Life a me ka moʻomeheu o ka mālama '-Mongol Rus (10-13 kenekulia)

Ke harmonious kūpono 'ana o Old Lūkini moʻomeheu i keʻakeʻaʻia ka Mongol kaua i loko o ka waena o ka XIII kenekulia. No laila, kākau moʻolelo, a hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ma ka loiloi mua wā o kona evolution (IX-XIII CC.) Mai a pau hope. Inseparable hapa o ka moʻomeheu i ke ala o ke ola - a pau i puni i ka kela la i keia ola ana o ano o na hoa o ka hanohano, a me ka hikina mai Slavic lehulehu.

kuhikuhipuʻuone

Like a pau moʻomeheu mālama '-Mongol Rusia, ua loli dramatically ka aina ka kuhikuhipuʻuone mai ka hookamaia o Karistiano a me ka layering o ka Byzantine moolelo i loko o kahiko. Noho ieoaeunoai o ka hikina Slavs, mai ka manawa kahiko, he mau pupupu, a haʻalele keena. Ma ke kūkulu'ākau, i loko o ka nahele ciia ua ulu i ka waiwai mooolelo o ka carpentry.

Stone haleʻikeʻia ma ka pau ana o ka X kenekulia, ka wā o ka aina ma ke kono ana o Prince Vladimir hiki Greek nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ua kūkuluʻia ka loa nui moʻomeheu kia hoʻomanaʻo i ka mālama '-Mongol Rusia ma Kiev - "ka makuahine o Lūkini kulanakauhale." I ka makahiki 989, hoomaka ae la ka hana o ka pohaku ekalesia hapaumi o ka waiwai, a lilo iho la ia i ka Hale Pule Nui, Aia ia i ka luna o ka pā hale.

Hope kahiko Russian monumental kuhikuhipuʻuone hohola ma luna o ka hikina mai Slavic aina. No ka laʻana, ma ka XI kenekulia ma Novgorod Saint Sophia Hale Pule Nui i hoʻolaʻaʻia - i kēia lā ka mea, o ke kumu nui attraction o ke kulanakauhale. Nō hoʻi, i kēia hale ua manaoia e ia i ka ekalesia kahiko i kūkulu ai ma ka Slavs, a malama mai oia ia ia ma ka mokuna o Rusia. i kona Sophia Hale Pule Nui ua ma Kiev. An poʻokela kia o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka Ekalesia o ka uwao ana ma ka Nerl, kūkuluʻia i loko o ka Vladimir na'lii i ka XII kenekulia.

Paa pinepine poe i ke kulanakauhale paia, akoakoa mai i ka laau maoli (e like me ka mea i kapaʻia Gorodnitsa). Upstairs hoʻokumu i kekahi pola no ka poe koa a me ka naele o i i lawe mai pana i ka enemi. Additional paa, he mau hale kiaʻi (Vezha). Major kulanakauhale i haku o ka mawaho paia, ka Susana, a me ka pahale hūlili. Ua kūkuluʻia nā paia o nā aliʻi mau poo, o ka pōhaku. Mawaho o ka sprawling wahi e pili ana, kahi kikiʻo artisans a me nā maka'āinana kanaka.

pena

Ma ka aoao o ka Byzantine Orthodox moʻomeheu o ka mālama '-Mongol Rus waiwai ole wale i ka mooolelo o ke kūkuluʻana pohaku luakini, akā, i hou LIKE ma ka pena. Ua lilo na Huli me fresco, mosaics a me icons ka integral hapa o ke ola o ka hikina mai Slavs. I pena, ka Helene keiki ua oi mau nō ma mua o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, i mea mua i loko o ka pōkole manawa ua he palapala kahiko Lūkini kaila. Kēia i aie i ka mea e, no ka laʻana, ua he ikaika iconography o ke Karistiano Canon, mai a ka haku i ole e hookala mai no kekahi mau kenekulia.

Kaawale mai ka haipule a me ka naita ma pena ola. A luku ana mamuli o keia ano moʻokalaleo Ke lilo murals hana ma ka hale kiaʻi o St. Sophia. Nails depicting i ka ohana o ka Luna Nui Prince Yaroslav ka Wise,, e hoohuli mai maʻamau o ke ola o ka Mō'ī, fantastic manu a me na holoholona. I ko kakou manawa ola mau icons hana i loko o ka Vladimir-Suzdal ma ka XII kenekulia. Mau artifacts hiki ole e aho maopopo mea i ka moʻomeheu o Rusia mālama '-Mongol manawa. Kekahi hanana kia o medieval fresco o ka papa kuhikuhiE attraction o ka Hale Pule Nui, ka mea depicts ike weliweli o ka hope hoopai.

Ka puna makahiki o ka moʻomeheu mālama '-Mongol Rusia e pili ana i ka XII kenekulia, i ka wa a ka feudal fragmentation o ka aina ka hookahi mua i ke kumu o ka' āina ' "kula" ma na kihapai o ka makakū haʻawina. Loli ana ma keia au a me ke akamai. No ka laʻana, ma ka Novgorod Church o ka mea e ola ai ma Nereditsa ka mea i hana i pena, imbued me ka hanana uhane o ka pouli a me kaʻoʻoleʻa. Oeeo weliweli'ānela a me na kii o ka poe haipule mai e nana i kekahi'ē aʻe hāpana o kahiko Lūkini pena.

mele

Music - keia mea i kekahiʻano o ke akamai, maopopo ae hōʻike mea i ka mōʻaukala o ka moʻomeheu o ka wa kahiko Rusia. Mālama '-Mongol manawa i koe i kekahi ou wahi lihi iki o ka hoike e pili ana i ka mele ma nā koho o ka hikina Slavs. Music Ua wehewehe aku ma ka mea i ka mea, ua mau ola mea inseparable mai ola me na alii ahaolelo, a me ka ano o kanaka. Family hang, "merrymaking" ua ole imua me ka mele, hula a me ka pāʻani kani. Folk hana he nui okoa ma ke ano. Ka mea, ua i ka mare prichety ulu hihiu Lau Makani, mele kanikau no ka hoahanau make.

Most i ka manawaleʻa iā hula lilo 'oihana mele. Poe mele a me ka hōʻuluʻulu moʻolelo narrators hana kūikawā ma ka moʻolelo 'ano moʻokalaleo Ke. Ma ia laua, aia ua he a pau honua o ia hele hewa ia troupes oia hoi o buffoons ka poe i hana i ka kulanakauhale mika pāhoʻonui lua a me ka ahaaina. Moʻomeheu o ka mālama '-Mongol Rusia ua he nunui-faceted, a me ka mele i loko o keia ano i okoa mai nā kilokilo. He nui clowns e mele ana,ʻaʻole wale nō, akā, i ho'āʻo iho me acrobats, hula, jugglers a me nā mea hana keaka,ʻo ia hoʻi, e Litsedeyami. He hana hoihoi i ke aliʻi Aupuni pinepine aumeume ana me ke loira like hoʻi me ka mea kahiko "na daimonio" e noho ana i ka mele i loko o ka paʻi o kahiko pagan kuʻuna.

Russian hoolaʻi palaoa me balalaika, pahu, a me ka lira, ratchet, dobro. A me na pepeiao a me nā pū i hoʻohana ole wale no ka hana ana o na mele, akā, no hoi no ka peahi ana holoholona a kaua. ano like "paa" nei i loko o ke kauna. No ka laʻana, he kime hoala mai i ka morale o ka poʻe hao wale i ka pua ana o ke kulanakauhale o Volga Bulgarians i ka 1220.

Like ke koena o ka moʻomeheu o ka mālama '-Mongol Rusia, ke mele loaa kona niche iho i loko o ka Orthodox. motets ua Byzantine hāʻina o nā haʻawina (unuhi 'ia i loko o Slavic' ōlelo). Rusia aie mai ka Helene liturgicalʻano hana. Ma ke Pela no hoi, he mau oli 'ana i kūpono.

nā loina

Ka hapa nui o ka Old Lūkini moʻomeheu ua ike no kona nā loina, wehewehe aku ma ka poʻokela 'ano a me ka richness. Songs, moʻolelo, hana uhane, poetry ua kona integral eiiiiiaiou. Paganism haawi ala i ka mythological kaao mea i ola, a hiki ma hope o ka hookamaia o Kristiano. Nā loina fused me Orthodoxy e loli ana i ka 'alemanaka icai a me nā'ōuli,.

Moʻolelo'ōlohe wiwo moʻolelo - i ka luna i loko o ka loina. I ka papa kuhikuhiE huapalapala o kēia mau apana i koa. Na koa me Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich a me Alyosha Popovich, i ikeia ai i na keiki ma ka ohi o ka poʻe hoʻokalakupua kaʻao. Ma byliny ia lewa i ka richness i mea i ka moʻomeheu Rus Mongolian wā. Ku I hiki e kekahi maoli mōʻaukala huapalapala a me generalized kiʻi. Ma nā kaʻao o nā koa meʻe waiho i ka pau ana o ka Middle Ages me kona ano hiʻona (i ka paio me ka hehi nomads, "ulupaia na kanaka" a no laila, ma luna o. D.).

palapala

loina i ke ku pono ana o makakū ke kākau 'ana. Naʻe, i kēia moʻokalaleo hiki ole ana me ka'ōlelo Hawaiʻi. Mea, ma ka huli, i pūnāwai ia Rusia pu me Kristiano. Byzantine mea aʻo Kirill I Mefody i hana i ka Slavic no ka kūikawā Hawaiʻi, a lilo iho la ia i ke kahua no kekahiʻano o ke kākau 'ōlelo: Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Teselonike i, etc.

Greek hana hai no Tesalonike ua ka loa mamao-a hiki i ka hopena. Ole Cyrillic i ole ulu a me nā mea a pau i ka mālama '-Mongol moʻomeheu o kahiko Rusia. Kēia'ōlelo Hawaiʻi Ua hoʻohana 'ia e hoʻokō' ia i ka hoolilo ana o Orthodox hāʻina o nā haʻawina. Ke kula mua, aʻo i ka heluhelu, i ka hoonohoia'na o ka Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.

Kū hoʻokahi kia hoʻomanaʻo i o Old Lūkini ke kākau 'ana i ka Novgorod birchbark palapala. Ka hapa nui o ka ia i loaa ma ka archaeologists ma ka XX kenekulia. Birchbark hōʻike iʻike heluhelu i loko o Rusia i i manaoia he wahi lihi iki o ka mikanele aristocracy. Au ke kākau i na ano o kanaka, e like me ka hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi medieval Novgorod artifacts.

Makamua Cyrillic i kekahi mau mea okoa mai i keia la. Ua Ua accented a me kekahi mau hou palapala. 'ano'ē mihi o ka mea kahiko Hawaiʻi ana ma lalo o Peter I, a me ka lā hope o ka palapala ka mea i ma hope o ka 1917 kipi.

moʻokalaleo

Together me ka palapala Rus ma i mai o ka Byzantine puke moʻomeheu. Ka mua kuokoa hana, ua aʻo haipule a me sermons. E like me ka mea hiki ke noʻonoʻo i kekahi "Sermon ma Law, a Grace," i kākauʻia e Kauhalenui Hilarion ma ka waenakonu o ka XI kenekulia.

Nui ua lilo lakou i poe pono ole, ano moʻokalaleo Ke chronicle. Lakou mea ole wale he chronicle o nā hanana, akā, i kekahi kumu o ka ike e pili ana i ka ua i ka moʻomeheu o kahiko Rusia ka mālama '-Mongol manawa. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kakaolelo o Kyivan Rus ua noʻonoʻo Nestor. I ka hoʻomaka o "ka nui o Bygone Nam" ia i haku no ka XII kenekulia ia. Kēia vault ua, ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma nā hanana nui o Lūkini moolelo mai o ka muli mai o statehood a hiki i 1117. Nestorʻeleu i pili hanana: ke aliʻi hoopaapaa, kaua a me kuikahi nei,. i haʻalele kakaolelo hope o ka "Reading", i elaborated ma ka Kawaihae o na luna-poe hoike aku ia mau Boris a me Gleb.

Prince Vladimir Monomakh i hoomanao ole wale me ka naauao politician, a me ka loea koa alakaʻi, akā, no hoi me ka poʻokela kākau moʻolelo. Kiev luna haʻalele i kona mau hooilina "Instruction" - he pili aupuni hoonoho ma a ka mea kākau wehewehe mea e ia i ka maikaʻi moku'āina, a me ka pono ka mana. Ka puke Monomakh hoʻomanaʻo aʻela i ka wā e hiki mai ka luna e ole pilikia i ka pilikino pono o nā loea kālai'āina o ka hoʻohui o ke Aupuni, me he pono a hiki i ka hakakā i nā nomadic Polovtsy.

"Instruction" i kākau i ka hoʻomaka o ka XII kenekulia. I ka pau ana o ka mea hookahi kenekulia ka mea,ʻikeʻia i ka papa kuhikuhiE huina hoonui o ka Old Lūkini moʻokalaleo - "Ka nui o ko Igor ka Kai Eʻe". Ua hoi i ka theme like o ka paio a me Polovtsy. I ka waenakonu o ka kakou kamailio ana poem - he pomaikai ole oe kai eʻe ma ka hehi o Prince Igorya Svyatoslavicha, ka mea i alii iho la oia ma Novgorod-Seversky.

Emanating mai ka make māinoino o ka nomads maluhia ke ola nui i alakaʻi ai i ka mea i lilo i ka moʻomeheu a me ke ola o ka mālama '-Mongol Rusia. Ka "hua'ōlelo" o nä unuhi mea kākau like ole maikaʻi i hōʻike ana kŘpuna kaua, he pegana. Like Monomakh ma o kona "Na Ke Kumu", oia 'aloʻahia i ka nui o ke kuʻikahi, o ka aina Lūkini ma mua o ka pau ana.

mea noʻeau, a me nā House

Lūkini haku no ka lōʻihi manawa i kaulana no kona hanana Jewelry hana i kūpono (enamel, nā kāwaha, a no laila, ma luna o. D.). Mau huahana i i, e kauoha aku no ka boyar a me ka aliʻi aristocracy. Haole mahalo i ka Lūkiniʻeleʻele ma ke kālā. Kēia läÿau, i malamaia lakou nei, me heʻano o nā huahana. Kūpeʻe, nā keʻa, apo, a pela aku ...

Kiev haku he makemake ko ke gula a me ke kālā ma luna o na apana o ka kāʻei kua o Chernevo. Vladimirskie artisans pinepine i maemae kālā kāʻei kua a me ke gula huahelu. Ma Galicia ua he kekahi kula contour Mob. Ma kēia mau hoailona, mea noʻeau, a me nā akamai hookahi hou hōʻikeʻike mea, ua like moʻomeheu a me ka maʻamau o ke ola o ka mālama '-Mongol Rusia.

Hair kauhale he loa okoa, mai ke kūlanakauhale mai o akamai. Ma kua'āina mau mea, i ka haku no ka lōʻihi manawa hoʻohana i loko o kā lākou kāhikoʻana pagan motifs ino koa. Ua kaulana komohia a me kuhihewa ia. Ka hapa nui o ia i hana no ka loa ho'āmana i mea - laau. Inā ka mua kilokilo-me nā kumumea i loko o ka noi ia au kahiko, ua he okoa ke kilokilo mākaʻikaʻi, laila, i nā mea nalowale i kēiaʻano, a lilo iho la ia mea lauana. Moʻomeheu o Rusia mālama '-Mongol manawa, ma ka pōkole, ua Hawaiʻi. Me kēlā me kēia hanauna,ʻo ia i nā hoʻololi a lilo hou huikau.

Life a me ka hale

I kakahiaka nui Slavic pupupu oia o ka umu ahi, a me ka lāʻau papa kāwiliʻai. Kēlā me kēia mau makahiki i ka home, e hookaawale i ka mare hui. Prevalence hapa-dugouts kokoke i ka hema tribal kālepa o ka hikina Slavs paha e ¶ʻO'Araba geographers. hoomaka ae la ia e noho ai, e nalo ma ka X kenekulia. Kēia kaʻina Ua pili me ka rupture o ka patriarchal ohana ana ka poe liilii, a me ka a maloo aku o tribal koena.

No ka laʻana, ma Kiev, ma ka hou ana i ka hapa-dugouts ua kukulu ana log home, a haʻalele. Wood mea he kŘpa a inexpensive mea, ke loaa ia aneane kela hoʻokiwikā a kua'āina e noho ana. Loaʻa nui kōkua koke hoihoi populations i loko o ka hanana o ke ahi. Ke ahi mau alakaʻi i ka loa poino, a, ma ka kekahi lima, ua i kekahi 'nele i ka laau.

An nui hapa o ka Haku ka Palace ua Gridnitsa - he akea lumi, kahi banquets akoakoa mai paukū. Këia he aristocratic hale pa alima - keia mea kekahi leʻaleʻa ala e maopopo mea i ka moʻomeheu o ka mālama '-Mongol Rusia. Kuhikuhipuʻuone mea he anakahi o ka lawelawe kūlana haʻahaʻa, kulana ma ka nohona hulili o ka hale mea nāna. He hana hoihoi 'ia i loko o ka XII kenekulia, i ka wa a ka moku'āina hope hina no ka nui, me ka manaʻo nui kahiko Gridnitsa nalowale - hoomaka ae la lakou e hana i ka pa me ka hale paʻahao.

lole

ʻike mauʻauhau a me smerdy, ua hoʻokomoʻia ka Awaits-metala o blouse ka lehu o loko o lole wāwae, a kiʻekiʻe nā kamaʻa puki. Nike hooilo für i hoʻohana. Ma ka Ia folksy noonoo ole ae i bea für. Mau hipuu mau puka a me ka ili, buckles i ke keleawe. Women kamaʻilioʻana, e komo Jewelry (ke kino apo, pūpū i, lei).

A ano hiʻona o ka lawe pu ana, boyars a me ka luna o ka lole i kona koloka. Inā mahiʻai komo olona pālule, huluhulu, na aristocrats - pālule, i ke silika. Ka luna o nā kamaʻa puki i i ka goatskin. A OAXA kaila o ka mō'ī i he chap me für pokole. Jewelery kaukaualiʻi i i ka pohaku maikai a me ke gula. No ka laʻana, Prince Svyatoslav ua hoʻokomoʻia ano momi apo. Life a me ka moʻomeheu o ka mālama '-Mongol Rus (10-13 kenekulia) haohao haole he nui loa. Winter lole Russian hanohano i i ka sable für, o ka loa waiwai huakūʻai ma Europa, wahi a pau.

ka ai

Mai ka hookumuia'na mai o ka mahiai o Rusia ua arable mahi, i kaʻai o ka ano o kanakaʻano nui o lakou o ka berena, a me kaʻano o kiliala (bale, me ka hua palaoa, ka rai, a me ka millet). Lākou nui no ke ola o ka hikina mai Slavs ua apau. I ka berena mea ai e kaukaʻi ma ka archaeologists keiki ka toys ua loaʻa i loko o ka palapala o ka berena. Kekahi mea kanu 'ole i noʻonoʻo i ka nui hewa, ka mea e pono ai no o ka i lilo he ākea maʻi.

Ai ka ai townspeople oia o nā manuʻaiʻia a me ka holoholona. Ke kulanakauhale Ua lōʻihi malamaia no ka moolelo kahiko ka lio i ka ai. An nui hapa o ka haleʻaina, he haleʻuwī waiū huahana, a me ka waiū. Ideological kaua o ka Ekalesia e ku e paganism loli i kaʻai. No ka laʻana, ka mea ia me ka waiū i noʻonoʻo pāpāiʻawa pudding. Nā kāhuna e hoʻomaʻa i kaʻai a hiki i kona mau poe holoholona a me ke kōkua o nā pou.

Fish ma ka papa ka oi aku i komo ai sturgeon (ka mea, ua ike ia ka Novgorod aliʻi, he "osetrenniki", i i ohi ia mai ka iʻa Lobel auhau sturgeons). Ke ki ka lau i turnip a me ka cabbage. Food moʻomeheu Ua mālama '-Mongol Rusia, ma ka pōkole, e lohi i ka hoʻololi i nā spheres o ke ola o Slavic. Traditional i nā meaʻala i ke kinamona, ka vinega, ai hua pisetakia, ka aneto, ka mineta, kekahi pahūpahū. Ke keakea ana o keia paakai ke huli mai aupuni poino. Kēia huahana He He punahele paha o ka speculation poe kalepa.