Ksantoproteinovaya naoh i kumuʻiʻo: na hoailona a me ka haʻilula helu kaulike

I mea e hookupaa nui ae i ka qualitative haku mele 'ana o na mea he nuiʻai hoʻohana ksantoproteinovaya naoh i ke kumuʻiʻo. Ke alo aku o ka onaona'amino nāʻakika i loko o ke Aloha, e hoʻololi i ka maikaʻi ho'āʻo hāpana waihoʻoluʻu.

He aha ka kumuʻiʻo

Ua ua i kapaʻia he kumuʻiʻo, i mea he hale mea no ke kino ola. Nā polokina mālama Muscle nui, hoihoi i ka i poina ai make'aʻaʻa hale o likeʻole nā loko, e ia ka lauoho,ʻili a me ligaments. Me kā lākou komo, produces ula koko corpuscles, ua noho ia ma ka maʻamau hana ana o na mea he nui hormones a me ka'ōnaehana paleʻea kahua keena.

Kēia mea he luna 'lātoma ia mea he polypeptide me ka nui i oi aku mamua 6 ~ 10 ³ daltons. Kumuʻiʻo 'ole ho okumu i'aminoʻakika residues i loko o ka helu nui o ka huiʻakika'amino hoopaa.

Ka 'ole o nā polokina

Ke kiʻiona hiʻona o kēia mau waiwai like me ka haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha peptides o ia ka mea nui i ka ekolu-dimensional māhele 'ole, kākoʻo' ole me ka loli iki ana degere o ka attraction. Nā polokina lilo eha-ole. No kela a me keia o ia i kona mau 'ano.

E like me ke kumu o ka iniiaiie hoʻolālā o na nā lātoma loko'aminoʻakika kaʻina, me nā hale i ke hoʻomaopopo iho i ksantoproteinovaya naoh i ke kumuʻiʻo. Kēia 'ole mea i kekahi manawa houʻakika'amino hoopaa -HN-Ch-co-, he e wae hapa radicals i kaʻaoʻao kaulahao ma ka'amino nāʻakika. Ka mea, hoakaka hou waiwai o ka waiwai me ka a pau.

Ke iniiaiie kumuʻiʻo 'ole ua noʻonoʻo ikaika lawa, keia mea aie a hiki i ke alo o ka ikaika covalent hana kūleʻa ma kaʻakika'amino paa. I ka ho okumu ana o mahope pae ia lŘlŘ ke kaumaha ma muli o nā kailaʻae i loko o ka loiloi mua ke kahua.

I ka ho okumu ana o ka haumāna 'ole ka hiki no ia i hilo o ka'aminoʻakika kaʻina i loko o kaʻoni iho, ma i hydrogen paa ana i hoʻokumu' ia ma waena o nā 'ana e haʻalele.

Tertiary nui hui o nā lātoma i hanaʻia ma ka ana i kekahi o kaʻoni iho ma luna o ka 'ē aʻe hakina me ka hanana a hiki a pau i pili ai ma waena o lākou, a me hydrogen, disulfide, covalent a ionic hui. Ka hopena o ka hui i loko o ka palapala o globules.

Ka māhele hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha no ka tertiary hale a me ke kahua o Nine Inch paa ana ma waena o ia hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka palapala hope o ka lātoma a quaternary pae.

'amino nāʻakika

Ka mea, i ka Nine Inch waiwai o nā polokina. Aia nō ma kahi o 20 nui'amino nāʻakika e hana i na polypeptides i loko o kaʻokoʻa kaʻina. Ua Ua haawiia i pohihihi keia aminocarboxylicʻakika i loko o ka palapala hydroxyproline a me ka hydroxylysine loko kumu oʻakika'amino.

E like me ka hoailona o ka hoʻomaopopo pono ksantoproteinovaya kumuʻiʻo naoh, i ke alo o kekahi'amino nāʻakika hoʻolako i keʻano loli o reagents, A laila'ōlelo akula i ke alo o ka ho'ākāka 'ia i nā hale i loko o kā lākou haku mele' ana.

E like me ka mea huli mai, ka mea, ua carboxylic nāʻakika mea i hanaia hakahaka o ka hydrogen'Ātoma ma ka'amino pae.

An kumu 'ole o ka lātoma i malama i ka mall haʻilula glycine (HNH- HCH- COOH) me ka simplest'aminoʻakika.

Ma keia hihia i kekahi o na hydrogens Ch ₂ - i? Ai auou caiaiai ia e kekahi kalapona hou'ano'ē ec i ka benzene ke komo lima,'amino, sulfo, carboxy.

Aha i ksantoproteinovaya naoh

No ka qualitative Ka Ikepili o nā polokina ka hoʻohana like 'ana i kūpono. Mau nā reactions:

• biuret me ka helehelena o ka lila ano;
• ninhydrin e hana i ka uliuli-lila pāʻoihana;
• formaldehyde me ka paa ana o ka ulaula ano;
• Nogier e precipitate i ke oho-ʻeleʻele waihoʻoluʻu.

Ma ka hooko ana mai kēlā me kēia papa hana hoao iho la ia i ke alo o nā polokina, a me ka alo ana o kekahi ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu i loko o kā lākou lātoma.

Aia ksantoproteinovaya naoh i ke kumuʻiʻo. Ua ua i kapaʻia ka hālāwai hope Mulder. Ua pili ia i ka waihoʻoluʻu reactions no nā polokina, ma a ma laila nō onaona, a heterocyclic'amino nāʻakika.

A hiʻona o ia i ka hāpana kaʻina mea nitration ʻakika nitric cyclic'aminoʻakika residues i pau ka ka piʻiʻana o ka nitro pae i ka benzene apo hookahi.

I ka hopena o kēia kaʻina hana o ke kahua o ka nitro i huiʻia, i precipitated. 'O kēia ke kumu o hiʻona ksantoproteinovaya naoh.

He aha hoʻoholo i ka'aminoʻakika

'Aʻole i pau aminocarboxylicʻakika hiki ke' akomi i hoʻohana ia i ka hāpana. Ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka ksantoproteinovaya kumuʻiʻo ka loaʻaʻana naoh - i ka alo o ka benzene apo a heterocyclic ke komo lima i loko o ka lātoma'amino nāʻakika.

No ka mea, ke kumuʻiʻo ua kaʻawale mai aminocarboxylic nāʻakika elua onaona, ma a he mea he phenyl pūʻulu (no ka phenylalanine), a me ka hydroxyphenyl'ano'ē (ma ka tyrosine).

Me ka ksantoproteinovaya naoh ua nānā 'heterocyclic'aminoʻakika tryptophan, indole me ka onaona nucleus. Ke alo o ka luna i huiʻia ma ke kumuʻiʻo i hāʻawi mai i ke anoʻano loli ana o ka hoʻokolohua 'ia.

He aha hoʻohana reagents

No ka lawe ana mai i ka naoh ksantoproteinovaya Pono, e hoomakaukau i ka 1% pāʻoihana o ka hua manu kumuʻiʻo, a nō kumu.

Ana hoʻohana hua manu, a ua puunaueia no hou kaawale ana o ke kumuʻiʻo mai ka yolk. No ka 1% pāʻoihana o ke kumuʻiʻo i nāu kekahi i loko o ka tenfold nui o ka huikala wai. Ma hope o noho male 'ana o ke kūpono kumuʻiʻo wai e e wae' ma kekahi mau papa o ka cheesecloth. Keia pāʻoihana E waiho waho ma ka me wahi.

He hiki ke lawe mai i ka naoh me kaʻai kumuʻiʻo. E hoomakaukau ai i ka pāʻoihana ua hoʻohana palaoa palaoa i loko o ka nui o ka 0,04 kg. 0,16 L o ka huikala wai. ʻO nā mea hoʻohui Ua hui ma ka alabata, i ua nākiʻiʻia no ka 24 hola i loko o ka me wahi ma ka wela o ka no + 1 ° C. I ka pau ana o ka lā i ka pāʻoihana ua hooeueuia, i ukali ia e kānana kona mua me ka pulupulu hulu hipa, a laila - he pepa pelupelu ia Kānana. Ua kūpono wai i mālama i loko o ka me wahi. Kēia pāʻoihana Heʻano nui i hiki mai ma ka albumin mahele.

No ka lawe ana mai i ka naoh ksantoproteinovaya like me ka papa kuhikuhi mea kemikala hoʻohana nitricʻakika conc. Hou reagents mea he kākoʻo pāʻoihana o 10% paʻakai hydroxide paha ammonia, ka gelatin pāʻoihana a me ka unconcentrated phenol.

I ka hoʻomanaʻo o ka

Ma ka Tube maemae ua i 1% kumuʻiʻo pāʻoihana -th hua a me ka palaoa i loko o ka nui o ka 2 ml. I keia ua i hoʻohuiʻia ma kahi o 9 paka ua o kia nitricʻakika e flocculation wawahiia. Ua kūpono läÿau, Ua enaena, kūpono yellow precipitate i nā nalo a me kona kala hele aku i loko o pāʻoihana.

I ka wā o ka wai anuanu ihola ia i loko o ka Tube ma ka pa i hoʻohuiʻia ma kahi o 9 paka ua o ka paʻakai hydroxide, i kia, i mea oi no ke kaʻina. Ke naoh meakino i kona'ākilikai. Maʻiʻo i alani ano i loko o ka hoʻokolohua Tube.

hiʻona o

Mai ksantoproteinovaya kapa qualitative naoh i nitricʻakika ma ka hana ana o na nā polokina, ke hāpana ua hana ma lalo o komo fume hewa. E hoʻomanaʻoʻoe i nā mea a pau kaiapuni hana me kia caustic waiwai wā.

Ke kala ana o kahi, mai ka Tube e hana ana i ka hahana maoli nō kēia kaʻina hana e pono e noonoo ka wā hoʻopunipuni ia i loko o ka paa a me ke kohoʻana i ka inclination.

Dialing o kia nitricʻakika a caustic soda e wale hoʻohana ke aniani pipette a me ka ohia laholio ole pipette ma ka waha.

Pili naoh me ka phenol

No ka mōakaaka, kaʻina a me ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo nō o ke alo aku o ka phenyl pūʻulu ua lawe mai me ka like hāpana hydroxybenzene.

Ke Tube e 2 ML o nāu kekahi phenol, laila, ke kiʻekiʻe ma ka pa, i huiia 2 ml o kia nitricʻakika. Ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana Ua malalo i ka hahana maoli nō kēia, a ma ia lilo melemele. Kēia naoh i ka pono o ke alo aku o ka benzene apo hookahi.

Kaʻina hydroxybenzene nitrated me nitricʻakika ukali ia e ho okumu ana i ka läÿau, o ka pa-nitrophenol a me ka o-nitrophenol i loko o ka pakeneka o ka 15 i ka 35.

E like me ka hoao gelatin

E hoao i ksantoproteinovaya naoh i ke kumuʻiʻo hōʻike he'aminoʻakika me ka onaona 'ole, e hoʻohana nā polokina mea e ole i ka phenolic pae.

Ma ka Tube maemae ua i 1% gelatin pāʻoihana ma ka nui o ka 2 ml. I keia ua i hoʻohuiʻia ma kahi o 9 paka ua o kia nitricʻakika. Ke kūpono läÿau, Ua paio hahana maoli nō. Ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana Ua i nā pōpō i loko o melemele, a proves i ka wa e kaawale aku o ka'amino nāʻakika me ka onaona 'ole. I kekahi manawa, aia no he hōʻemi iki yellowing o ka 'ia ma muli o ia i ke alo o ke kumuʻiʻo impurities.

Nine Inch nā helu kaulike

Ma ka mauʻanuʻu naoh holo ksantoproteinovaya nā polokina. Haʻilula mua ke kahua nitration kaʻina wehewehe'aminoʻakika nā lātoma ka hoʻohana kia nitricʻakika.

Lakou i mea hoike o ka IeIIeYOA o ka nitro pae i ka tyrosine e hana nitrotyrosine a me ka dinitrotirozina. Ma ka mea mua Ina i ka benzene apo ua pili kekahi NO ₂ -radical, a me ka lua o ka hui i mau hydrogen nā'ātoma i UAIAaIN e NO _2. Nine haʻilula ksantoproteinovaya tyrosine naoh poe ma ka naoh me nitricʻakika, e lilo nitrotyrosine lātoma.

Nitration kaʻina ua pu ma ka hoʻololi colorless 'ia nā pōpō i loko o melemele leo. Ma ka hooko ana mai i kēia naoh me nā polokina i loaʻa i ka'aminoʻakika residues phenylalanine a tryptophan, a me ke kala o ka pāʻoihana hoʻololi.

Ka lua o ka mua o ka naoh huahana o ka nitration o tyrosine nā lātoma, pakahi aku la ia nitrotyrosine, me ka'amoniuma a paʻakai hydroxide. I ka hopena o ka paʻakai a'amoniuma ka paʻakai i loko i ka yellow-ʻalani waihoʻoluʻu. Oia ka naoh ua pili i ka manawa kūpono o ka nitrotyrosine nā lātoma hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka quinoid palapala. A laila ka paʻakai i hanaʻia mea nitronicʻakika, a i ka quinone nenoaiu o conjugated kaulua paa.

Penei na welau ksantoproteinovaya naoh i nā polokina. Ka helu kaulike imua o luna o ka lua o ka anu u.

hualoaʻa

Iloko o ka Ikepili o fluids na ma na paipu ekolu, i ka olua pāʻoihana ua nāu kekahi me ka phenol. Waiwai me ka benzene ke komo lima e haawi qualitative naoh me nitricʻakika. E like me ka hopena, e hoʻololi 'ia nā pōpō o ka pāʻoihana.

E like me ua ikeia, gelatin maupaʻa he hydrolyzed ano o ka collagen. Ke kumuʻiʻo Aʻole i pihaʻi me ka onaona 'ole o ka'amino nāʻakika. No loli ma ke kala o ka meakino ma ka naoh me kaʻakika.

I ke kolu o ka hoao ana şarkı aia no he maikaʻi naoh i nā polokina ksantoproteinovaya. Panina Manaʻo hiki e holo ana penei: nā polokina a pau me ka onaona 'ole, ina paha ia e ka phenyl pūʻulu' ole he indole ke komo lima, haawi mai i ka loli ma ka ano o ka pāʻoihana. Keia mea aie a hiki i ke kahua o ka nitro i huiʻia me ka lenalena waihoʻoluʻu.

E hali ana mai i ke kala naoh proves ke alo o kela Nine Inch hale ma ka'amino nāʻakika a me nā polokina. Kumu gelatin hōʻike i kona haku mele 'ana kikowaena aminocarboxylicʻakika, aole i kahikoia i ke phenyl pūʻulu a me ka cyclic' ole.

Me ksantoproteinovaya naoh hiki ke wehewehe ma yellowing o ka ili i ka wa a noi ia ia i ka ikaika nitricʻakika. Na iaʻano hoʻokahi, e lilo frothy ka waiū i kona ano like Ka Ikepili.

I ka lapaʻau keʻena hoʻokolohua hana keia ano hāpana ua i hoʻohana 'ia no ka ka loaʻaʻana o ke kumuʻiʻo i loko o ka mimi. O ke kumu ho i ka melemele kala like 'ole o ka mimi iho.

Ksantoproteinovaya naoh lilo increasingly hoʻohana no ka quantification o'amino nāʻakika e like me tryptophan a me ka tyrosine, e like me ka hapa o ka likeʻole nā polokina.