Nine hehee ai fluoro: valence waiwai ano

Fluorine (F) - ka loa kū'ē Nine Inch hehee ai , a easiest halogen pae 17 (VIIa) o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. Kēia fluorine ano ku i kona hiki ia,ʻo electrons (ka loa electronegative hehee ai) a me ka uuku ka nui o kona nā'ātoma.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Ke fluorine-i loaʻa ka mea pōhaku fluorspar i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o 1529 ma Kelemānia kauka a me ka mineralogist Georgiem Agrikoloy. Ua hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha i hydrofluoricʻakika i loaa mua i loko o ka ike ole English glassmaker 1720 HI 1771 ma ka Kuekene chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele loaa maka hydrofluoricʻakika ma lalo o paio hahana maoli nō fluorspar me kia sulfuricʻakika i loko o ke aniani kamaʻilio, a pili kēia corroded ma lalo o ka hana ana o ke kūpono huahana . No laila, ma hope iho ho okolohua, ua i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia moku. Aneane i loaa anhydrousʻakika i ka 1809 makahiki, elua makahiki ma hope o ka Palani physicist Andre-Marie Ampèreʻana i kēia hydrogen hui me ka ike ole hehee ai, analogous chlorine, no ka i ka mea, ua manaoia i ka inoa, mai ka Helene fluoro φθόριος, «hoʻohuikau». Fluorspar huli kalipuna fluoride.

Fluoride hookuu i kekahi o ka mea nui unsolved pilikia o'okanikaʻole kemika a hiki i 1886, ka wā o ka Palani chemist Anri Muassan i ka hehee ai ma electrolysis o ka pāʻoihana o ke potasiuma hydrofluoride ma ka hydrogen fluoride. No ka mea, i ka 1906, oia ka loaa ana i ka Nobel uku. Ka pilikia i ka Hana ana me keia hehee ai a me kaʻawahia waiwai ka pilina fluorine lohi holomua i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kemika o keia hehee ai. Up a ka Apana World War ka mea, ua he keʻena hoʻokolohua lanakila. A laila, nae, o ka pono o ka uranium hexafluoride i loko o ke kaawale ana o ka uranium isotopes, a me ka hoomahuahua i kalepa ke aloha i huiʻia o ka hehee ai, e ka mea i Nine Inch i lawe nui ia e pōmaikaʻi ai.

prevalence

Ke fluorine-i loaʻa ka fluorspar (fluorspar, CaF ₂₎ no kenekulia, ua hoʻohana me ke koko (huikalaia i hope) ma metallurgical keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Mea pōhaku ma hope hoao i kekahi kumu o ka hehee ai, a i kekahi kapa Fluor. Colorless aniani moakaka fluorite nā pōaka ma lalo o hoʻomālamalama i ka bluish tint. Keia waiwai ua ikeia e like me fluorescence.

Fluoro - he hehee ai i ia lŘlŘ ma ke ano maoli i loko o ka palapala o kona hui wale, koe wale no ka dala uuku loa o ka noa hehee ai i loko o ka fluorspar, radium paku ole ia i ka pāhawewe. Ka maʻiʻo o ka hehee ai i loko o ka Honua ka pńpa mea ma kahi o 0,065%. Ke kumu o fluoride nā minelala hao i fluorspar, cryolite (Na ₃ Alf _6), fluorapatite (Ca ₅ [PO _{4] 3} [F, Cl]), topazo (Al ₂ SiO ₄ [F, OH] ₂₎ a me ka lepidolite.

Helu, a Nine Inch waiwai o ka fluorine

I mehana ea, fluorine kinoea mea he haikea lenalena me ka o keʻano ukiuki ala. Inhalation o kona pilikia loa. Ma ka anuanu maila ka mea, lilo iho la he lenalena wai. Aia He hoʻokahi wale nō i ka pilina paʻa nā kālaiōewe o ka Nine Inch hehee ai - fluoro-19.

Ka mua ionization ikehu o ka halogen ka loa kiʻekiʻe (402 kcal / Mol), a mea he maʻamau wela cation ho okumu F ⁺ 420 kcal / Mol.

Ke uuku ka nui o ka hehee ai o ka'Ātoma ke lawa lākou kŘpa a nui dala a puni ke kikowaena'Ātoma e lilo i ai iiiaanoaa o ka hale hānai pono, no ka laʻana, hexafluorosilicate (SiF ₆₎ ^2- geksaftoralyuminata a (Alf ₆₎ ^3-. Fluoro - he hehee ai e loaʻa ai ka ikaika loa oxidizing waiwai. No ē paha i ho'ākāka ua ole oxidized fluoride anion, ka mea huli i loko o ka noa hehee ai, a no keia kumu ka mea, i ka aia i loko o ka noa moku'āina ma ke ano. Keia ano o ka fluorine no ka oi aku 150 o kona mau makahiki, 'aʻole' ae 'ia e ia ma kekahi Nine Inch hana. Keia ua hiki ma ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka electrolysis wale. Aka hoi, i ka makahiki 1986, i ka 'Amelika chemist Karl Krayst maila e pili ana i ka mea mua "Nine Inch" noho fluoride. He hoʻohana K ₂ MnF _6, a me antimony pentafluoride (SbF _5), i hiki ke loaa mai ka HF pāʻoihana.

Fluoro: valence a me ka'okesaside moku'āina

Ka mawaho iwi he he unpaired huina'ine halogens. A no ke aha la ka valence o fluorine i loko o nā hui mea like me kekahi. Eia naʻe, VIIa pae hehee ai nā'ātoma ke hoomahuahua i ka helu ana o electrons i ka valency o 7. i kā mākou fluorine a me kona'okesaside moku'āina like me -1. Hehee ai mea e hiki ai e kona valence iwi, no ka mea,'Ātoma kahi waiho n-orbital. Other halogen-noa i ke aloha i kona alo hiki ia he valence no i ka 7.

High'okesaside 'auhau hehee ai e leie aku e kū ai i ka lani kiekie loa e hiki'okesaside moku'āina o nā kumu mua. Fluoro (valence I) ke hana i kekahi hui, i hakuʻole,ʻaʻole hoʻi i loko o kekahi 'ē aʻe halide: difluoride kālā (AgF _2), cobalt trifluoride (CoF ₃₎ heptafluoride rhenium (listen ₇₎ pentafluoride bromine (BrF ₅₎ a me ka iodine heptafluoride (ina _7).

i pili ai

Haʻilula fluorine (F ₂₎ ua haku o nā nā'ātoma o ka hehee ai. He hiki ke komo i loko o pili ana me nā mea a pau nā kumumea ole helium a me ka Neon, e hana ionic paha covalent fluorides. Kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia e like me nikala, hoʻomaka koke uhi ma kekahi ahu iho la ka halogen, pale hou kamaʻilio me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hehee ai. Kekahi maloʻo ke hooheheeia e like me mehana kila, keleawe, Aluminum, a Monel (nikala 66%, a 31,5% keleawe ulaula oka a) 'aʻole i pane koke ma maʻamau mahana me fluorine. E hana me ka hehee ai i mahana i ka 600 ° C mea pono monel; Sintered alumina mea ku paa auanei i ka 700 ° C.

Fluorocarbon mea kāhinu, i lubricants loa pono. Hehee ai reacts a pau me ke aloha mau mea (e laʻa me, laholio, he laau, a me nā mea hana o ka home) ai lāʻau fluorination o ke aloha i huiʻia elemental fluorine hiki wale i ka wa e lawe kūikawā kaiapuni.

? iecaianoaaiiuo

Fluorspar o ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka fluoride. Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka hydrogen fluoride (HF) ua puhi ia mai me ka pauka, fluorspar me kia sulfuricʻakika i loko o ke alakaʻi mokuna a hoolei hao. Iloko o ka distillation i hana kalipuna sulufahate (CaSO _4), mea insoluble ma HF. Ka hydrogen fluoride Ua loaa i lawa anhydrous moku'āina ma fractional distillation i loko o ke keleawe a me ke kila na moku, a waiho ma ka kila nā paukūʻolokaʻa. Common impurities i kalepa hydrogen fluoride i sulfurous a me ka sulfuricʻakika a me fluorosilicicʻakika (H ₂ SiF ₆₎ i hanaʻia ma muli o ia i ke alo o ka silica i loko o ka fluorspar. Ko läkou 'o ka ona i ke wehe' ia ma ka electrolysis hoʻohana platinum nā uila aʻa lolo ma ka iapaau ana me ka elemental fluorine, a ho'āhu ma ka ikaika Lewisʻakika (MF _5, kahi M - metala) a hiki hana paʻakai (H ₃ O) ⁺ (MF ₆₎ ^-: H ₂ O + SbF ₅ + HF → (H ₃ O) ⁺ (SbF ₆₎ ^-.

Ka hydrogen fluoride hoʻohana ma o ka makaukau o keʻano o ka hanalima ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole fluorine i huiʻia, e laʻa me, natriyftoridalyuminiya (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ ua hana e like me ka electrolyte i loko o ka smelting o Aluminum metala. A pāʻoihana o ka hydrogen fluoride kinoea i loko o ka wai ua olelo mai ia hydrofluoricʻakika, he nui nui o ka metala i ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana, a no ka anaiia aniani a haawi aku i Ohana i kona etching.

Makaukau o aeea noa ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i electrolytic kaʻina hana i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ka wai. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ka mea, i loko o ka palapala o ka potasiuma fluoride heheʻe electrolysis o ka hydrogen fluoride (i loko o ka lākiō o ka 2.5-5 i 1) ma mahana o 30-70, 80-120 paha 250 ° C. Iloko o ke kaʻina hana o ka hydrogen fluoride Contents ma ka electrolyte emi iho, a me ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi i pii ka. Nolaila, he mea pono i kona hou i wahi noke. I ka mahana kiʻekiʻe ua auou caiaiai electrolyte keena i ka wa a ka mahana aku i 300 ° C. Fluorine hiki e maluhia waiho ma lalo o puʻe i loko o ka kuhiliʻole kila nā paukūʻolokaʻa, ina o ka paukūʻolokaʻa kiwikā noa o ko läkou 'o ke aloha' ona.

i ka hoʻohana 'ana o

Hehee ai ua hoʻohana 'ia e paka i kekahiʻano o ka fluoride e like me chlorine trifluoride (ClF _3), luaipele hexafluoride (SF ₆₎ ole cobalt trifluoride (CoF _3). Chlorine i huiʻia me ka cobalt i nui fluorinating konohiki o ke aloha i huiʻia. (Me kūpono kaiapuni 'ana fluorine hiki ke hoʻohana' ia no ia mea). Ka sulfur hexafluoride Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka gaseous dielectric.

Ke elemental fluorine nāu kekahi me ka naikokene mea pinepine reacts me hydrocarbons, e hana i ka like fluorocarbons ma a kekahi hapa paha a pau o ka hydrogen ua auou caiaiai ia halogen. Ke kūpono i huiʻia i nui wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe kumupaʻa, Nine Inch inertness, kiʻekiʻe uila ia'ku, e like me nā waiwai physical a me ka Nine Inch waiwai.

Fluorination i hiki e i ka lapaau ana i ke aloha i huiʻia o ka cobalt trifluoride (CoF ₃₎ electrolysis paha pāʻoihana a pau i loko o anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Mau mea kōkua ma Ka lula ea Ke me ka 'ole-lāʻau hoʻi ka waiwai, e like me polytetrafluoroethylene [(CF ₂ CF _{2) m],ʻikeʻia} nā pāʻoihana like Teflon, hua mai la ia mai unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons.

Ke aloha i huiʻia i loaʻa ka chlorine, bromine a iodine, ua fluorinated e paka 'ona e like me dichlorodifluoromethane (Cl ₂ CF ₂₎ refrigerant, i ka hoʻomano hoʻohana ma ka hale refrigerators a me ka ea conditioners. Mai chlorofluorocarbons, e like me dichlorodifluoromethane pāʻani ai, a Mānoa i hana i loko o ka depletion o ka'okikene kolu, ahu iho, a ia? Aiiie lākou? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka hoʻohana 'ana, a me ka manawa o ka he makemake ko refrigerant i loaʻa hydrofluorocarbons.

Ke hehee ai ua hoi hoʻohana no ka hana uranium hexafluoride (Bufa ₆₎ hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka gaseous maholahune kaʻina hana o ka hookaawale ana uranium-235 mai ka uranium-238 i loko o ka hana o nukelea wahie. Hydrogen fluoride a me ka boron trifluoride (BF ₃₎ e hua mai ma luna o ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole, no ka mea, he maikai catalysts no alkylation reactions hoʻohana 'e hoomakaukau i na mea he nui ke aloha i huiʻia. Paʻakai fluoride ua ana hou i ka inu i ka wai ma ka mea e emi i ka mea hiki wale mai o ke kahua niho caries i loko o nā keiki. Ma nā makahiki, ka loa nui noi o ka loaa fluoride i loko o ka mea lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka mahiʻai kihapai. E wae hakahaka o ka fluorine dramatically hoololi ae i ka liluwelo waiwai o ka waiwai.

ka Ikepili o

He paʻakikī i ka pololei hooholo i ka nui o ka halogen i huiʻia. Free fluoride, i mea like me ka valence o 1, ka mea hiki ke 'akomi i ka'okesaside o Hereme Hg + F ₂ → HgF _2, a me ke ana ana i ka mea ulu i loko o ke kaupaona ana o Hereme, a me ka buke loli o ke kinoea. I ka papa kuhikuhiE qualitative e ho'āʻo ai no ke alo o ka Ion o ka hehee ai i:

• koho o ka hydrogen fluoride ma lalo o ka hana o sulfuricʻakika,
• ho okumu ana o ka precipitate o ke kalipuna fluoride ma ka pepa kalipuna koloriside pāʻoihana,
• yellow discoloration tetraoxide pāʻoihana o ke titanium (ʻoukou e ₄₎ a me ka hydrogen peroxide ma sulfuricʻakika.

Laupaʻi Ka Ikepili ki ina hana:

• ke kimu ole o ke kalipuna fluoride ma ke alo o ka paʻakai kalepona a me ka sludge lapaʻau ka hoʻohana aceticʻakika,
• i waiho iho ai ke alakaʻi i chlorofluoride ma ka pepa paʻakai koloriside a me ke kēpau nitrate,
• titration (hoʻoholo 'ana o ka lehulehu o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe waiwai) me ka pāʻoihana o ke thorium nitrate (TH [NO _{3] 4)} hoʻohana paʻakai alizarinsulfonate like anakahi: TH (NO _{3) 4} + 4KF ↔ ThF ₄ + 4KNO _3.

Covalently palapala hoopaa fluorine (valence I), e like me fluorocarbons e kālailai hou huikau. Kēia pono i ka pili me ka mea hao paʻakai, ukali ma Ka Ikepili o ka F ^- Ion i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna.

hehee ai ka waiwai

Eia hoi, ua lawe mai i kekahi waiwai o ka fluorine:

• 'ātoma helu: 9.
• 'ātoma kaupaona: 18,9984.
• Hiki fluorine valency: 1.
• Heheʻe wahi: -219,62 ° C.
• Baila aʻela i wahi: -188 ° C.
• Nuʻa (1 atm, 0 ° C): 1.696 g. / Ho'āo ai.
• Electronic fluorine haʻilula: 1s 2s ^{2 2 5} _2p.