻo mai i mau i ka pono kiʻekiʻe o ke kalepa i ka mämä holo o ka waiwai a me kanaka. Ekolu, ka mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka mea hoʻohaumia o ke kaiapuni (lewa, ka wai, ka lepo). Ha, ke agglomeration,ʻo loa o ka hana ana ka heluna o na kauhale o ia i mea ole i ko lakou mau hoa. Ma ka lima, i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka hoʻomalu hooponopono ana o ka nui nā panalāʻau e. Mau pilikia iʻikeʻia a hiki i na kulanakauhale a poe i noho, a me ka hoʻoponopono 'ia pono i ka lengthy a me ka manawa-e hoopau ana i ka hana o nā kūlanakauhale hale.