Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky: pōkole Kawaihae, e piʻi like, discoveries

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - he poʻokela Lūkini mathematician, no ka no eha makahiki - ka rector o Kazan University, he activist o Education, i hoʻokumu o ka ole-Euclidean anahonua.

He He kanaka e no kekahi mau makahiki ma mua o kona manawa, a i ole maopopo ma kona wā.

Kawaihae Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha

Ma Rotehama Ua hānauʻia ma luna o Dekemaba 11, 1792 ma ka haʻahaʻa-loaaʻohana o ka haʻahaʻa o luna Ivana Maksimovic a me Praskovya Alexandrovna. Aina hanau o mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Nizhny Novgorod. I ka makahiki o ka 9, make o kona makua kāne ma hope,ʻo ia i kaʻi aku ai i kona makuahine ma Kazan, a ma ka 1802 i hoʻokomoʻo ia i ke kuʻikahi kiʻekiʻe kula. Ma hope o kona pukaʻana i loko o 1807, ma Rotehama lilo i haumāna o ka lānai hou i hoʻokumu Kazan imperial University.

Ma lalo o ka tutelage o M. F. Bartelsa

Special ke aloha no ka mea kino a me ka makemakika sciences wā e hiki mai ano akamai e hoʻokele i ka haʻaheo lāhui Grigoriy Ivanovich Kartashevsky - he kumu loea, nui iho la ia i ike a i hoʻomaopopo ai i kana hana. Eia naʻe, ma ka hope o 1806, no ka pāonioni me ke alakaʻi o ke kulanui "no ka hoike ana o ka Uhane o ke kipi a me ka hoa pāonioni,"ʻo ia i hoʻokuʻu mai i ke kulanui lawelawe. Papa i ka makemakika, hoomaka ae la e alakai Mihail Fedorovich Bartels - he kumu, a he hoa o ke kaulana Karla Fridriha Gauss. I hiki ai ma 1808 ma ka Kazan, i aku la ia ma o ka patronage hiki ia oe akā, ilihune haumana.

New kumu i aponoia Lobachevskian holo nei i ka i? Anoee ma lalo o ka hooponopono ana o na Classic hana me "Number kumumanaʻo" Karl Gauss, a me ka "lani mechanics" o ka Palani nä känaka 'epekema Pierre-Simona Laplace. No ka hookuli, paakiki, a me na hoailona o ka godlessness i loko o ka makahiki papa kiʻekiʻe ma luna o Nikolay looming pahiki o ka nui. I hoomalu Bartels Hāʻawi haawiia pōʻino e hiki mai ia i ka manawaleʻa haumana.

Kazan University Lobachevsky ola

I ka 1811, ua noho mai kulanui, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, he pōkole Kawaihae a mea he maoli hoihoi i loko o ka hanauna kaikaina, i aponoia e ka Haku o ka makemakika a me ke kālaikūlohea, a waiho ma ke kula. Eluaʻepekema haʻawina - ma ka hōʻailona helu, a mechanics, hooku iho la ia ia ma 1814 (mua au), alakai aku ai i kona kūkuluʻia i loko o kekahi ÷ ino Kumu (docents). Next Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich, e piʻi like a e laila, e pono ana kūpono pua,ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka 'e ao ana, ke kiʻekiʻe o ulu kaiapili o ka papa, e ia (makemakika, kilohōkū, ke kālaikūlohea) a seriously manao e pili ana i ke kūkulu hou o makemakika kumu. Nā haumāna i aloha a me ka mahalo mahalo Lobachevsky haʻi'ōlelo o ka makahiki ma hope i hookoia i ka inoa o ka halawai Kumu.

New kauoha Magnitsky

No ka mea o ka uhi noa ka manaʻo a me ka hoʻokahuli aupuni naʻau i loko i loko o ka malu o ka Aupuni Alexander au i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka ideology o ka hoomana a me kona mystical Christian aʻo. Ka mua cardinal nana undergone kulanui. Ma March 1819 he kiekie ka hoʻonaʻauao kula me ka hooia ana o Kazan hiki ML Magnitsky - he 'elele o ka lakou ke hoomaluia Papa kula, mālama wale e pili ana i kā lākou mau' oihana, '. E like me ka hopena o kona loaʻa, e kaha i ka moku'āina o na mea ma ka Kulanui ua like loaa ole ia: no ka nele o ka hoʻonaʻauao haumāna o ke kula entailed hoʻopōʻino i ke kaiāulu. No laila, i ke kulanui i koi 'ia e luku aku i ka (akea luku) - me ka manao i ka instructive kumu hoʻohālike no ka mea'ē aʻe.

Eia naʻe, Alexander I, ka mea i hoʻoholo i ka hemahema i keia kahua i nā lima o ka mea ia nana, a me Magnitsky me pau ikaika hoomaka ae la e "kauoha kauoha" a hiki i na paia o ka hale. 9 kaulia ana no ka hana o ke Kumu, hoʻolauna ikaika censorship, a me ka leo haʻi'ōlelo Barracks? Aaeei.

Lobachevsky ākea hana

Kawaihae Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha wehewehe i ka pilikia manawa i kukuluia ma ke Kulanui o ka ekalesia-makai'ōnaehana, a mau ae la ia no 7 makahiki. Hoomau a hiki paakiki ho'āʻo ai i kōkua i ka puʻe i ke kipi uhane a me nā aliʻi e kāpae manawa o ke nä känaka 'epekema,' aʻole i waiho i kekahi minuke o noa manawa.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky deputized Bartels, ka mea i haʻalele i nā paia o ke Kulanui, a ao mai la ia ma nā papa o ka makemakika, kekahi ma ka malama ana i ka physical oihana a me ka heluhelu i ka kumuhana, ao mai nā haumāna o ka kilohōkū a me ka geodesy a I. M. Simonov i loko o ke ao nei kaapuni kana. A hailona o ka hana i ua ua hoʻopuka kālā i loko o ia ana ma ka mea o ka hale waihona puke, o ka oi aku e hoopiha mai ana i kona kino a me ka makemakika hapa. Ma ke ala, i ka mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, i Luna hoomalu o ka hale Komite, kākoʻo i ke kukulu o ka papa kuhikuhiE hale o ke kulanui, a no kekahi manawa paa i ka oihana o ke Dean o ke kumu kula o ke kālaikūlohea a me Balanced.

Ole-Euclidean anahonua Lobachevsky

A nui ka helu o ka papa hana hoʻonaʻauao, ka mea mau e ao ana, aaieieno? A me ka noiʻi hana, aole ia i lilo i ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai i kaʻike hoʻokumu Balanced: mai kona peni mai 2 puke no kiʻekiʻe kula - "hōʻailona helu" (hoahewa ia no ka pono o ka metric'ōnaehana) a me "anahonua" (i paʻiʻia ). Ma ka hapa o ka Magnitsky Nikolai Ivanovich Ua hoʻonoho ke kanana 'hooponopono, no ka mea, o ka hoike ana o ia ka wiwo ole a me ka' aʻe 'ana o ka hoʻokumu hooponopono. Eia naʻe, i loko o kēia mau ana, ke hoʻohana nei ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hanohano kanaka, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich hana paakiki ma ka ikaika hana o na kumu o ka anahonua. I ka hopena o ia i ka hana laborious o kānakaʻepekema i ka loaʻa mai o ka hou anahonua, hemolele i loko o kaʻaoʻao o ka'ano'ē hou o ka manaÿo o ke au o Euclid (III kenekulia BC. E.).

I ka hooilo 1826, Lūkini mathematician ua, ua lawe mai i ka olelo ma ka muli o geometric ho'īli, e nānā i ka helu o ka hale hoʻokamakama Kumu. Naʻe, ka mea i manaoia ka loiloi 'ia (ma ka maikaʻi' ole a hiki io) i, ua loaa mai, a me ka palapala o ka palapala hoike waiwai a hiki i ko kakou manawa ua i hiki. Kēia mea nä känaka 'epekema i komo i loko o kona hana mua "Ma ke kumu o ka anahonua", paʻiʻia ma 1829-1830 GG. ma ka "Pai o Kazan." Ma waho aʻeo ia ka hōʻike nui geometric discoveries, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky i ho'ākāka 'ia i ka maemae ka wehewehena o ke kuleana pili i (pono delineating kona ka hoʻomauʻana a me ka differentiability), ua'āpono wahi i ka German mathematician Dirichlet. ʻepekema Ua pūʻia i ka hoʻokolokolo pono study o trigonometric puke, oaeuiinoe i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope. A loea mathematician o ke kumu o ke ano o ka laulā pāʻoihana o nā helu kaulike me ka manawa unfairly Pani 'ōlelo' "Graeffe iaoia".

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich: Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi

Luna Hooia Magnitsky, hoohaunaele i kana mau hana he mau makahiki, manao he unenviable hopena: no ka mea, he nui hoʻohana pākela i hōʻike 'kūikawā hooia Komisina, i wehe' ia mai o kona wahi, a hoouna aku la i loko o ke pio. Ua kohoia kekahi hoʻonaʻauao kula kahu Mikhail Musin-Pushkin, ka mea i hiki i ka mahalo i kaʻeleu Nikolai Lobachevsky, a waiho aku la ia ia i ka lāʻau kū o ka rector o Kazan University.

No ka 19 makahiki, mai 1827, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich (Hawaii photo kia ma Kazan ike, ma luna,) hana paakiki ma keia kulana, ka hoʻokō 'ana i ka wehe ana o kana keiki punahele. Ma no o Lobachevsky - ka ike hou ana i loko o ka iliwai o iao? A me ka papa hana hoʻonaʻauao ma mau, o ka hana ana o ka helu nui o ka oihana hale (physical oihana, waihona, Nine Inch keʻena hoʻokolohua, Astronomical a me kaʻume mākenēki pele, dissecting, me mechanical nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao). Rector kekahi mea i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka ikaika scientific puke pai "nā kānakaʻepekema o Kazan University memo," ke kūapoʻana "Kazan Bulletin" a mua paʻi i ka 1834. Ma ia laua me ka rector no ka 8 makahiki alakai e Nikolai waihona, pū ma ke aʻo, kākau ke aʻo ana i na kumu o ka makemakika.

Ma ka pono Lobachevsky mea hiki ole ole e hai aku ia oiaio heartfelt e hopohopo nei e pili ana i ke kulanui kona mau haumāna, a. No laila, i ka makahiki 1830, ka mea, ua hiki ke kaʻawale i ka mahele a me ka hoʻomaka lawe ia'ku, disinfection e hoola i nā limahana o ke kula ahulau cholera. I loko o ke ahi weliweli i loko o Kazan (1842) e hoʻokele i hoola aneane hale a pau hoʻonaʻauao, Astronomical kani a me ka waihona mea. Nō hoʻi, Nikolai wehe i na nā paʻi hua noa hele kulanui hale waihona puke a me ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha, a ua hoʻonohonoho i ka papa o ka hanohano kumuhana no ka heluna.

Mahalo i ka mea hiki ole ana o Lobachevsky authoritative, mua-papa, pono-e iai? Oaiaaiiua Kazan University ua lilo kekahi o ka maikai hoʻonaʻauao kulanui ma Rusia.

Misunderstanding a me rejection o nā manaʻo o ka mea Lūkini mathematician

A pau i kēia manawa, ka makemakika, aole ia i hooki i ka mākau noiʻi nona ma ka hooulu ana o ka hou anahonua. Eia naʻe, i kona manaʻo - hohonu a me ka hou, e like me ua mea ku ole i ka nui maliuia mai axiom i wā i nele, a malia paha i ole makemake i ka mahalo i ka hana o Lobachevsky. Misunderstanding a me ka mea hiki e mai la oia i kekahi nui o Hoʻoweliweli i pani Nikolai Ivanovich: - ". Noi mai o ka mana anahonua i kekahi integrals" i ka makahiki 1835, paʻi "ka mana anahonua", a me ka makahiki hope Ekolu makahiki ma hope, ke ao nei i ike ai i ka loa nui hana o "New lā mua anahonua me ka piha pähola 'o ka laua", a iloko o ka concise, loa ike izyasnenie kona kī nā manaʻo.

A paakiki manawa i loko o ke ola ana o ka makemakika

Mai kiʻi i ka naauao o ko lakou mau aina, Lobachevsky hoʻoholo ihola e kiʻi e like-manao kanaka wale aku no. I ka 1840 Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich (e nānā Hawaii photo. Ma ka nāʻanaʻana) i paʻi i kona hana me ka maopopo i mai i ka walaʻauʻana i ka manaʻo nui o ka Kelemānia 'ōlelo. Kekahi kope o keia Edition i kumu kāki i Gauss, ka mea āna i hana ma ke kua o ka ike weliweli o ka ole-Euclidean anahonua, akā, i iʻaʻa e olelo aku i ka lehulehu i kona manao. A familiarized me na hana o ka Lūkini nā hoapili, ka Kelemānia i ka manao e koho Lūkini counterpart i ka Royal Society o Göttingen like me ka correspondent lālā. Laudatory e pili ana i Lobachevsky, Gauss olelo wale i loko o kona diary, a ma ka pōʻai o ka loa hilinaʻi nā kānaka. Koho Balota Lobachevsky nō e paa; ka mea hiki i ka 1842, akā, i ke kulana o ka Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema, ka mea aole e hoʻoikaika' ana: ka mea, he e hana ma ke Kulanui o 4 makahiki.

Ke Aupuni o Rotehama au i makemake ole i ka Loiloi i ka nui o ka makahiki hana Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha, a ma ka 1846 wehe 'ia mai ka hana ma ke kulanui, kauoha aku inoa i ke kumu:ʻoi mea hōʻemi i ola. Formally, ka mea mua rector i mohai aku i ka oihana o ka Hope curator, akā, me ka hoonoho i kekahi uku. Koke ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu loa 'ia a me ka deprivation professorial noho Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, he pōkole Kawaihae, a i keia la ua aʻo i loko o nā kula, e waiho hakahaka kumu Kazan gymnasium A. F. Popova, wahi aku me ka malama i kona doctoral dissertation. Nikolai, manao iho la ka mea pono, e haawi aku i ka pololei ala i loko o ke ola o ka opiopioʻepekema 'hiki, e' imi a me ka 'ole e hoopaa i ka noho i loko o ia mau ana. Akā, no ke kahe nā mea a pau i ka manawa hookahi, a ma ka pono AND no lakou iho kulana, Lobachevsky poho i ka manawa kūpono e alakai i wale i ke kulanui, akā, i somehow, e komo i loko o nā hana o ke kula.

I ohana ola Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich mai ka makahiki 1832, ua mare i Varvare Alekseevne Moiseevoy. Ma keia mare ana i hanau 18 keiki, akā, ua ola ehiku wale a pau.

Ka hope makahiki o kona ola

Puʻe wale akula kēlā wehe 'ana mai o ka hihia a hiki i kona ola ana, me ka ole o ka hou anahonua, hoʻonaninani ingratitude o kona wā, he nihinihi mea hōʻemi i loko o kālā kulana (ma muli o ka panakalupa waiwai o ka hui i ua kuai lilo aku no na aie) a me ka Launa Male poino (poho i ka MH 1852, o ka makahiapo a) Deplete loli i ke kino a me ka noʻonoʻo' Russian mathematician:ʻo ia ka'ākeʻakeʻa haggard, a hoomaka ae la e lilo i kona mau maka. Akā, hoomakapoia Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky i i hooki i ka hele i ka me kŰia, e hele mai i ka aha lealea hanana, komo i loko o nā hana paio kālaimanaʻo, a hoomau iho la oia e hana ai no ka pomaikai o ka 'epekema. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka Lūkini mathematician "Pangeometriya" Ua hoʻopaʻa 'haumana haole hoopouli iho la i Lobachevskian i ka makahiki mua o kona make ana.

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, loaʻa ma ka anahonua i i loiloi 'umi wale nō makahiki ma hope, mea ole ka mea wale noiʻi o hou makemakika. Hunakalia nä känaka 'epekema Janos Bolyai, kū kaʻawale o ka Lūkini nā hoapili, nā hoapili hoʻolauna i ka Aha i ka makahiki 1832, i kona hihio o ka ole-Euclidean anahonua. Naʻe, i i mahalo i kona mauʻana ma kona wā.

Life mea he poʻokela nä känaka 'epekema, loa hoʻolaʻa i ka Russian Science, a Kazan University, i pau ai i Pepeluali 24, 1856. Lobachevsky Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia, a i ike i kona wa e ola ana, ma Kazan, ma Arsk ilina. Wale nō ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki i ke kahua i loko o ka 'epekema honua i hoʻololi dramatically. A nui kūlana ma ka hoʻomaopopo pono a me ka ae ana o na hana o Nikolai Lobachevsky hoʻokani i ka ao Anri Puankare, Eugenio Beltrami, Feliksa Kleyna. ʻike i Euclidean anahonua ikea piha-fledged koho i ka nui hopena ma luna o ka 'epekema honua, a e haawi aku i kumu hoʻopaipai i koa nā manaʻo i loko o ka kiko'ī sciences.

Place a me ka la aku o ka hanau ana o Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ike i na mea he nui wā, e pili ana i ka mea kiko'ī sciences. Ma ka mahaloia mai Nikolaya Ivanovicha Lobachevskogo i ka inoa o ka lua pele ma luna o ka Moon. Ka inoa o ka nui Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema i ka noiʻi waihona o ke Kulanui ma Kazan, i ka mea ana i hoolaa ai i ka nui chunk o kou ola. I Lobachevskian alanui ma na kulanakauhale he nui i loko o Rusia, a me ma Moscow, Kazan, Lipetsk.