Main hoʻopololei kumuhana: ano, ahi, ka waiwai, ano, manufacturing lako

XIX. Olelo no ka mea paahana lako -. Loaʻa nui paakiki, ia'ku e abrasion, e hoʻa'ā i a me kekahi poe e ae o ka hoʻokō 'ia me kēia mau ana hoʻohālike mau hiʻohiʻona nō ana. E lawe mai i ka hoike o ka ili honua papa o ka huina hoonui i ka e hana huhui no ka oki ka hana māhele pono e i ka oka a ikaika. Paakiki hiki e maoli paha lilo.

No ka laʻana, hoʻopololei kila prefabricated oki wale. Ma hope o lapaau i ka me mechanical, a thermal mea, a wili a me honing, i ka nui o ka paakiki a me ka ikaika, piʻi pū.

Pehea ka paakiki?

Ano hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma kekahi aoao. Hana 'Ōlelo steels i ka paakiki o Rockwell paakiki mai i ka laulā inoa, e like me alphabetic HR me ka unahiʻole, i A, B a me C, (e laʻa me, HRC). Koho ana o ka mea paahana mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o ka metala i hana.

I ka loa i ka pilina paʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka hana a me ka haahaa Wear o ka maka e hele i ka wela iapaau hiki ke loaʻa no ka exponent HRC 63 a 64. Ma ka haʻahaʻa 'inideka waiwai o ka mea paahana mea mea ole no laila, kiʻekiʻe, a me ka kiʻekiʻe paakiki, e hoʻomaka e popopo ma muli o ka brittleness.

I eliiaʻi ka paakiki o HRC 30-35 i hana pono me ka hao i na mea paahana,, wela-ia me ke ana o HRC 63-64. Penei, o ka lākiō o ka paakiki nā hoailona mea 1: 2.

No kekahi kanaka Farani e ke hooheheeia me HRC 45-55 e e hoopili i na mea paahana e i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka hana ke hooheheeia. He he anakahi o ko lākou HRA 87-93. Nā Pono ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kemikala mea hiki ke hoʻohana' ia i loko o ka hana maikaʻi i ka steels malalo i ka a.

Mea paʻa hoʻopololei lako

Ma ke kaʻina hana o oki i ka hana mana o ka hopena B10 kn, a ma luna. Ua hoʻonāukiukiʻana mai o ka mea kiʻekiʻe anakahi uila, a i entail i ka make ana o ka mea kani. E pale i kēia, no ka mea ke okioki E i ke kiʻekiʻe kaʻi lau waiwai o ke kū'ē'ē mai.

I ka pono me ka hui pu ana o ka ikaika i ka mea paahana kila. E hana ana i kekahi hapa i o ko lākou maikaʻi ia'ku i kaumaha e haawe, a hiki hana ma ka mīkini'opihia, torsion, anuenue a kona.

Ka hopena pilikia paio hahana maoli nō ana wela ma luna o ka mea paahana maka

I ka wela kinoea i ke oki ana o ke hooheheeia paku ole ia i ko lakou mau paio hahana maoli nō huhui, a hiki i ka nui loa - o kaʻili kai. A hiki i ka wela o lalo o ka pilikia 'inideka hoailona (no kēlā me kēia mea o kona mau) ka' ole a me ka paakiki, aole ia e lauwili ole. Inā ka paio hahana maoli nō mahana i luna ma mua o ka allowable ana, o ka paakiki kaʻilikai, e hina ia. Noho pilikia ana wela i kapaʻia ka ula paakiki.

He aha ke ano o ka manawa " 'ulaʻula paakiki"?

Ua kapaʻulaʻula paakiki waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ka wā enaena i ka wela o ka 600 ° C glowʻula. Ka manawa hoʻohuʻu mālama 'ana o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia paakiki a me ka ia'ku e komo. Ma kona kāna mau 'ōlelo o ka hiki, e ku e kiʻekiʻe mahana. No kekahi mea, aia no he kali mai 220 a hiki i 1800 ° C.

Ma muli o ka mea hiki e hou hana o ke oki paha?

Hana 'Ōlelo mea o ka ohi kila wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe functionality i kiekie ae ka mahana ia'ku a me ka hou ana o ka wela no ka maluhiluhi ua loaʻa i loko o ka maka i oki. Ka wela kōkua, e hoʻonui i ka mahana.

Ka hou wela ae oukou mai ka makaʻoi i loko o ka manaʻo, ka mea ma lalo o ka mahana ma luna o kona papa ili honua. thermal conductivity 'ilikai hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka haku mele' ana a me ka paio hahana maoli nō.

No ka laʻana, i loko o ke kila na kumu mua me tungsten a me ka vanadium ke kumu i ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o kona thermal conductivity, a me ka huikala ana o titanium, cobalt, molybdenum a me ke kumu no ia e ala.

Mai a ke kaʻi lau waiwai o ka hāʻuleʻana kū'ē hilinaʻi nui?

Anakahi kū'ē kaʻi lau waiwai o ka hāʻuleʻana mea e kaukaʻi ma o ka haku mele 'ana a me ka physical waiwai o ka ka hoʻomaopopoʻana hui o ka mea, e like me ka waiwai o ke anakahi uila ma luna o ka surfaces undergoing kū'ē a me ka hāʻuleʻana. Ololi e loli ai i ka Wear ia'ku o ka mea.

Hana 'Ōlelo AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka mea malalo iho o lapaʻau ua lawe mai i kekahi ikaika aku ua hiolo ihe.

Pehea e hele i loko o ka hihia o ka mea paahana lako? Kind o komo like.

Ka mea, i wehewehe aku e:

• hana e holoiia i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia me ka i ia mea i loko o ka leo;
• ka hiki e hōʻike ia'ku e komo ai, i mea e pale aku abrasion'ē aʻe mea.

Huhui Wear ia lŘlŘ mau. E like me ka hopena o keia mea haalele i kona waiwai, e like me hoʻololi i ke kinona o ka hanaʻili.

it ia'ku inideka hiki oko ma na olelo ma lalo i ka ohi i wahi.

He aha nā pūʻulu i mokuahana hoʻopololei kila?

I ka papa kuhikuhiE hoʻopololei lako hiki ke maheleia i na kēia waeʻano.

• cermet (paakiki ke hooheheeia);
• cermets, pālolo a mea pōhaku;
• boron nitride ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kemikala mea;
• diamonds kemikala kumu;
• mea paahana kila ma ke kulanui o ke kalapona.

Instrumental hao paha e kalapona, oka a pau a me HSS.

Mea paahana steels ka nānā 'ana ma luna o carbon

Carbonaceous waiwai e hoʻohana i ka hana i na mea paahana. Lākou mau ana ka mämä holo i haʻahaʻa.

E like me ia i mea paahana kila? Nā Pono e hōʻike ma ka palapala (no ka laʻana, "U" 'o ia hoʻi kalapona), e like me ka helu (kiʻi tenths o ka pakeneka kalapona maʻiʻo). Ke alo aku o ka palapala "A" ma ka pau ana o omaka hōʻike o ke kiʻekiʻe kbps kila (maʻiʻo o ka waiwai e like me ka luaipele a me ka phosphorus,ʻaʻole oi aku 0,03%).

Ua characterizes ka carbonaceous mea me ka paakiki Index o HRC 62-65, a me ka haahaa mahana e kū'ē'ē mai.

A hehi ihola au paahana kumuhana U9 a me ka U10A e hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana o ka huhui, a me ka moʻo U11, U12 a me ka U11A papahana no ka lima taps, a me kekahi poe e ae. Mea Hana.

I ka nui o ka ia'ku i ka mahana steels puke U10A, U13A He 220 ° C, no laila, i ka mea a mau mea ua i ka manao e hana i oki ka mämä holo o ka 8-10 m / min.

oka a hao

Hana 'Ōlelo doped mea i e chromium, hromokremnistym, tungsten a me ka hromovolframovym, doped me ka manganese. Mau moʻo i hōʻike 'ia e nui, a me ka mea, i ka literal omaka. Ka mua hema-loa huahelu Hōʻike ka lākiō o ke kalapona ma tenths ina ka hehee ai maʻiʻo mea emi o 1%. Ka akau-'ēheu huahelu ho i ka awelika o ka doping ke keʻena me ka pakeneka.

Brand X kila mea pono no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o taps a me ka make. Steel B1 mea pili no ka manufacturing he uuku-pepa paia? Eou, taps, a me reamers.

I ka nui o ka ia'ku i ka mahana o ka doped mea mea 350-400 ° C, nolaila, o ka ohi māmā, a me ka hapalua kona manawa oi aku mamua o ia no o carbon oka a pau.

No ke aha la hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe-oka a steels?

Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'ola ana kila mea i hoʻohana ma o ka hana o kaʻepekema'āpana, reamers a me taps. Ka mea i hāliu aku me ka palapala a me ka nui. Nui eiiiiiaiou o na mea i tungsten, molybdenum, chromium a me ka vanadium.

High-mämä holo steels e māheleʻia i loko o nā waeʻano: maʻamau, a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hana ana.

Steel maʻamau hana

Ka waeʻano o ka hao me ka maʻamau o ka hana hiki e wahi papa P18, P9, R9F5 a me tungsten oka a doped me ka molybdenum R6MZ moʻo R6M5 i mālama i ka paakiki ole ma lalo o 58 HRC ma 620 ° C. Material pono no ka obrabatyvaniya steels me ka kalapona a me ka haahaa oka a waeʻano, oho hoolei hao a me nonferrous oka a pau.

Steel me ka hoonui ae i hana

Kēia waeʻano i nā momoku ahi R18F2, R14F4, R6M5K5, R9M4K8, R9K5, R9K10, R10K5F5, R18K5F2. e hiki ke hoopaa 'inideka HRC 64 ma ka wela o ka 630 a hiki i 640 ° C. ka mea, Kēia waeʻano nā mea paahana superhard mea. Ua ua papahana i ka hao a me ka oka a mea e hoʻokō 'ia me ka pilikia, e like me ka pono me ka titanium.

paakiki oka a

Oia mea i:

• cermet;
• mea pōhaku pālolo.

Ke kinona o ka papa hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mechanics waiwai. Kekahi mau mea hana ma HSS like me nā kiʻi o kiʻekiʻe ana holo.

cermet

Paa-metala oka a mea:

• tungsten;
• tungsten me ka titanium maʻiʻo;
• tungsten me ka hoʻi o titanium a me ka tantalum.

VC moʻo maupaʻa tungsten a me ka titanium. Mea nānā 'ana i kēia mau eiiiiiaiou i ke kiʻekiʻe Wear ia'ku, akā, i ka ia'ku kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena i haʻahaʻa ka mea. Adaptations ma ia kumu i hoʻohana no obrabatyvaniya hao.

Ke oka a pau o ka tungsten, titanium a me ka cobalt mea pili i nā mea a pau ano o ka hao.

Hoʻololi kemikala o tungsten, titanium, tantalum a me ka cobalt ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kūikawā hihia ma nā mea e ineffective.

Hard oka a pau i wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe ia'ku i ke ana wela. Nā Pono Hana Tungsten ke kōkua ma muli o kona PAaIEN waiwai me HRC 83-90, a tungsten me titanium - HRC 87-92 i ka wela o ka mai 800 a hiki i 950 ° C, e leie aku ana ma kiʻekiʻe ana ka wikiwiki (500 m / min i 2700 m + / min ma obrabatyvanii Aluminum).

No kekahi kanaka Farani e māhele i i ia'ku i ka lepo a me ka kiʻekiʻe ana wela, pili i ka hana o ka moʻo o ka maikai-na hua liilii oka a Om. Mark VK6-Om mea pono no ka hoʻopau i kekahi kanaka Farani e, a me ka VK10-VK15-Om, a Om - no ka meakino i ka ino.

Nui ka hoʻokōʻana i ka hana a me ka "pilikia" māhele i superhard hoʻopololei lako Series BK10-XOM a me VK15-Hom. Ka mea, tantalum carbide, chromium carbide auou caiaiai, e ia oi mau nō i ka wā paku ole ia i kiʻekiʻe ana wela.

E hoomahuahua i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe o ka paa papa, io i ka penaʻana ia me ka aiiay Auana. Pili carbide, titanium nitride, a me ka carbonyl, a ua pili loa thinly. Ka mānoanoa mea mai ka 5 a hiki i 10 microns. I ka hopena o ka maikai ahu iho la ka titanium carbide. I ka nui o ka ia'ku papa i ka ekolu-pa luna ma mua o ka uncoated papa, a maoli he ka ohi māmā ma ka 30%.

I kekahi manawa, na mea o ka cermets i ho i ka hou mai o Aluminum'okesaside me ka tungsten, titanium, tantalum a me ka cobalt.

mea pōhaku pālolo

No kaʻoki hana hoʻohana mea pōhaku pālolo knm-332. S hoʻomaopop 'ana i ia'ku no ke kiekie ana wela. HRC paakiki inideka HEN, mai 89 a hiki i 95 ma 1200 ° C. No hoi, e mae wale ia'ku mea ua loaa, e leie aku aaioee o ke kila, hoolei hao a me ka ferrous oka a ma kiʻekiʻe ana ka māmā holo.

E eʻoki i na mea paahana, cermet hoʻohana like moʻo B. Ua Ua nānā 'ana i'okesaside a me ka carbide. I ka hoike o ka mea pōhaku pālolo metala carbide a me ka molybdenum, a me ka chromium, e kokua, e hoʻoikaika i ka kino ai, a me mechanical waiwai o ka cermet a eliminates kona brittleness. Mahuahua ana māmā. Medium e hoʻopau aaioee lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma muli cermet ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka oho hoolei hao, paakiki kila, a me ka helu o ka hoʻokō' ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia. Ke kaʻina me ka mākaʻi i ka mämä holo o ka 435-1000 m / min. Pālolo ana ka hoʻopale a hiki i ka hopena o ke ana wela. Kona paakiki o 90-95 HRC mea ma 950-1100 ° C.

No ka obrabatyvaniya hao hala hoopio ai hoi, he mau nō hoolei hao, e like me o Minvielle i hoʻohana mea hana, ke ohi loa i ua hua mai la mai ka puaʻa hiwa i loaʻa ka boron nitride a me diamonds. Anakahi paakiki CBN (boron nitride) mea e pili ana i ka like me ia o ka daimana. Kona wela ia'ku mau manawa oi aku ma mua ia o ka hope. Elbor, e inert i ka mea hao. Tensile ikaika 'ilikai polycrystals ka wā'opihia ia mea 4-5 GPa (400-500 kgf / mm o ^2), a me ka wā alo - 0,7 GPa (70 kgf / mm o ^2). Ia'ku i ka wela o ia ka palena o ka 1350-1450 ° C.

No hoi o ka memo i mea he kemikala daimana-ma muli Ballas moʻo ASB a me Carbonado ISPC moʻo. Nine ha awina o ka hope a hiki i ka carbonaceous nā mea kiʻekiʻe. I ka mea kumu ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i hoʻi heʻoiʻoi o nā māhele i ka nonferrous metala oka a me ke kiʻekiʻe silikone maʻiʻo, puaʻa hiwa VK10, VK30 a me ka' ole-mea hao surfaces.

ia'ku inideka kālai carbonade - 20-50 manawa hou ma mua o ka nui o ka e kū'ē'ē mai o ka paakiki oka a pau.

A oka a ua lilo he ākea ma ka hana?

Puni ke ao i loaʻa hoʻopololei lako. 'Ano apau loa i mea lawelawe i loko o Rusia, kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, a ma' Eulopa, no ka mea hapanui loa mai i apo ia tungsten. Ka mea, no ia i ka moʻo o KNT016 a me TN020. Ua lilo kēia mau ana hoʻohālike ae pani ahi T15K6, T14K8 a me BK8. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia no ka malama ia no elike no ka kila hale, kuhiliʻole kila a me ka mea paahana lako.

New olelo no ka mea kökua ka mea ku i ka deficiency o tungsten a me ka cobalt. He manawa a hiki i kēia ololi i 'ano like ano o ka loaa ana hou paakiki oka a pau i e ole no tungsten e mau ke hoʻomohala i loko o ka US,ʻEulopa a me Rusia.

No ka laʻana, o ka mea paahana pono hana manufacturing Amelika poe Adamas Carbide Makeke Titan puke 50, 60, 80, 100 hoʻohui pū i ka carbide, titanium a me ka molybdenum. Mahuahua i ka helu i ka 'i ke degere o ka pā kaua o ka mea. Ano o ka mea paahana mea o kēia pukana hoʻohuʻu he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika. No ka laʻana, Titan100 moʻo i ka ikaika o ka 1000 MPa. He He competitor o ka pālolo.