Relativistic huna nuipa

I ka 1905, Albert Einstein paʻi i kona pähola 'o ka relativity, i ua hoʻololi ikiʻia i ka manaʻo o ka' epekema o ko ke ao nei. Ma muli o kona nā mea mahuʻi haʻilula relativistic nui i loaa.

Special pähola 'o ka relativity

Ka a pau o Mānoa, ke moe i loko o ka mea ana i loko o nenoai e neʻe pili ana i kekahi i kekahi, i kekahi o ko mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana lawe wahi i loko o kekahi aoao. Ua hōʻike hewa, ka mea, ua olelo ia, no ka laʻana, i hoomahuahua ia ma ke kaupaonaʻana me ka māhuahua māmā. Inā i ka māmā holo o ke noi ana o ka'ōnaehana mea nui emi ma mua o ka māmā holo o ka malamalama (υ << c. = 3 × 10 ^8), ka mea, aneane ole e kēia mau loli kekahi ', no ka mea, e mālama i ka' Aʻohe. Eia naʻe, inā ke kaa i holo a kokoke i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama (e laʻa me, like i kekahi-umi o ia), alaila, e like aʻe i ke kaupaonaʻana, a me ka lōʻihi manawa ana i kekahi kaʻina loli. Me ke kōkua o nā kēia nā papakuhikuhi e hoʻomaulia i kēia mau aiee i loko o ka hele a kuhia i maopopo, a me - ka nui o ka relativistic huna.

Where H _0, ka m ₀ a me ka 'ole ₀ - lōʻihi o ke kino, i ka nuipa a me ke kaʻina hana i loko o ka wahi kahua, a me ka υ - māmā holo o ke kiʻi.

Mamuli o ke kauoha Einstein ka kumumanaʻo, kekahi o na kino mea e hiki ke kau i ka oi māmā holo ma mua o ka mämä holo o ka malamalama.

koena nuipa

Q relativistic huna koena nuipa ia lŘlŘ o ka relativity kumumanaʻo, ka wā i ke kino kaumaha a me ka (particles) hoʻomaka i ka hoʻololi 'ana i ke kaumaha ma muli holo. Alaila, o ka poe i koe nuipa kapa kino paona, a ua hookomoia iloko o ka manawa o ke ana ma ka maha (i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ka noi), a laila kona māmā holo o Aʻohe.

Relativistic kino kaumaha o kekahi o na kumu nui kiko'î a ma ke ano o ke noi.

'ālike rula

Ma hope iho o ka helehelena o Einstein ka kumumanaʻo kauoha i kekahi hou hoʻohana no kekahi mau kenekulia Newtonian mechanics, i hiki ole ke hoʻohana 'ia ka wā e noonoo pono i ka olua mōlina, hele i ka mämä holo like i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama. Nolaila, a pau ia i ke hoʻololi i ka hōʻeuʻeu nā helu kaulike ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka Lorentz hou' - hoʻololi kino o nā wahi a me ka wahi a me ka manawa, i ka wa i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi ma waena o inertial i maopopo nä haumäna nenoai. Description o kaʻikepili hou ma muli o ka mea i loko o na inertial maoli a pau i nā kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea hana like a equitably. Ke'ī mai,ʻAʻole i nā kānāwai o ke ano e ana ma kekahi ala e hilinaʻi ma ka wae ana o ka maopopo kahi kahua.

Mai ka Lorentz hou 'kaʻi lau waiwai a me ka mea, ua olelo ia ma ke kumu o relativistic mechanics, e like me ka ho'ākāka' ia ma luna a me ka inoa a me ka palapala α.

I ka rula o ka'ālike ka poe noonoo ole lawa - ke i mai nei i kekahi hou pähola 'ana i kekahi mau hihia, e haawi mai i ka ia i nā hualoaʻa me ka mea mua kekahi. Ua hōʻike hewa, ma relativistic mechanics ka mea, ua lewa ma ka mea e ma ka mämä holo i ka mea nui ma lalo o ka mämä holo o ka malamalama, e hoʻohana i nā kānāwai o ka panina mechanics.

relativistic huna

Relativistic huna ua kapaia he huna e kolo ana ma ka mämä holo like i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama. ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka kūikawā relativity lākou noi. Aia mea i kekahi pūʻulu o (particles) kona ola mea hiki wale ana e hoohauhee ana i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama - kēia mau mea, i kapaʻia ka (particles) me ka nuipa a e massless, mai ke koena o ka nui o 'Aʻohe, pela no ka mea, ua kū hoʻokahi (particles) e e ole i kekahi like koho i loko o ka ole-relativistic, panina mechanics .

ʻo ia hoʻi, ka nui o ka relativistic huna o ke koena i e 'Aʻohe.

Huna hiki ke kapaia relativistic ina kona kinetic ikehu paha e like me ka ikehu i ua hoʻohikiʻia ma ke kēia haʻilula.

Kēia haʻilula hoʻoholo i keʻano o ke koi 'ia māmā.

I ka ikaika o na (particles) e hoi e oi ma mua o kona koena ikehu - kēia mau mea i kapaʻia ultrarelativistic.

E wehewehe i ka neʻeʻana mai o ia mau (particles) i hoʻohana ma quantum mechanics a me quantum nui kahua pähola 'no ka oi nui hōʻikeʻano.

helehelena

Oia (particles) (relativistic a me kaʻoi loa-relativistic) nei i loko o maoli palapala wale nō i loko o cosmic pāhawewe, i mea pāhawewe, i ke kumu o ka i mea waho o ka Honua i ka electromagnetic a ano. Man, ka mea i hana artificially ma kūikawā accelerators - hoʻohana 'ia e like me he mau kakiniʻAno o (particles) i ua ike, a me keia papa ua mau hōʻano. Oia ke kau ua, no ka mea hoike, ka mea Large Hadron Collider, i mea ma Kuikilana.

Ka pukaʻana me ka β-palaho electrons hiki i kekahi manawa hiki i ka lawa mämä holo i ka mea e hāʻawi aku iā lākou i ka papa o relativistic. Relativistic huina'ine nuipa hiki ke loaʻa pū ma kēia nā papakuhikuhi.

I ka manaʻo o ka nuipa a

Weight Newtonian mechanics loaʻa paha kekahi mau paa waiwai:

• Ke gravitational attraction o na kupu ana no o ko lākou ke kaupaonaʻana,ʻo ia hoʻi, pono hilinaʻi nui ma luna o laila.
• Kino ke kaupaona 'Aʻole e hilinaʻi ma ka wae ana o ka olua'ōnaehana, a' aʻole e hoʻololi i ka wā kona loli.
• 'oni' ana o ke kino ua anaia mai ka manawa e kona kaumaha.
• Inā i ke kino e waiho ai i loko o ka'ōnaehana ma a ole keʻano o ka hanaʻana mai i hoʻomaka ai, a i mea pani, kona nuipa e eʻaneʻane ole loli (koe wale no ka maholahune hoololiia ana i loko o ka'ā ka loa lohi).
• Ahupapa kino nuipa ninoieo o ka nui o kona kanaka wahi.

I ka rula o ka relativity

• rula Galileo ka o ka relativity.

Keia rula i ua kālaiʻia no ka ole-relativistic mechanics, a ua kaheaia like penei: nānā 'ole o ina paha o ka'ōnaehana mea ma maha, a me ka mea, e kekahi ana, na keʻano o ka hanaʻana a pau i loko o ia ke hoomau aku i ke ala hookahi.

• rula Einstein ka o ka relativity.

Keia rula Ua nānā 'ana ma luna o nā kumu:

1. Galilaia paha ia relativity rula ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o keia hihia. Ia mea, i kekahi me ka loa i nā kānāwai a pau o ka 'ano hana i ka mea ala.
2. I ka mämä holo o ka malamalama mau a me ka loa i loko o nā mea a pau pili mōlina o ka ia, ka nānā 'ana i ka mämä holo o ka neʻeʻana mai o ka malamalama kumu, a me ka pale (malamalama pa alima). E hoao i kēia mea, i ka helu o ia mea, i loa hookupaa iho la ia i ka loiloi mua kohu.

Ka nuipa ma ka relativistic a me ka Newtonian mechanics

• Akä naÿe i ka Newtonian mechanics, ma ka relativistic nuipa a kumumanaʻo hiki ole e ka ana o ka nui o ka mea. A hoi, ua paa i ka relativistic nuipa a ma ka oi nui ala, waiho ka mea hiki ke hoomaopopo aku, no ka mea hoike, i ke ola ana o ka (particles) me ka nuipa a. Ma relativistic mechanics, hoʻomālama ma ka ikehu e makemake ana ia ma mua o nuipa a - i ka mea o ka papa kuhikuhiE determinant o kekahi kino a kula haʻahaʻaa huna, o kona ikehu paha momentum. Impulse mea hiki, e imi i ka mea kēia haʻilula.

• Naʻe, ke koena nuipa o ka huna mea he mea nui hiʻona - kona waiwai mea uuku loa, a me ka helu o ka poe, no laila, e pono no ana me kā mākou pololei a me ka māmā nui. hiki ke loaʻa ma ke kēia haʻilula ka ikehu huna koena.

• Like me Newton theories i loko o ka noho kaʻawaleʻana'ōnaehana kaumaha mea ikaika, a laila, 'aʻole e hoʻololi i ole me ka manawa. Nō hoʻi ka mea, aole e hoʻololi i, a me ka hoʻololi mai kekahi CO i kekahi.
• ʻaʻole loa he ana o ka 'oni' ana o ka neʻe kino.
• Ke relativistic nuipa o ka hele kino ua i nānā 'ia ma ka aoao o gravitational koa ma luna o laila.
• Inā kino kaumaha mea like i ka 'Aʻohe, ka mea e loaʻa, e neʻe i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama. Ke aʻe mea i paa io ole - i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama ke hiki ole wale i ka massless (particles).
• Ka huina ikehu o relativistic (particles) Ua hiki ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā kēia hōʻike:

Keʻano o ka nuipa a

A nei, i manaʻo 'epekema i ka nuipa a o kekahi huna ua kena ae la ma ka electromagnetic a ke ano maoli, akā, i ka lā ikea ae la ia mea ma keia aoao ia mea hiki ke wehewehe wale i ka hapa uuku wale no o ka ia - o ka papa kuhikuhiE na makana mai, mai ke ano o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ikaika, ala mai na gluons. Naʻe, i kēia iaoia hiki ole ke wehewehe ma ka ahakanaka o ke kakini (particles), i ke ano o ka a i ole i ua elucidated.

Relativistic nuipa mea ulu

I ka hopena o nā mea a pau theorems a me nā kānāwai i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna hiki ke olelo maopopo lawa, nae, a me ka mea kupaianaha kaʻina. Inā kekahi kino e neʻe maila e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi me kekahi wikiwiki, kona mea kiko'î a me na kino i loko, ina i ka palapala kino o ke kahua loli. O ka holo ana, i haʻahaʻa ka wikiwiki ka mea, ua kokoke mai e kekahi ', akā, i ka hookoia, e nō e ike.

Kekahi ke kuhikuhi aku i ka mea hoʻohālike - kekahi e hooholo ia o ka manawa i loko o ka neʻeʻana i 60 km / h nalowale. A laila, na kēia haʻilula he pōpilikia kaʻi lau waiwai o ka oko o na mea kiko'î.

Kēia haʻilula i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kekahi ma luna. Hookomoia i nāʻikepili i loko o ka mea (wā c. ≈ 1 m 10 ⁹ km / h) me ke kēia nā hualoaʻa:

ʻae nō hoʻi, ke loli ka loa uuku, a 'aʻole e hoʻololi i ka hana o ka hola no laila, i ka mea i hiki.