Nukelea ikehu: ka nui Lūkini NPP

Ke Chernobyl pōʻino, a me nā hanana hana keaka ma ka "Fukushima-1" nukelea mana mea kanu i kena ae la 'inoʻino loa i ka ulu ana o nukelea ikehu nā hualoaʻa a. Ma o ka hana o ka Media i hana mai i na kauoha hoahewa ia ana o ka imminent pilikia o kekahi mana mea kanu nukelea mana loa. Akā, e like me na mea he nuiʻepekema, he viable makemake e hoʻolako i ka uila pono nō, akā, no ka laʻana, Balakovo - Rusia ka nui nukelea mana kanu - mea i hoʻoweliweli 'ia ole hou aku i kekahi'ē aʻe hanalima nā kaʻa o keia nui.

I ka rula o ka hana o NPP

A pau i ka nui mana kanu i ke hoʻohana i nukelea wahie, e like ma ka pae'ōnaehana rula. No ka mana hanauna hoʻohana wela i ua ua loaʻa ma ka lāʻau nukelea fission kaula naoh o ka wahie - ka hapanui waiwai uranium. Kēia kaʻina ua lawe mai i loko o ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma - "naau" o ka mea kanu.

Eia ka mea, i ka makaukau o ka wela mahu i kipaku ka mīkini peahi uila nā mīkini uila. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka manao ka mea, hiki ke rotors hoʻohana ma ka mana mea kanu o nā mea a pau ano, a kūkulu lawe i loko o ka mea e hana ana ma luna o nukelea wahie kanu specificity.

'ano o nā reactors

He nui na ano o ka reactors i mea okoa wahie, coolant maalo ae la oia ma ka Kora naʻEsau, a me ka retarder koi 'ia i ka mana i ke kaula naoh.

Ka hoao loa ka hoʻokele waiwai, a hoʻomāhuahua ai reactors, ma ke kaʻina loli hoʻohana kaʻike mau, "mālamalama" wai. Ma ka manao, i ka mea, o ka mau walaʻauʻana ano:

• RBMK - RBMK. It Leomakana ka mīkini peahi uila ikehu ua hoʻomākaukau 'ana i loko o ka Kora naʻEsau, no laila, ua kapaʻia fluidized keia wahi uku paha. Kēia i ka ha o ka mana mīkini'ātoma ma Chernobyl, ka mea hoʻonoho o kēia 'ano hoʻohana, e laʻa me, Kurskaia ku - i ka nui Lūkini mea kanu.
• VVER - VVER. Kēia nenoaiu o elua hermetic puka lou: i loko o ka mua - radioactive - wai ua hoʻolaha 'ana ma ka Kora naʻEsau, o ke kemu wela mai ka nukelea fission kaula naoh i loko o ka lua - mahu ua ua loaʻa i ua iiaeaaony ia turbo nā mīkini uila. e hoʻohana 'Oia reactors i loko o ka mana nui i loko o Europe, Zaporizhzhya NPP, ka mea hana i kekahi mele Russian NPP - Balakovo.

I ka lua o kaʻano o ka mīkini'ātoma - kinoea-ho'ēmi, kahi no ka mālamaʻana keʻano o ka hanaʻana hoʻohana graphite (mīkini'ātoma EGP-6 Bilibino). Ke kolu o ka - ma ka wahie i loko o ka palapala o maoli uranium, a me ka "kaumaha wai" - deuterium'okesaside - like me ka coolant a me ka moderator. Hā - RN - hookeai neutron mīkini'ātoma.

Ka mua nukelea mana kanu

I ka hoʻokolohua mua ma ka hoʻohana 'ana o nukelea reactors no ka mana hanauna i mālama' ia i loko o ka US, Idaho National keʻena hoʻokolohua i ka 1951. Ka mīkini'ātoma Ua hoʻohana ma o ka mana kupono no ka ea puka o ka eha 200-watt pu u kukui. Ma hope o kekahi ana i ka mea kanu, e hoʻolako uila lilo ka holoʻokoʻa hale kahi noiʻi lawe mai ma ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma. Ma ka mana aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'ia i pili ma hope o 4 makahiki, a me ka mea kokoke kulanakauhale o Arco a hiki i ke keʻena hoʻokolohua i ka mea mua i loko o ke ao nei, e hoʻolako uila nukelea Via mana loa.

Akā, i ke ao nei ka mua kalepa nukelea mana kanu mea he nukelea mana mea kanu, puoho ae la ma Obninsk, Kaluga māhele o ka USSR i loko o ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1954 a me ka koke i pili i ka mea ulana pukapuka. Mai 'aneʻi originates ka nukelea mana hana o Rusia. Power Obninsk nukelea Power Plant ua liʻiliʻi - wale 5 MW. Ma hope o 3 makahiki ma ka Tomsk'āina, i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Seversk, ka mea i hoʻokomo i loko o ana i ke kahua mua o ka Siberian nukelea mana mea kanu, a hua mai la i 600 MW a laila. Ka mīkini'ātoma Ua hoʻoukaʻia ma laila, manao no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā mea kaua papa plutonium, a me ka uila, a thermal ikehu he he hopena ia. I kēia lā reactors ma kēia mau wahi paa o.

Nukelea mana kanu i loko o ka mua USSR

Mai ka hopena o 1950s, a i kakahiaka nui 1960s ma ka Soviet Union hoʻomaka 'mālama nui? Ieoaeunoai o ka mana mea kanu ma kekahi mau wahi o ka aina. Papa Inoa o Russian nukelea mana kanu, a me ka Union republics ninoieo o 17 mau iauaeoia, o ka i 7 i koe ma waho o ka makana-lā Lūkini Hui:

• Armenian, kokoke i ke kulanakauhale o Metsamor. Ua he mau huahelu i ka huina pau nona iho o ka 440 MW. Ma hope o ka 1988 olai, a i ku i ka NPP me kekahi nui he ulia pakalaki aie a hiki i ka hoopaa ana i ka manao o ka hawewe ia'ku, ka mea i hoʻoholo i ka oopa aku kona olelo hooholo. Naʻe, i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, ma muli o ia i ke koi kiʻekiʻe no ka uila, ke aupuni o ka repubalika ua hoʻoholo e ho'āla ai i ka 1995, i ka lua o ka pa alima. I loko nō o ka mea i ka mea i lawe i ka mooolelo o ka mahuahua koi maʻanoʻenehana a me ka? Aneie maluhia, ka Europa Union e Kiʻi ma luna o kona e ho'ōla aku.
• Ignalina nukelea mana kanu ma ka akau-hikina o Lithuania hoʻohana mai 1983 a hiki i 2009, a ua paʻa ia ma ka noi o ka Europa Union.
• Zaporozhye, ka loa mana nukelea mana kanu ma Europe, Aia ma luna o nā kapa o ke Kakhovka Reservoir, ma Energodar, kūkuluʻia ma ka makahiki 1978. Kona haku mele 'ana 6 VVER-1000, ka hana i ka lima o ka uila i loko o Ukraine - ma kahi o 40 ieeeea? KWh / makahiki. Ua hoakaka pono complies me ka mau hae o ka International'ātoma Energy oihana i (IAEA).
• Rivne, kokoke i ke kulanakauhale o Kuznetsovsk Rivne māhele 'āina i loko o Ukraine. Ua i 4 VVER ka huina pau nona iho o ka 2835 MW. IAEA, ua hoonani aku la ia ma ka hopena o ka palekana audits.
• Khmelnytsky, kokoke i ke kulanakauhale o Neteshin, kokoke i ka muliwai Gorini ma Ukraine. 2 ke komo pū o VVER-1000.
• South-Ukrainian, ua aia ma na kapakai o ka Hawaiian pilikia i loko o ka Mykolaiv māhele o Ukraine. 3 VVER-1000 i 96% hema Ukraine nele uila.
• Chernobyl, kokoke i ke kulanakauhale o Pripyat, lilo iho la i ke kahua o ka nui kanaka-i hewa 26 ma 'Apelila makahiki 1986, ka makahiki. Ka hope o na reactors eha o ka RBMK-1000 i papani ai hoi i ka 2000.

Lākiō o ka uila ua loaʻa i ka mea kanu, ma ka ikehu huina o ka nui nukelea mana mea kanu, ieie, TPP ma Rusia mea ma kahi o 18%. He nunui emi o, no ka mea hoike, i ka luna i loko o ka nukelea mana hana - France, ma ka huahelu o 75%. E like me ka aponoia e ke Aupuni o ka ikehu kou akamai no ka wā i hiki i 2030? Oaony e hoonui i kēia lākiō i 20-30%, a, e hoomahuahua i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka uila Via mana huahelu ke hoʻohana i nukelea wahie, 4 manawa.

Nukelea ikehu Rusia

Pehea na nukelea mana mea kanu ma Rusia i keia la? I ko kakou aina, he 10 wahi, ka i loko o kona haku mele 'ana o 35 iniha, o acee? Iuo oeiia (ma kahi o 100 mau iauaeoia ke hoʻohana i loko o ka US). Ka nui hoi o ka makana i loaa i ka pressurized wai mīkini'ātoma (PWR) - apana wale 18. O kēia mau mea, 1,000 MW - 12, kekahi 6 - 440 MW. Ka pepa Ua hoi 15 kapuahi e reactors 11 RBMK-1000, a 4 Kanal - EGP-6.

He aha ka mea, o ka mea nui loa nukelea mana kanu i loko o Rusia

I ka lā,ʻaʻohe mea'ē aʻe'ōnaehana ma Rosenergoatom he alakaʻi akaka i waena o ka nukelea mana mea kanu o ka 'auhau a me na makana i ka pono koena o ke aupuni. Aia 2 eiiieaena, kahi e pili ai ka ia helu (4) o like VVER-1000. It Balakovo a Kalinin nukelea mana loa. Kēlā me kēia no ia mai ka huina pau nona iho o ka 4,000 MW. Na ia mau mana ke moe ma o ka mana loa o ka Kursk a me Leningrad, a i hoʻohana no ka Mokuna 4 RBMK-1000 type. Ma keia hihia, no ka loa mana nukelea mana kanu i loko o ka honua - Japan ka Kashiwazaki-Kariwa - he 7 iniha, kapuaʻi, me ka huina pau nona iho o ka 8212 MW.

I ka lehulehu o ka mana e hana i konaʻano ma ka Europa hapa o Rusia alakai aku ai i ka mea ana i keʻano nui kūlana ma ka hoomaopopo ana uila i ka Central wahi o ka aina e pāʻani. Ma ke kikowaena o Rusia, a oi loa aku hoi ma ka Koro, ka puu o nukelea mana i loko o ka ikehu koena i ka 40%.

6'ē aʻe Russian NPP

He hoʻonui i ka Lūkini ikehu kaiaulu ka poʻea pau kola mea kanu, Rusia ka nui nukelea mana kanu ma ka akau nā panalāʻau e, hana mau tysyachemegavattnyh mana. Ua mau no ka hoʻolauna hou nā pihana'ū ma ka Novovoronezh nukelea mana mea kanu, kahi e loaʻa i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka hou, hou VVER -1200. Beloyarsk nukelea Power Plant ma ka Sverdlovsk māhele hiki ke noʻonoʻo me kekahi mana anuu no Lūkini nukeleaʻepekema. Ua hoʻohana kekahi mauʻano o nā reactors, a me ka hoʻokēʻai neutron reactors. Ma Chukotka, Aia Bilibino ku haawi i ka aina e pono ai ka wela.

I ka ninau o ka mea nukelea mana kanu o ka lua i loko o Rusia, e hou i pili i ka wa a na huahelu hou e e hoʻolauna ma ka Rostov mea kanu, a hiki i ekolu, a me kā lākou naʻe ia 3100 MW. Ka mea, i ka ia mana a me ka Smolensk, e hana ana ma luna o RBMK reactors.

ka manaʻolana 'ia

I ka polokalamu o? Acaeoey o ke kaiaulu e ia i loko o ka mooolelo, e like me nukelea mana mea kanu ma Rusia Pono, e kukulu i na huahelu pono e iocae, a hahao i loko o hana, e hoʻoikaika 'ana i ka mana lako. He oi loa oiaio no ka like ana o ka Akau, Siberia, a me kaʻAʻole loa East. Aia e waiho i ka hapa nui o ka aila a me ka kinoea hua poe, oiai e ho okumu i ke kumu o ka hoʻokele waiwai Lūkini.

Kekahi o ka loa, olelo pomaikai oia mau mea, i mea nukelea mana hana o Rusia, - i ka hanaia'na o ka lana ana nukelea thermoelectric mana wahi. Ua Ua nānā 'ana i ka hoʻokēʻai reactors KLT-40 haʻahaʻa-mana transportable mana huahelu (i ka 70 MW). Mau Mobile iauaeoia hiki i ka loa keʻena mau mea o ka uila, a me ka hanalima wahi lulu hahana maoli nō kēia, a hiki i ka wai hou. Commissioning o ka mea mua lana nukelea mana kanu "Mikhail Lomonosov" ieaie? Oaony i loko o ka hiki makahiki.