Leshek Baltserovich, Polish economist: Kawaihae, kūlana hana

Ua aneane kanakolu makahiki aku nei, Poland ua hiki ke dramatically hoʻololi i kā lākou hoʻokele waiwai. Ole ia, i ka aina i loa i hiki ia ia ma luna o ka par me na ainaʻEulopa. A me kēia nā mea hoʻololi i mau makua. I ka mua o ia mau mea - Leshek Baltserovich. Kēia,''he economist e noonoo ai i kekahi kumumanao i ka loli i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Lua - Leh Valensa. He hoʻolauna nā mea hoʻololi i loko o ke ola ma kona Keʻena Pelekikena. Me kēia mau poʻokela kii o Poland, a mākou eʻike wale makemake ole nei. Ka mea, pomaikai ae la lakou i ka mea i 'ole e hana i nā mea a pau i ke kia-Soviet nā loea kālai'āina, e ai eager i ka makeke nā mea hoʻololi a me Europa, nā loina. Ano, Balcerowicz kahua o ka hope o Ukraine. Poland lilo i eu hoa, akā, e ka mea kōkua "kŰia Inc" i keia manawa?

Kawaihae

I ka wā e hiki mai Polish economist i hānau i loko o ke kaona liʻiliʻi o Lipno, a ua waiho ma waena o Wroclaw a me Poznan i ka makahiki 1947,. Mai noho 'ana kamaliʻi i hoike mai i ka hiki pono ke aʻo. I ka 1970, Leshek Baltserovich puka 'o ia mai ka Oihana o na AinaʻIliahi ma ka Warsaw Main School o Planning a me ka' ikepili helu me ka hanohano. Hope oia i hoomau i kona hoʻonaʻauao'āina'ē. I ka 1974, Balcerowicz loaa i ka haku ka degere, mai St. Johns University, a ua noho ma ka New York. Ma hope iho o ia, hoi aku la ia Warsaw. Aia i loko o 1975 kokua aku la oia i kona doctoral dissertation. I ke kakahiaka nui 1980s, Balcerowicz hui i ka "kūpaʻa". Ma ke kue Communist Party me na mea he nui e kākoʻo ana-Western ka pilina, technocrats o kona hanauna. Balcerowicz i pāʻani i kūlana he koʻikoʻi i loko o ka "kūpaʻa", akā, i makemake oia e hana me ka "Panel." Ka hope o he kuikahi o ka poʻe a pau i hui ma lalo o nā auspices o ka aoao, No laila, ke manaʻo o "kŰia Inc" no ka Poland, He mea pono e hoʻololi i ka oaeouee? i loko o ka market hoʻokele waiwai.

koke 'oihana

E like me ia i kākau ai i loko o kona mau memoirs, kekahi o ka "kūpaʻa" alakaʻi wale nō Balcerowicz hiki ke hele mai i ka manaʻo o kona polokalamu iho o oicyenoaaiiie hou 'i kekahi manawa i ka wa a ke aupuni i ka ai i haawiia mai ma luna o ka pepa. I ka 1989, noho iho la ke aliʻi Communist Party a me ke kue i ka negotiatingʻaina. Ma keia kūkākūkā, i ka wā e hiki mai reformer ua wale kekahi o ka i komo. Eia naʻe, he mau mahina ma hope, Rakovsky a Communists haʻalele. I ka mana i ka "kūpaʻa". A me ka 42 makahiki Leshek Baltserovich lilo Hope Kuhina Nui Kuhina no ka hoʻokele waiwai 'ana.

ma ke aloha o

Ka mea mua nui moʻomanaʻo Economist ua ka mua ole-Communist Aha Kuhina, o kona poo ua Tadeush Mazovetsky. Ka luna o ka "kūpaʻa" Leh Valensa hele ma kēia ōlaʻi o moho no ka lāʻau kū o ka Hope Kuhina Nui Kuhina no Waiwai. koʻikoʻi economists He nui ua haalele ia kūlana. Akā, Balcerowicz maliu, a i nalowale.

Poland ma ka 1980-1990

Kēia mea he paʻakikī loa wā i loko o ke ola o ka aina. Ke kālā'ōnaehana Ua ua loa lukuia, ua he mau shortage, kala i steadily nui ae, a hiki i ke kokuaia mai e ki huahana i ua 'aʻe i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Me ke kahua o ka makeke maomeka hiki ole ke Hooia. Wale ma keia ala hiki i kālā a me ke koi pohō a noaaeeecaoee. Balcerowicz loaa paakiki manawa. Noʻano papa hana o ka hoʻololi mai i ka hanalima socialism i ole nei i ka market hoʻokele waiwai. Na mea a pau i ka hoʻomaka mai kūikawā. Balcerowicz haʻalele i ke aupuni ma hope,ʻo ia hoʻi i ka 'epekema. He ao mai la ia ma Warsaw, a ua haʻi'ōlelo ma Europa, a Amelika kulanui, a ua palapala kekahi mau puke e pili ana i ka Polish hana o nā mea hoʻololi. Eia naʻe, i kona kumumanaʻo ua ole lawa, ka mea, ua pono e hoao i na hypotheses ma ka hana.

Hou, ke aupuni

I ka 1994, i ka Economist ua hui koa me nā alakaʻi mua o ka "kūpaʻa" a ua hana i ka ku okoa ana Union, i ua alai ae. Over manawa, me ka hou aoao i ka mea nui i loko o Poland. Ma ke koho ana i ka hale kanawai i ka 1997, ua lanakilaʻo ia i ka kolu o ka wahi. A Leshek Baltserovich hoi aku la i ka mana. He hou i ke kulana o ka oicyenoaaiiie Hope Kuhina Nui e lawelawe ai a me ka waiwai lawelawe. I ka makahiki 2000, Balcerowicz, mua mai i ka imminent disintegration o kaʻahahui, haʻalele mai ke aupuni, ua kipa Shevardnadze aʻoaʻo, a me ka 2001 lilo pelekikena o ka National Bank. He haʻalele ia wahi i ka 2007. I ka ia makahiki oia i i hookoia ka Palukela manaʻo-pahu ka inoa o "ka nui reformer i loko o ka 'Eulopa Union." I ka makahiki 2008, i ka economist ua lilo kekahi o na lala ewalu o ke akamai pae e hoʻomohala i ka hoʻopau i ka hopena o ka global kālā ulia. I ka 2016, ua hoonohoia Balcerowicz 'elele o ka Peresidena o Ukraine, i ka Aha Kuhina o Kuhina.

Ke pā like ana o ka mihi

I ke kakahiaka nui 1990s, Poland ua i loko o ka moku'āina o ka hohonu systemic hoʻoponopono ulia. Ke aupuni malamaʻike manaʻo e like me ka ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ka nui kiʻekiʻe o ke ola, hyperinflation a me ka nohona ma emi i? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Ke OAAIeOO kou akamai, mai ka ulia komo ai i ka neʻe aku i ka market maomeka, loli i kuleana 'ole, de-monopolization o ka hoʻokele waiwai, nā mea hoʻololi i loko o nā mea a pau spheres. Balcerowicz kuka komo pū:

• A pilipaa restrictive koi pohō aʻikepili. Ua komo ai hoemi i ke ea puka o ke kālā a me ka mahuahua ma ka hoihoi holo 'awelika.
• Ka hoʻopau o ka Bedroom nele. Hapanui auhau ia e pōmaikaʻi ai i ua hōʻoki aku, e like me ka pono me waihona kālā no ka ai, ikehu, heʻiʻo maka nō mea, a no laila, ma luna o. D.
• Price liberalization. Ma lalo o moku'āina hoʻoholo he wale ikehu, laau lapaau, ua haehae, a amo nāʻauhau.
• E kukulu hapa convertibility zloty.
• Tougher restrictive Ma o ka uku pilikino E pili. Ua komo ka abolition o ka piha indexation ana o na uku , a me ka paa o ke kiʻekiʻe e holumua ai auhau holo 'awelika.

hualoaʻa

I ka makahiki 1990, hoomaka ae la ke aupuni ia? I ka "kŰia Inc". Waihona kālā no ka mahiai i ua hōʻoki aku. Ke aupuni e hoʻokele i hooikaika i ka zloty. Eia naʻe, kū aʻela hana dala nele, ua lilo unaffordable pali, loan. No laila, hoomaka ae la ka manufacturing recession. hoomaka ae la ia Petero mai ka heluna kanaka koke. A ua māhuahua nunui ka nele. Ke'ī mai, ka "kŰia Inc", naʻe ka 'O ke kaulike Bedroom, a ua kokua mai i ka lanakila i ka hyperinflation, akā, ua lilo ia i nā kumumea i loko o ka Wa Mamua ulia. Ka mea, ua Nolaila hoʻoholo e hoopalupalu mai ia. Ma ka ka kūkuluʻana mua o ka hoʻokele waiwai, e pili ana ma ka privatization i hoʻonohoʻia. Mua i loko o 1992 ka mea i lawe mai kona hua mua.

Balcerowicz a Ukraine

Poland ua hiki i ka lanakila i ka hoʻoilina o ka hoʻolālā a me ka hooponopono ana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, a hiki komo i loko o ka 'Eulopa Union. Naʻe, i kēia ka hoao ana e kōkua ina Ukraine? Aneiai nā mea hoʻololi ma Poland i Ua holomua, ka mea, i kēia manawa ana e ke hakuloli i hou realities. "Hoohikilele Inc" i loko o Ukraine, i lilo ai i aupuni Yatsenyuk. E like me ia Balcerowicz, ka mea i kokua mai loaʻa i hiki hou pilikia manawa. He manaoio i ka mea mua mea e pono nō ia e lohe i ke kūpono 'ana o ka mea ponoi kaiaulu. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi ka mea e pono ai no ka nui-me ka unahiʻole deregulation. Nui a me ke kaua e kū'ē i ka palaho. Pili Aupuni e loaʻa i piha nona iho. I ka mea e hiki mai ana ka anu u Balcerowicz hāpai 'ia e paʻa hryvnia noaaeeecaoee a me ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka Bedroom nele. Ukraine ua ālai 'ka pili pilina o ka mana a me na oligarchs. A no keia hemahema e pono ai mākou kālai'āina makemake. Kekahi aoao mihi mea privatization. Ia,ʻo haole waiwai kūʻai pono ai nā mea hoʻololi, aʻaʻole lākouʻike pono. Ka mea, ua ai hiki ia,ʻo ke kālā Poland. Nolaila, Ukraine hiki wale hana ma luna o kā lākou mau aupuni hoʻokele waiwai, a maopopo maoli hopena. Oe hiki ole hoapono kona hoʻokō 'ole' kaua a me ka paakiki manawa. Nā kānaka hoʻopukapuka kālā e pono ai nā hualoaʻa,ʻaʻole assurances o kā lākou hanana i loko o ka wā e hiki mai. Once ka mea, e, Ukraine, e loaa nui-pono ai kona inflow o ka haole waiwai kūʻai.