I ka mō'aukala o Rusia, nui nā hihia i ka wā e ho'onui pinepine ai kekahi malihini malihini i kona kaulana a lilo i mea ho'oki'eki'e aupuni. 'O Theophanes ka Helene, ke kama'āina o ko lākou Byzantium, he Helene ma o ka hanau'ana ('o ia ho'i ka inoa) i lilo i kekahi o nā ki'i pelekānia nui loa o Rūmania.
'O ka koho i makemake'ia e Russia
'O ka mea nui loa, inā'a'ole i ho'oholo'o Feofan e ho'ololi i kona ola, ua hō'ea'o ia ma kahi o'Italia i Lūkia ma ke kulanui o Metropolitan Cyprian, ua nalowale'o ia i waena o nā mea'elima Byzantine. Akā ma Moscow Rus'o ia ka mea mua o nā kalaxy nui o nā ki'i puna ki'i. Me ka nui o ka hō'oia,'o ka lā hānau a me ka make o ka mea pena mea i kapa'ia - 1340-1410.
'A'ohe'ike
Ua'ike'ia'o Theophanes ka Helene, ka mea nāna i kala aku me kahi ke'oke'o, i hānau'ia ma Byzantium, hana ma Constantinople pono'ī a me kona kulana -'o Chalcedon. E like me nā frescoes i mālama'ia i Feodosia (a laila Kafa), hiki ke'ike'ia he manawa i hana ai ka mea pena i nā koina Genoese - Galata a me ka Cafe. 'A'ole ola kekahi o kāna mau hana Byzantine, a kaulana ka honua iā ia no ka hana i Rusia.
Ka'ōpuni hou
'O Andrei Rublev,'o Sergius Radonezhsky,'o Dmitry Donskoy,'o Epifanii ka Wise ('o ia ka palapala i Archimandrite Kirill ka kumu nui o nā'ike biographical o ka mea paona ki'i icon) a'o Alexei ka Metropolitan. Ua hana nui kēia po'e kaiaulu a me nā mea ho'onaninani i ka hanohano o Russia.
'O ke kumu nui o ka'ike e pili ana iā Theophanes ka Helene
Ua hō'ea mai nei'o Theophanes ka Helene i Novgorod i ka makahiki 1370,'o ia ho'i, he kanaka'elemakule a he mea ho'okumu pa'a. Ua noho'o ia ma 'ane'i i 30 mau makahiki a hiki i kona make'ana. Hiki i ka mana hana. E like me ka hō'ike a kēlā Epiphany ho'okahi i ka Mea Na'auao, ua pe'i'ia nā ka'opana Helene e 40 mau hale pule. Ua kākau'ia kahi leka i ka mele mele o ka Tesso-Afanasyevsky Monastery i ka 1415, ma hope o ka make'ana o ke haku, a hiki mai i kēia lā i ka mea mua, akā ma ka papa inoa o ka hapalua o ka makahiki XVII. Aia kekahi mau hō'oia hō'ailona o nā mea a me nā mea ho'ohui. Kekahi o lakou, i mai la ia i ka 1378 ma ka behest o ka boyar Vasily Danilovich "Grechanina" Ua pena e Theophanes ka hoopahaohaoia'na Church, Aia ma kaʻaoʻao Pāʻoihana o Veliky Novgorod.
E ho'omaka ana o ka hola Novgorod
'O nā frescoes o Theophanes ka Helene ma luna o nā paia o kēia monisa i lilo mua iā ia i'ōlelo mua'ia ma ka papa hana puke ma Rusia. 'O lākou,'o ka mālama'ana i ka hapa nui, ma ke'ano maika'i loa, ua hiki i ko kākou manawa, a he mau hana nui loa ia o nā'oihana o ke au. 'O ka mea maika'i loa ke ki'i'ia o ka pu'upu'u a me nā paia, kahi i ho'onoho'ia ai nā po'e o ka hale-'ākau Troitsky. Ma nā ki'i i hō'ike'ia o "Trinity" a me Macarius o'Aigupita,'o ke'ano o ke kākau'ana,'o ia ka mea kaulana'o Theophanes ka Helene. Ke Dome malamaia bust kiʻi Pantocrator (Pantokratoras), a mea i ka loa nui. Eia kekahi, ua mālama pono'ia ke ki'i o ko kākou Lede. A pahu (hapa-i kākoʻo 'ia Dome) - Image Elia a me Ioana Predtechi. A he mau frescoes nui loa kēia, no ka mea,'o ka pō'ino, i hana'ia i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana,'a'ole i kākau'ia ka hana a ho'opa'a'ia e kekahi mau mea noi'i. Nui, a pau na frescoes o ka hoailonaʻiʻo hana ia ma ka hou ala - wale a me ka laulā, noaʻo Kūhiō,ʻano mālama, i pī, ua uku i ka papa kuhikuhiE noonoo ana i na kino o ka poe haipule. E like me ke'ano o ke kākau'ana o Theophanes i ka Helene, ua'ike'ia kona kūkākūkā kūikawā.
'O ka ikaika o Russia e ho'ōla
'A'ole ka lanakila nui loa o Dmitry Donskoy,'o ka hakakā'ana o ke Golden Horde, ho'omau'ia nā kūlanakauhale Lūkini, ua luku'ia nā hale pule. Akā, ua ikaika loa'o Rusia, ua ho'iho'i hou'ia, kūkulu hou'ia, a lilo i mea nani loa. I loko o nā pena ki'i o nā monasteries i ho'oponopono'ia, ua komo'o Feofan ke Helene, a mai ka makahiki 1380 i hana'o ia ma Nizhny Novgorod, ma ke kapikala o ke Suzdol-Nizhegorodsky ali'i, i pau i ke ahi i 1378. Malia paha, hiki iā ia ke komo i loko o nā pena pena o ka Hale Pule'o ka Mea Ho'ōla a me ka Hō'ike Hō'ike Hō'ike'Ōlelo. A ma kahi o ka makahiki 1392, hana ka mea pena ma ka Hale Hō'ike'ike o Kolomna ma ka noi a Grand Duchess Evdokia, ka wahine a Prince Dmitry. Ma hope mai, ua hana hou'ia ka hale pule, a'a'ole mālama'ia nā frescoes.
E ne'e ana iā Moscow
'O Theophanes ka Helene,'o ka mea pili'ole, ua pili pinepine'ia me ka hua'ōlelo "i'ōlelo'ia", ma hope o ka holo'ana o Kolomna i Moscow. Ma'ane'i, a ua hō'oia kēia e ka Trinity Chronicles a me ka leka kaulana, ua pa'i'o ia i nā paia a ho'olili i nā luakini'ekolu. I kēlā manawa, ua hele'o ia i kāna mau kula pono'ī, nā haumāna a me nā haumāna, a me ka ho'okomo pū'ana o ka mea hō'ailona ki'i ki'i'o Moscow'o Simeon the Black i ka makahiki 1395, ua pena'o Theophanes i nā paia o ka Hale Pule o ko kākou Lede a me ka halepule o St. Lazarus i ke Kremlin. Ua hana'ia nā hana a pau ma ke kauoha a kēlā Grand Duchess Evdokia. Hou, ua loaʻa i ka ae aku i ka ekalesia i ole ola, i na manawa Grand Kremlin Palace ku ma kona wahi.
Ka hopena o ka hewa, ka hahai'ana i ka hana a ke kahu
Ua'ike'ia ka'ike kaulana o ka Middle Ages,'o ka luna ki'i'o Theophanes ka Helene me kāna mau haumāna i hele mai i ka makahiki 1399 e ho'onani i ka Hale Pule'Anelala, i puhi'ia e ke khan o ke Golden Horde a me ka Tyumen Principal - Tokhtamysh. Mai ka leka o Epiphanius, ua'ike'ia ka haku i pena'ia ma nā paia o ka luakini i ka Moscow Kremlin me kona mau halepule. Akā, ma ka hapalua o ka seneturi 16, ua kāpae ka'atalia Italia'o Aleviz Novy i ka halepule a kūkulu hou i kahi inoa hou o ka inoa ho'okahi, a ua ola a hiki i kēia lā.
'O ka'oihana o Theophanes ka Helene e pani nui'ia e nā frescoes,'oiai'o ia e pena ana i nā paia o nā halepule a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā. I ka makahiki 1405, pili kahi'oihana hana a Andrei Rublev a me kāna kumu -'o "ke kaikua'ana mai Gorodets", e ki'i aku i ka mea pelekane'o Moscow i Prokhor mai Gorodets. 'O kēia mau haku kaulana'ekolu o ko lākou manawa i hui pū'ia ai ka halepule nui o Basil I, aia ma loko o ka Hale Hō'ike'ike Kū'ē.
'A'ole mālama'ia Frescos - ua kūkulu'ia ka hale pule e ka hale pule.
Nā hō'ike kīnā'ole
He aha ka mea e mālama'ia? He aha ka ho'omana'o i ho'oku'u'ia e Theophanes Theophanes nui no kāna mau pua? 'Ike. E like me kekahi o ka? Ueony wale nō extant iconostasis o ka Annunciation Hale Pule Nui o ka Moscow Kremlin i mua i kākau no ka mea mahuʻi Hale Pule Nui ma Kolomna. A ma hope o ke ne'e'ana o ke ahi'o 1547 i ka Kremlin. I loko o kēlā halepule'o ia ka "Lede o Don," he hō'ailona me kona pilikino. Ma ke'ano he nui o nā ho'ololi o "Love" (inoa'ē a'e he "Joy of All Joy"), ua uhi'ia kēia ki'i me kahi mo'olelo e pili ana i kāna kōkua kupaianaha i ka lanakila a ka pū'ali koa o Grand Duke Dmitry ma luna o nā lehulehu o ke Golden Horde i 1380. Ma hope iho o ke kaua o Kulikov , a me ka luna, a me ka ikona hoʻomalu loaa i ka pākuʻina kau "Don" a me ka "Don". 'O ke ki'i iho he pilikino - ma ka'ao'ao hope loa i laila ka "Mana'o o ka Virgin." Ho'opili'ia kahi hana ho'okipa nani'ole ma loko o ka Galerie Tretyakov. Ua mālama'ia he nui o nā hō'ailona, a ua hiki ke ho'oholo'ia he mea pono ka mea nāna i kākau'o Theophanes ka Helene. 'O nā ki'i "'Ehā mau" a'o "Ioane Bapetizo -'Anela o ka Desert me ke ola" aia nō ia i ka hailona hō'ailona hō'ailona, akā na'e, ua paio'ia kona mea kākau. I nā hana a nā haku o kāna kula, hiki ke helu'ia he ki'i o nā nui nui, i kākau'ia ma 1403 - "Transfiguration".
Nā'ikepili hō'ike honua
'Oiai, ua nui nā hana i kākau'ia e ka haku nui. Akā,'o Epiphany ka Pōhaku, ka mea i'ike iā ia iho, he mau hoaaloha me ia, no laila, mahalo nui'o ia i ke talenti, ka ma'alahi o ka makana, ka laulā o ka'ike e hiki'ole ke hō'oia'i'o i kāna mau hō'ike. Ua'ōlelo pinepine'ia'o Feroke Feofan i ka'ōlelo Helene e like me ke'ano o ka hana a ke kula Helene me kahi'ano kākau kākau Byzantine. 'O kēia fresco, e like me ka mea i hō'ike mua'ia a'e nei,'o ia ka mea nui loa o nā'āpana o nā ki'i pa'i o ka Halepule'o Novgorod, i'ike'ia i ka makahiki 1910. 'O ia kekahi o nā kumumana'o nui kaulana kaulana o ka honua i ka hana hale ki'i o Rus. 'O kekahi ki'i'ē a'e o ka Mea Ho'ōla, no ka hana a ka haku, aia i loko o ka Kremlin ma ka Hō'ike'Ōlelo'o iconostasis.
'O kekahi o ke "Trinimana" nui loa
Aia ma waena o nā poli o kēia halepule kahi mea'ē a'e o ka honua nui, ka mea kākau o Theophanes the Greek. "Kekahi" ke mālama pono'ia a aia ma luna o nā hui. 'O ka mo'olelo canonical "The Hospitality of Abraham" aia ma ka pu'uwai o kēia hana, akā na'e,'a'ole i mālama'ia kona huahelu ma luna o ka fresco,'o ke "Trinity" kahi kūpono i kākau'ia a hiki i kēia manawa. I loko o kāna episetole, mahalo'o'Epiphanius i nā talenti nui o Theophanes i ka Helene -'o ka makana a ka mea kākau mo'olelo,'o ke talent o ka mea ma'alahi akamai, ke'ano o ka kākau'ana. E like me ka hō'ike a kēia kanaka,'o ka Helene, a me kekahi mau mea'ē a'e,'o ia ke tālena o kahi miniaturist. Ua ho'ākāka'ia'o ia he mea pelekona ki'i, he mea nui o nā ki'i pena fresco a he miniaturist. "He puke kilokilo'o ia" - pēlā nō kēia e ho'omaika'i'ia ai i nā kani. 'O ka mea kākau i nā miniatures o ka Psalter, na Ivan the Terrible i mālama'ia i loko o Troitsko-Sergius Lavra, ua pili iā Theophanes ka Helene. 'O ia, ma ka mana'o, he miniaturist o ka "Gospel of Fedor Cats". 'O ka lima o kāna keiki'o Andrei Kobyly, ka kupuna kū'oko'a o Romanovs, ka luna o Theophanes ka Helene. Hāpai nani'ia ka puke. Mahalo i kona mau makalepa kaulana a me nā hua mua, i hana'ia me ke gula.
'O ka'ike o Theophanes ka Helene
Ma mua o Feofan, he nui nā mea ho'olālā ki'i, a me kona mau hanauna, i ka hana'ana i kā lākou hana i hilina'i nui'ia i ka prorisi. A'o ke'ano o ke kākau'ana i ka'ōlelo Helene a me ka lanakila nui - "'o ia, me he mea lā, ua pena'ia kona mau lima" - mahalo iā Epiphanius, kapa'ia'o ia "he kāne kupanaha." Ua kūpono'o ia i ka'ōlelo pilikino. 'A'ole i'ike'ia ka lā o ka make o ka mea akamai, i kekahi mau wahi i'ōlelo'ia ua make'o ia ma hope o 1405. I ka makahiki 1415, kākau ka mea kākau o ka leka kaulana i ka'ōlelo Helene i ka manawa i hala. 'A'ole'o ia e ola ana. A ua kanu hou'ia'o Feofan,'o ia ho'i, ma kahi o Moscow. Ua kaumaha loa kēia mau mea a ua'ōlelo wale'ia'o Rusia ua'ike pinepine i nā manawa pōpilikia, kahi i ho'opau ai nā'enemi i ka ho'omana'o'ana i ka po'e i hana i kona nani.