Superclass Pisces: ano hiʻona o ka na, a mawaho 'ole

Fish - keia mea no ka nui pae ma ka? Ueo 'ano o ka wai chordates, i mea i ka loa kahiko. Fish noho kokoke pau maluhiluhi ole a me ka paakai wai. A pau o ko lākou mau hui, nenoai e ke hakuloli a hiki i ke ola i loko o ka wai i hoʻolilo 'ia. E like me ka oluolu scientific Mea Maluna o Pisces no a hiki i ke kikowaena o eukaryotes, i ka holoholona aupuni a me ke 'ano o Chordates. E noonoo oe i ka superclass akahele.

kino veils

Ka mawaho uhi o ka iʻa ka kino - ia ka ili a me ka unahi. Hihia i pohihihi 'ia ka wā o ka unahi e nalowale ole Hoʻololi'. O ka ili i ka ikeia e kaawale i loko o dermis a me epidermis. Nā epidermis o ka superclass Pisces ole horny.

Ma ke kahua o ka unahiʻole, i mea mea a Mānoa i ka papa kuhikuhiE ua hoʻokaniʻia e nā dermis. Me ka unahi, i kekahi mau kaukaʻi wale ma luna o ka papa 'o ia i ka i ka mea e pili ana.

• Placoid unahi i ka papa Cartilaginous iʻa. Ua ninoieo o dentin, enamel kapa komo iā ia. He kēiaʻano o ka unahi ole, iloko o ka papa o ka evolution Ua huli i loko o ka niho o ka mano a me nā kukuna. Me ka poho o ka loulou unahiʻole, i mea e ole ola.
• Ganoid mea unahiʻole ano o Sturgeon paukū. He He iwi papa lole komoʻuʻuku nona ganoinom. Oia kapa kila maikai i malama i ke kino.
• Kosmoidnaya unahi mālama i loko o Crossopterygii a lungfish? Ueo. Ua ninoieo o Cosmina a me dentin.

'Ia nā pōpō holoholona superclass Pisces hiki e loa like. ? Aaoa paha e kekahi o iaʻano hoʻokahi, a e lei, hiki i ka pōwehiwehi, a, conversely, ke aoʻana o ka pilikia o ka 'ia nā pōpō.

Musculoskeletal kahua

Musculoskeletal'ōnaehana e leie aku i ka iʻa, e lawe mai i ka neʻeʻana, a no ka hoʻololi 'ana i ke kahua i loko o ke kaiapuni. Iwi o ka iʻa mea okoa mai ka honua holoholona iwi. Kona poʻo ua oi aku kanaha kumu mua i hiki neʻe kū kaʻawale. Ua apono 'i ka holoholona, e huki, a pahu aku ai i ka iwi ā i kekahi manawa nui kaiāulu.

Ka iwi kuamoo? Oaieeia, o kanaka vertebrae,ʻaʻole fused kahi hookahi. Ua Ua maheleia i kumu a me ka huelo pauku. I ka navigating ka holo ikaika i ka mea fin o ka iʻa. Ka mea, ua maheleia i hui (thoracic, abdominal) a me ka unpaired (dorsal, loira, caudal). Ma pokou 'elele superclass fin ninoieo o pokou kukuna, a i huiʻia o kaʻili lahilahi. Nāʻiʻo kōkua e hoÿonui ai, hui a pa ia e like me kou makemake iʻa.

'Auʻau wai meaola hoi e hiki ai i ke aloha a hiki i ka nāʻiʻo. e hoemiia lakou, a me ka ia ua neʻe mua. Nāʻiʻo e maheleia i loko o "lohi" a me ka "hookeai" nāʻiʻo. Ka mua nele no i ko iala 'auʻau, naulu la. Lua - no ka hoʻokēʻai a me ka ikaika jerks.

ʻO ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu o ka iʻa

Nā lolo nona ka o ka iʻa e maheleia i na pauku. Kēlā me kēia no ia i kekahi mau 'kuleana pili i:

1. Ke forebrain ninoieo o ka waena a me ka hope. Ma keia pauku, ua hoolilo olfactory u kukui. Ka mea, loaa mau lepa a mai ka mawaho nā loko o ka hohono. Fish 'Imi hoʻohana ala ana ioioie?, Ua hooakeaia u kukui.
2. Midbrain i loko o kona pńpa he'ōnohi lobe.
3. Ke hindbrain Ua maheleia i loko o ka cerebellum a me ka medulla.

Ka spinal kaula ia hoʻi ka poeikohoia o ka superclass Pisces holo lokahi mai lakou i ka anai loa lōʻihi o ka spine.

circulatory kahua

Ka hapa nui o na elele i kekahi superclass holo, a elua-o ke keʻena o ka naau. E haapau nei i nenoaiu o ke koko lako, e hoouna koko mai o ka naau ma ka halo o mua a me'aʻaʻa o ke kino. Heart iʻa loa hoʻokaʻawale i ka oxygen ma-waiwai arterial koko mai venous ilihune.

Keena o ka naau i ka iʻa e hahai ana kekahi i kekahi, a ua piha oia me ka venous koko. He ka sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle infundibulum. Koko mea hiki ke hoʻoneʻe wale nō i loko o hoʻokahi ala - mai ka sine mai o kaʻohana. I ka hana ana pela, e kōkua kūikawā kiwikā.

Ke kino o ke kinoea, e loaa hou i ka iʻa

I ka halo o mua o ka iʻa - i ka papa kuhikuhiE hui, o ka ke kinoea launa like. Ka mea, i ka huli 'ana ma ka aoao o ka waha. Ma pokou iʻa, e uhiia ka mea, ma ka halo o mua poi, 'ē aʻe - e noa, e wehe waho. I ka wā i hoʻokomo ea halo o mua, ae i ka wai i loko o ka waha, a laila, i loko o ka halo o mua hoaka. A laila, ua hou-mńlie ma ka puka o ka halo o mua o ka iʻa.

Ka 'ole o ka halo o mua o kēia: ka mea, i kekahi kalaka nui-permeableʻili lahilahi permeated me na moku ke koko, a ua aia ma luna o ka pokou hoaka. Halo o mua filaments, ua piha oia i ka mea uuku pukapuka o capillaries, e kokua i ka iʻa haha nui ke alalai ole ma lalo o ka wai kolamu.

Kaawale mai ka iʻa halo o mua ka hanu e hoʻohana i kekahi papa hana o ke kinoea mail:

• Fish larvae e lawe mai kinoea e loaa hou mai ma ka ili o ka ili.
• Kekahi? Ueo i maʻiʻaʻai e mālama i ka humidified ea.
• iʻa i kekahi e hanu ea kū kaʻawale.

Pehea e hana ana i ka digestive'ōnaehana o ka iʻa?

Fish meaʻai mea loaʻa, a hoopaa i ka niho i i ke aupuni 'o moʻolelo o ka lua (like i loko o ka hapanui vertebrates). Ma ka puʻu, i loko o ka esophagus komo ka'ōpū kaʻai. Aia ka mea, oia ka hana maikaʻi i me gastric wai a me nā'ūhū 'ia ka inoa ma laila. Next, ai kolo ana i loko o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi. Kona koe i kiola mai ma ka cloaca (anus).

He aha hanai i ka poʻe e noho lā ma ka wai i hoʻolilo 'ia? Ke koho ka loa ka laula:

• Herbivorous ka ia e ai ai i ka līoho a me ka wai mea kanu. Kekahi o ia e ai, a plankton (e like me carp).
• Predatory iʻa keʻai ma luna o plankton, na ilo, molluscs, crustaceans, a, o ka papa, 'ē aʻe, uuku ka iʻa.
• iʻa i kekahi ke hoʻololi i ko lakou hoao ana kāu mau koho no ke ola, no ka laʻana, ma ka manawa'ōpio wale nō, eʻai wale nō plankton, e like me ka makua - ia liilii. Aia i predatory iʻa i hānai wale ectoparasites. Ka mea koho e imi i wahi kahi "cleaners" a me kaʻai iā lākou me nā kino o ka iʻa parasitized.

Ke excretory nenoaiu o ka iʻa

hiki ole ano o ka superclass Pisces e piha me ka hōʻike o ka excretory hui, nenoai. Life i loko o ka wai ke kumu o ka iʻa i ka helu o ka pilikia me ka osmoregulation. Eia hoʻi, i kēia mau pilikia mea, he pono ole i nā freshwater a saltwater ka iʻa a pau. Cartilaginous na ia mau pal-osmotic. Ka paakai lehulehu i loko o kā lākou mau kino, ua haʻahaʻa ma mua i loko o ka puni meakino. Ke osmotic puʻe ua equalized ma muli o ia ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o ka urea i loko o ke koko o ka iʻa a me ka trimetilaminoksida. Low ka paʻakai lehulehu cartilage papa Kākoʻo pono e hana rectal gland a me nā konāhua excretion paʻakai.

Pokou iʻa i isoosmotic. Ma ke ala o ka evolution, ua hiki ke kūkulu i kekahiʻano papa hana i retards paha outputting Ion mea. Kālaimeaola chordalʻano kōkua i ka iʻa ia auoiaea i loko o ke kai paakai mai. Keia mea no ka mea, i ka iʻa o lakou i lilo i ka wai. Koloriside Ion a me ka paʻakai Ion outputted halo o mua, a me ka makanekiuma a me na sulfates - puʻupaʻa.

Freshwater iʻa i ke ku ponoʻano papa hana. I ka lehulehu o ka paʻakai i loko o ke kino o ka mea kiʻekiʻe ma luna o loko o ke kaiapuni. O osmotic puʻe hoi equalized ma ke kaʻawale nui dala o urea a me ka hopu i pili Ion, mai koʻana koko a puni halo o mua.

Superclass Pisces: Pehea ka multiplication?

Fish i kekahi mau? AneiiʻAno. E hoi kakou i kela mea keia mea o lakou ma ka au mamuli.

1. Bisexual nā'ōlelo - ka loa, he pono ole palapala. Ma keia hihia, i hoʻokaʻawale i nā sexes elua i ka iʻa maopopo. Pinepine ka mea, ua hiki ike ma ko lākouʻano i ka nānā (e like, waihoʻoluʻu). Loa pinepine, ka mea kiʻekiʻe 'īnea i ano nā kāne a pau. Ka mea, ke hoike mai ia lakou iho i ka likeʻole ma waena o ke kāne a me ka wahine kino nui, ka mea likeʻole ma waena o ke kino māhele (e like me, ka lōʻihi fin). Kane a pau a me nā'ōlelo bisexual hiki e monogamous, polygamous alakai a ole chaotic kamaʻilio (promiscuity).
2. Androgyny - i loko o kēia iʻa ke keka ma ke ola mea hiki ke loli. Protoandrii kakahiaka nui i loko o ke ola mau kane, alaila, o ka wahine mea o ke kino hoʻoponopono. Protogyny - he 'ano o ka androgyny, ka wā a pau kane i hoohulihiaʻi wahine.
3. Gynogenesis - hana o nā'ōlelo no nā? Ueo poe wale ma ka wahine. Ua lŘlŘ kākaʻikahi ma ka ano.

Fish ke paʻi ma ka mea o ka hanau ola, a me ka yaytserozhdeniya ovoviviparity.

Class o Emeliano Fish

Superclass Pisces e maheleia i mau papa: cartilaginous a me ka pokou ka iʻa.

Pokou iʻa - ka nui pae o vertebrates. Aia, ua oi aku mamua o 19.000? Ueo. Lākou pokou iwi. Ma kekahi mau hihia, o ka iwi i e cartilage, akā, a laila ka mea, ua hou ia e ikaika. Ma pokou iʻa i ka 'auʻau bladder. Ma keia papa, oi ma mua o 40 iniha, kapuaʻi. E hai mai oe iaʻu hou e pili ana i ka oi aku ka nui.

• Sturgeon paukū nā kahiko pokou iʻa e like me sturgeon, beluga, sturgeon. Ka mea, oko loaʻa ihu a me ka waha ma kaʻaoʻao ventral o ke kino. Ka waha i ke ano o ka transverse slit. Ke kumu o ka iwi - ka cartilage. Sturgeons noho wale ma ka'ākau hemisphere.
• Clupeiformes paukū - o ke kai kula iʻa i hānai ma plankton. Herring, herring, Saredio, anchovies - kālepa ka iʻa. Ka mea, e kau i ko lakou mau hua ma luna o ka honua līoho paha.
• Salmoniformes paukū - freshwater iʻa e spawn ma ka lalo. Ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka (Northern hemisphere). He waiwai kalepa iʻa me ka ono ka ai a me ka caviar. Key Poeikohoia - Salemona, chum Salemona, a pink Salemona, trout,ʻeleʻele trout.
• Kauoha carps - mea he freshwater iʻa me ka iwi niho. Food pepe iho la ka ka mea, pharyngeal niho. Poe nā kalepa iʻa (pine poʻomuku, bream, Lin, ide) a me ka iʻa mahiʻai ma Reservoir (carp, carp, crucian kala).
• Poe lungfish - ka mea kahiko aoao. Hiki ha ma halo o mua a me ia maʻiʻaʻai (puha protrusions ma luna o ka paia o ka esophagus). Ka mea, i hakuloli i noho ma ka wela aina, a maloʻo ana i nā loko iʻa. Bright ka poeikohoia o ka mea - i ka'Aukekulelia a Queensland Lungfish South American lungfish.

cartilaginous ia

Ka papa likeʻole ma waena o ka cartilaginous a me ka pokou iʻa moe i loko o ka iwi 'ole, i ke alo a kaawale o ka halo o mua uhi a me kaʻauʻau bladder. Class o cartilaginous iʻa hoʻokomo i kekahi poʻe e noho lā ma ka moana, i lifelong cartilaginous iwi. No ka mea, aohe mâkia bladder, na elele o keia ano o kaʻeleu 'auʻau' ana, no laila, i ole e komo. Pehea i sturgeon, o ka waha i ke ano o transverse kau, malaila ka ihu.

Cartilaginous ia liilii nā elua wale poe. Ua mano a me nā kukuna. Mano i ka torpedo-hoʻokino kino shape - ka mea, e hana swimmers a me ka weliweli Moana. Ko lakou ikaika ā opuupuu me ka pahi niho. Ma keia hihia, no ka nui loa mano hānai ma plankton.

Stingrays i ka flattened kino me ka halo o mua i loko o ka opu. I ka halo o ka iʻa nui mahuahua. Kukuna hanai ma benthic holoholona a me ka iʻa.

E ho ohana i ka lawaia kumu waiwai, a me ko lakou palekana

I ka iʻa o ka nui o kanaka i ke ola, i ka kekahi o ka walaʻauʻana nå mea 'ai. Kela a me keia makahiki a puni ka honua ua wa e ohi ai ma kahi o 60 miliona na tona o ka iʻa. Ma keia hihia, ka hapanui o nā mea a pau loaa Clupeiformes,'iʻa a me ka mackerel.

Ma nā makahiki, ka iʻa hoohei ae ua markedly hoemiia. O ke kumu ho i ka mea hōʻemi o ka? Aneeo pilikia i loko o ke ao nei. Laau i depleted ma muli o ke excessive lawaiʻa, i ka make ana o kekahi iʻa? Ueony, haumia ea o ka spawning wahi, kaʻapu kōheoheo, kaumaha metala paʻakai. I nā manaʻo kanaka neʻe mai ka unmanaged lālau i ka iʻa mahiʻai me ka kālepa mea.

I ka maikai i ka pomaikai ma ka ulu iʻa mahiʻai e uhukiia loa hoʻi i ka mōʻaukala. Ka mea, i piha mana hoʻomalu ma luna o ka mahi ana o huahana mai larva i marketable huahana. Fish piha iho i kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni loko no kekahi hana: e ai ana, hānai kapu, hibernation, a no laila, ma luna o. Aia mau no hoi kūikawā loko no spawning. Ka mea, mau i ka poe liilii, ka nui a me ka mehana pono.