Petersburg Halau o Kamuela: mōʻaukala, Mamua, kula

Ka mea hoʻonani ana o kekahi o ka St. Petersburg embankments o ka hale, a ua mālamaʻia nā koena sphinx, lawe koke mai i ka mamao Aigupita. Ma ka mea, ua waiho Petersburg Halau o Arts, i kapaia i keia la ma ka Institute o ka pena, kiʻi kaula a me kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ua Ua manaoia e ia i ka cradle o Lūkini nō, he he poʻokela kūlana nā hualoaʻa a.

I ka hanau ana o ka Academy

Halau o Paheona Arts ma St. Petersburg i hookumuiaʻi e ka punahele o ka Empress Elizabeth, he koʻikoʻi Lūkini statesman a me ka haipule o ka XVIII kenekulia Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov (1727-1797). Photo depicting kona bust hōʻike i loko o ka pauku. Ia no ka aina i ka mea pohihihi keia i na manawa a pau, o ka waeʻano o ka poʻe i ho'āʻo i ka hoʻohana i kona kiʻekiʻe kulana a me ka waiwai i ka pomaikai o Rusia. Ua Ua lilo i ka 1755 o ka hoʻokumu o ka Moscow University, ua hoʻokomoʻia kēia manawa ka University inoa,ʻelua makahiki ma hope,ʻo ia i ka Initiative, e ho okumu i ka hoʻonaʻauao kula ke hoʻololi i ka lńkou Artists ma mainstream nō.

Petersburg Halau o Arts, a ua ke aupuni 'initially i loko o kona hale iho ma Sadovaya Street, hoomaka ae la ka hana i ka 1758. Ka hapa nui o ka hoʻolako 'ia o ua hoakaka mai pilikino dala Shuvalov i ka waihona no kona maʻiʻo lawa ole ke dala i ua anao? Aou. A lokomaikaʻi philanthropist,ʻaʻole wale no i ke dala i kauoha mai kahi'ē, i nā mea maikaʻi na kumu, akā, i hooku iho la ia i ka Academyʻo ia i hana i ka ohi ana i pena i pili ia ia, e waiho ana pela i ka hoʻomaka o ka hanaia'na o ka Hale, a me ka hale waihona puke.

Ka mua rector o ka Academy

Mai ke kakahiaka nui wā o ka hana o ka Halau o Arts, e like me ka hana ana o kona he hale pili me ka inoa o kekahi kanaka nāna i waiho i ka nui hoailona i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Lūkini moʻomeheu. Kēia mea he poʻokela Lūkini kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov (1726-1772). Hoʻomohala i ka huipūʻana me Kumu JB Vallenom M. ka'Aroda: Mothe hale pāhana, ma a Academy neʻe mai Shuvalov ka hale o Cederica,ʻo ia i ia i loko o ke kulana o ka mea kuhikuhi, a laila, Kumu a me ka rector. O ka noho ana o kona make ana i ala hou mai i kekahi o ka mea nui kaʻao o St. Petersburg, ikeia like me ka "Phantom o ka Halau o Nice Arts." Ka nui, e hoike ana i ka 'ikepili mai ka i koena Rector o ka Academy, make ihola,ʻaʻole like me ka hopena o ka wai ka maʻi, e like me ka hōʻike ma ka kūhelu obituary, a kāʻawe ihola iā ia i loko o kona attic.

Ke hiki kumu o ka he pepehi anaʻia iā iho i kapaia elua. E like me ka hiki i kekahi mana, i ka mea, ua ka unsubstantiated hoopii o embezzling moku'āina-mea a waiwai, i mea palaho. No ka mea, i loko o ia mau lā ka mea i manaoia hou ka hilahila a me ka hilahila, a me ka hewa Alexander Filippovich nele, wae iho la oia i ka make. Ma kekahi mana o ka impetus no keia anu u hookauwa aku reprimand ana i loaa mai ka Empress Ana II, kipa i ka hale o ke kula kēia, a kiʻiʻino lole ma luna o freshly pena pā pōhaku. No laila, ka mea i olelo mai i kekahi he pepehi anaʻia iā iho auanei me ka noho hooluolu Vyshny honua, make mau loa, e auwana oia i hana mai i hookahi i ka pā pōhaku. Kona kiʻi ua hōʻike ma ka pauku.

Women hookomoia ma ka Academy ka mōʻaukala

Ma ke au o Ana ka mua wahine academician o ka Petersburg Halau o Arts. Ua lilo kekahi haumāna o ka Palani sculptor Etena Falkone - Marie-Anna Kollo, hana pu me kona mau kumu, ka mea kaulana "keleawe hoʻoholo lio". Ka mea, ua iho la ka poe i hana i ke poo o ke alii i ka, a lilo iho la kekahi o kona maikaʻi sculptural kiʻi.

Mahalo i kona hana Empress kauoha e hoonoho Collot wa e ola hoomau, a hāʻawi aku ia i ke kiʻekiʻe. Ia manawa, mawaena o ka helu o kēia noiʻi mea o ka manao ana, e ku e ana i ka hoʻokumu mana o Marie-Anna Kollo - wahine academician o ka Petersburg Halau o Arts, o ke kumu o ole wale ke poo, "ke keleawe hoohololio"; akā, i ka pau huahelu o ke aliʻi, i ka wa o kona kumu i kālaiʻia i ka lio. Naʻe, i kēia 'aʻole e detract mai kona kānaka apau i mākaukau.

I ka halaʻana, ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka honorary inoa e hoʻolimalima i ma Rusia ma ka pau 'ana o ke kenekulia XVIII, kekahi artist, ka mea i hele mai, mai Farani a me kekahi o ka maikaʻi kiʻi pena o kona manawa - Vigee Lebrun. Academician o ka Petersburg Halau o Kamuela - i ka inoa, a ua kumu kāki wale i ka puka. Lebrun hoi, i loaa ole emi Kiure inoa o honorary ÷ ino o mau mekala, i i i hookoia ma ka koʻikoʻi manawa Artists ka poe i aoia o wale aku no.

Ka mea o ke aʻo ana i loko o ka XVIII kenekulia

Petersburg Halau o Arts mai pâʻani 'o ia kona inception i ke kūlana kī i loko o ka ulu ana o ka Lūkini moʻomeheu. About mea, pehea kaumaha i kau i loko o kona hana i e hōʻike ana i ka mea i loko o ka XVIII kenekulia, ke aʻo ana i umikumamalima makahiki, a ua hoouna aku la i ka maikai haumāna puka ma ka lehulehu no ka internship'āina'ē. I waena o nā kumuhana apau loa o ke akamai, a nānā aku i ke kula kēia i ka pena, unuhi, kiʻi kaula a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone.

Ka holoʻokoʻa papa o ke ao, i hoakaka kona nā haumāna me ka Halau o Arts, i maheleia i elima papa, a me ka pauku, a i ka ha a me ka lima o ka mea lalo, a ua kapaia ko hoʻonaʻauao kula. Ka mea, aponoia na kamalii, ka poe i hiki elima-eono makahiki o ka makahiki, kahi e aʻo i ka heluhelu, a loaʻa i ka kumu o ke kūlana mākaukau maoli, hoʻoili ma ka pena e nani ai, a kope hoomakaukau kiʻi. Ma kēlā me kēia no kēia mau aʻo ana no ka makahiki ekolu o iniiaiie kula. Penei, ka hoʻonaʻauao kula papa he makahiki eono.

Pauku, mai ke kolu a hiki i ka mea mua, ua kiekie ae, i manaoia ka mea, ma ka mea, o ka Halau o Arts. Ka mea, he poʻe haumāna, mua hoʻomaʻamaʻa me ka hui, māheleʻia i loko o nā papa, e like me ka wā e hiki mai specialization - pena, engraving, kiʻi kaula a kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ma kēlā me kēia no kēia mau mea ekolu kiekie pauku? Anoee na makahiki ekolu, kūpono 'ana i loko o ka Academy aʻo ana makahiki eiwa, a me nā makahikiʻeono lilo i loko o kekahi kula hoʻonaʻauao, ka mea, ua umikumamalima makahiki. Wale nui hope, i ka XIX kenekulia, ma hope o 1843 Hoopaa iho la kula hoʻonaʻauao, aʻo manawa ua me ka nui loa ua hoʻemi.

Other no ka hoʻopaʻi '

Halau o Paheona Arts ma St. Petersburg, ma ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka likeʻEulopa kulanui ka mea, nolaila ia i kuu mai kona mau pā,ʻaʻole wale oihana 'o ia i hoomakaukauia ka hoʻomalu i loko o kekahi mau kihapai o ke akamai, akā, i hoʻomano hoʻonaʻauao kanaka. Kaawale mai na kumu o ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana i loko o ka laulā maʻamau pū me'ōlelo'ē, mōʻaukala, hana kemika, pili kūpono loa, a hiki kilohōkū.

I ka mea hou kenekulia

Petersburg Halau o Arts i loko o ka 19th kenekulia la kona hou ulu. Owai la ka mea alakai i kona waiwai Lūkini haipule helu Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov paa i ka moʻo o nā mea hoʻololi, i kūpono i ka hoihoi hou ana i ua hana a me ka kâlâ keʻokeʻo nā papa, e like me kekahi mau hana hea i hoʻokomo 'ana i ka pā kaua hoʻonaʻauao. An nui ke kahua ma ka ola o ka Academy o ka wā i ka mua o kona hoolilo ana i na Kuhina o ka National Education, a laila, - i ka Kuhina o ka imperial Hookolokolo. Kēia Ua nui hoʻokumu i ka loaa ana i nā kālā, a ae aku haumāna puka, e hele wale aku no.

Ma ka mana o ke classicism

, Ma ka XIX kenekulia ka wale noʻeau kaila, ike ma ke kula kēia, ua Classicism. Ma na nā makakoho o ke ao ana i ia manawa i nui 'ole ma o ka ai-i kapaia luna kiʻekiʻe o nā Huli i - aponoia ma ka Paris Halau o Nice Arts o ka'ōnaehana o ka papa o ka Huli i ka palaoa i kilokilo, e like me kā lākou nui, i ke kumu nui o ka i ua noʻonoʻo i ka mōʻaukala pena. Keia rula ola a hiki i ka hopena o ka XIX kenekulia.

Ma laina me keia, kekahi mea, ua i pena hoʻi ma luna o kanaka ia, mai palapala hemolele, a mai ka hana o kahiko kākau - .. Homer, Ovid, Theocritus, etc. Old Lūkini theme like i ae, akā, wale i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka mōʻaukala hana Lomonosov a me Shcherbatov, a a Synopsys - i ka ohi ana o na hana ma na kakaolelo kahiko. E like me ka hopena o ka classicism, nana i hai mai i ka St. Petersburg imperial Halau o Arts, inevitably kaupalena i kaʻike hoʻokumu o nā haumāna, hoʻoikaika ka mea, i loko o ka puali hoopaa o moribund dogmas.

Artists kipi hoonani Lūkini nō

O ka holo liberation, mai ka hoʻokumu canons hoomaka me ka mea i loko o November 1863 i ka 14 loa e hāʻawi mai ai nā haumāna me ia ma ka helu o ka i komo i loko o ka pili no ka mekala gula, hoole e pena ia ma luna o ka haawi mai i paʻapū ai ka Norse pili kūpono loa, ae kauoha mai i ka pono e koho i ke kumuhana. He Ua hoole, ka mea, demonstratively haʻalele i ke kula kēia, i hoʻonohonoho 'ia ka noho' ana, a lilo iho la ia i ke kumu no ka hope kaulana Ka Hui o apuni ka Art nā hōʻike. Kēia hanana hele aku la ia ma ka moolelo o ka Russian nō me ke kipi o ka umikumamaha.

Alumni a me academicians o ka St. Petersburg Halau o Arts he mea kaulana pena like MA Vrubel, V. A. Serov, V. I. Surikov, VD Polenov, VM Vasnetsov, a he nui na mea e ae. Ma ka mea hookahi hanu me ia e e olelo no hoi, a me ka Wiliau Hōkū o ka maikaʻi loa na kumu, i waena o ia V. E. Makovsky, I. I. Shishkin, A. I. Kuindzhi a me I. E. Repin.

Halau ma ka XX kenekulia

Petersburg Halau o Arts hoomau kona hana mai ai i ka October 1917 coup d'état. Iloko o eono mahina ma hope o ka Bolsheviks hele mai i ka mana olelo hooholo o ka CPC ia i hoopau, a me kona kumu i kau mai, a ke kamepiula hoʻololi 'ana i kā lākou mau inoa, e likeʻole nō kula, ke hoʻololi e hoomakaukau i ka haku hou o Socialist nō. I ka makahiki 1944, ka mea i hoonoho ia ma na paia o ka Institute o ka pena, kiʻi kaula, a ua kapaia ka inoa o kuhikuhipuʻuone ma hope o I. E. Repina, i aku la ia i kekahi a hiki i kēia lā. Ia lakou iho i ka Mamua o ka Halau o Kamuela - luna o ka imperial Hookolokolo I. I. Shuvalov a poʻokela Lūkini kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone A. F. Kokorinov, a mau loa aku komo i ka mōʻaukala o Lūkini nō.