Ke akeakamai o positivism: ka manaʻo, palapala, hiʻona

Positivism ma ka kālaiʻike o kekahi o na laina o ka manaʻo. He Ua hanau ia ma 30-40 makahiki. ke kenekulia hope, a me kona kahua ua noʻonoʻo Ogyust Kont. Kēia kuhikuhi He kaiāulu mahalo a me ka ho'ānoʻole i loko o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia'āina. Ke eia o kona walaʻauʻana palapala.

Ke akeakamai o ka positivism

Key ka poeikohoia: Comte, Spencer, Mill a me na mea e ae.

Like Comte noʻonoʻo iho i ka hihia ma waena o idealists a me materialists meaningless no ka mea,ʻaʻohe mea kumu. A akeakamai a koi 'ia, a me ka hehi ana mai kekahi i kekahi, a, ma muli wale nō ma ka' epekema (maikaʻi) ike.

Ua olelo ia hoʻi i:

1. Knowledge e e loa ike loea a me ka pololei.

2. E kū i ka ike o ke akeakamai a mea e e hoʻohana i ka 'epekema ano o cognition, i ka papa kuhikuhiE ala, e kiʻi i - ia mea he empirical pono ana.

3. ka kālaiʻike mea e komo ma ka noiʻi wale i ka mea a me ka ole i ko lakou mau mea, lalau mai, a me ka hooikaika e lilo sverhnaukoy, "i ke aliʻi wahine o sciences," mauʻimi naʻauao Outlook.

Eia hou kekahi, Comte kona makemake nui ke kānāwai ma luna o pālua evolution. He hōʻike 'kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ekolu o oaoieei-? Acaeoey (ku una, mālama'-hanalima me ka hanalima hui), a hoʻopili like i ka kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ekolu o ka' imi naʻauao? Acaeoey (haipule a theological, ka metaphysical, a me ka 'epekema worldview). Naʻe, wale na kumu i waiho positivism Comte, i mea hoi holomua, inā me ka hoʻomau i ka hoʻomōhala no ka mea, o kekahi poe akeakamai a hiki i kēia lā.

Ke akeakamai o ka positivism: Empiric

Key ka poeikohoia: Mach, Avenarius.

Eia ke kumu hana o ka kālaiʻike i ole e kūkulu i nā mea a pau-puliki nenoaiu o empirical ike, a me ka hanaia'na o ka 'epekema' ike i loko o ke kumumanaʻo. Like Comte, na elele o keia kahua i manaoio aku i ka mea i pono, e hana i kekahi hoʻokahi kiʻi o ko mākou honua, a me ka hooponopono ana o nā loina a me ka hoonoho papaʻike manaʻo i loko o nā manaʻo o ka noiʻi.

Ka inoa "Empiric" hoʻohuʻu noʻonoʻo loi o ko ke ao nei o ka hana e like me ka haawi mai i ka ike i ke kumuhana i loko o ka palapala o ka olelo a me assertions. Kēia laina o ka positivism ua pili loa me ka conservatism, e like me a ka mau akeakamai kumu mua i ka huina hoonui o ka conditional aelike.

Ke akeakamai o ka positivism: Neo

Key ka poeikohoia: Carnap, Bertrand, Schlick, Russell.

Kekahi inoa no keia kahua - Logical positivism. Kona Mamua hai kona pahu hopu o ka paio a me ka metaphysical worldview. Ka hoʻomaka pā kula ka ike oiaio ka mea, ua ike i loko o nā kūʻikena a me nā hanana, a me "anoʻikepili." Ka manaʻo o "objectivity" Ua ua auou caiaiai ia e ka manaʻo o "iao" e like me ke ano pono'ī. He kēia kahua o ka? Acaeoey o positivism hoʻokumu pū kūpili, i Pilikanaka luna 'olelo, a hiki e kekahi hoopunipuni a oiaio, a me meaningless.

Ke kumuhana o Ka Ikepili neopositivists lilo i ka manaʻo o nā hōʻailona a me nā hua'ōlelo ma ka mau, i mea,'ōlelo, Logical, manaʻoʻike pilikia, a he nui mea hiki a me ka 'epekema nui ma ka hanaiia'na mai o Me na manao ona.

Ke akeakamai o ka positivism: postpositivism

Key ka poeikohoia: Lakatos, Kuhn, Popper, Feyerbend.

Ma lalo o postpositivism ike iho la he nui manaÿo i i waho hope Comte ka ao ana o ka empirio-noʻonoʻo loi a me ka Neo. Mau noonoo ana ua uku laʻelaʻe 'ia o kēia kahua o ka naauao iaoia o ka ike.

Penei, e like me Popper, ka mea ulu o ka ike hiki wale ke loaʻa i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka naauao kūkākūkā like me ka ikaika noʻonoʻo loi o ka? Ueony honua. He pū ua kūkākūkāʻia i kńnaka e discoveries ma ka hahai ana i ka mea ana i kumumanaʻo, he kuhiakau no ka hoʻokahi hoakaka.

Positivism like me ka philosophical nā mea kū i i he nui hopena ma luna o ka hoʻomanaʻo o nā nohona a me ka maoli sciences (oi loa i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka hope kenekulia).