Trigeminal kivila a me ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o aaiaoe kivila

Ka mea mua e noho ma keia Honua ma ka hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha, e loaʻa loa uuku ke ola. Evolutionary kuhikuhi a pau e ola ana e hele i hooloihiia ke ola o ka meaola i ka holomua ka hoʻololiʻana i ka? Aneie rula, o ka hooulu ana maomeka o ka hoʻololiʻana, a me ka manawa kūpono o ka EYI o ka hana mahope hanauna. Hana i ke aloha nā lātoma e like me ka manao ua aeia ke ola ma ka Honua, e loaa i ka foothold, a hoʻomaka i ka holomua 'ana. Keʻano papa hana o ka'ōpū mai waho pūnaewele a me ka EYI o aaiaoe ike iho i loko o ka'ōnaehana o aaiaoe helu kuʻina, ma ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena - he iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o ka aaiaoe kivila.

Ke kikowaena dogma o hakakino kālaimeaola

Nā kūpuna mai - o na kumu nui ke keʻena o ka liluwelo ka hoʻomauʻana o ke ola. Nature Ua hana maomeka EYI a me nā'ōlelo o aaiaoe 'ike ma ka hoʻopā'ālua na nā polokina i loko o ka haku mele pae nukelea nāʻakika. Oihana o nukelea nāʻakika (DNA, a RNA) - ho'āhu 'ike, a hoolilo ia i ka' ole o nā nā polokina. A me nā polokina ma metabolic reactions lawe phenotypic olelo o keia aeaiiuo. Na aaiaoe kivila - laina mua ho'āhu 'ikepili ma ka kumuʻiʻo' ole ma ka kākau i kona triplets o nucleotides i loko o ka nukeleaʻakika kaula. Ka mea uuku ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o ka aaiaoe kivila e kekahi mau 'ike e pili ana i ka palena iki mall pa alima o nā polokina - he triplet o nucleotides i loko o ka DNA a RNA kaula. ike, ua pū i hiki mai ka DNA i mRNA a me ka mRNA mai nā RNA a me ka kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma.

Universal helu kuʻina'ōnaehana

Ma ka hoomaopopo ana o ka aaiaoe kivila ma ka 'epekema ka mea, i ke kenekulia, a me kona? Anoe? - pono heʻumi makahiki. Mai ka hoike ana o ka manaʻo o ka 'ole o ka DNA papalua helix (1953, Watson a me Crick) hele mai no kona kūlana me ka hereditary mea e maopopo, a hoomaka ae imi i na palapala o ka Hawaiʻi, a i kākau ma luna o kona' ike. Ka manaʻo i ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o ka aaiaoe kivila, hoʻokahi nucleotide ma koke hiki ole kū noʻonoʻo loi. Lau mea manuahi nucleotide (adein, guanine, cytosine a me ka thymine) DNA ke encode nā polokina o 21'amino nāʻakika. Mathematicians, physicists a me biologists i 'Imi' ole i loko o ka huli 'ana no ka hoʻopā'ālua'ōnaehana a me ka wikiwiki i loaʻa i ka hookahi'aminoʻakika helu kuʻina kaʻina o ekolu nucleotides. Penei, ka ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o aaiaoe kivila - mea he triplet o nucleotides, kuleana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kumuʻiʻo'aminoʻakika. Triplets (codons) a 64, o ka i 61 - keia ano codons (hoʻopā'ālua'aminoʻakika), a me ka mea i koe 3 - meaningless. Ka mea, e i lawe 'ike e pili ana i ka'aminoʻakika, a hana like me ka holo ana codon i hāpai a pau i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma.

Triplet - he ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o aaiaoe kivila

Biopolymer nukeleaʻakika lātoma ninoieo o monomers - nucleotides. Ka poe, ma ka huli, e ho okumu i kekahi ana DNA no a he EKOLU kaʻina hana hōʻike ua pū i hiki i ka mRNA ma e like me ka heluhelu wahi ponoi, ma ka mea liilii loa kivila waiwai i ka triplet o nucleotides - Halau. heluhelu ponoi höʻike unidirectionally, a i ka ike aaiaoe kivila a me ka degeneracy o unambiguity (redundancy).

Pointedness a kū hoʻokahi

Triplet 'ike Ua unambiguous, a laila ka lākiō o 1, t -1'aminoʻakika mea ole variably. 'aminoʻakika hiki ke encoded a me kekahi mau triplets, akā, no ka hana i ho'ākāka 'triplet - he mau'aminoʻakika. heluhelu kapiliia ua mau kuhikuhi ma ka e like me mamua, a me keia mea aie a hiki i ke alo o nā triplets, nāna i hāpai i heluhelu a me ka hoʻopau ia. Kēia malama i ke kumupaʻa o ke kumuʻiʻo 'ole. Kekahi waiwai o triplets - disjointness. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka nucleotide ka hapa o ka triplets pono, akā, wale pono hoʻokahi.

Ka maoli redundancy

Ke degeneracy o ka (redundancy) o ka aaiaoe kivila - keia mea he maluhia palena pau o ka meaola. He malama keena e ku ei ka waiwaiʻino wale i o mutations. Kēlā me ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o aaiaoe kivila i undergo hakahaka 1, 2 a me 3 nucleotides i loko o ka triplet. Penei, 9 o positional substitutions ma kēlā me kēia triplet nucleotide substitutions ma kēlā me kēia 4-1 = 3 hikiʻano, a me ka hopena, ua loaa i ka 61 ma ka 9 = 549 Lolina hookomoia nucleotides i loko o ka triplet. He nui aku ma mua o ka pono, e encode i ka 21'amino nāʻakika. Keia pereizbytochnost a degeneracy, a hoomakaukau i ka liluwelo ola ana o ke ola, a me ka ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka palena iki o ka wahaheʻe ka aaiaoe ike heluhelu ia.

Codon paha he triplet?

Ma ka moʻokalaleo, he triplet o nucleotides, like me ka loiloi conglomerate kapaia he triplet a codon. He aha ka ke koena unuhi, a ina paha ia? Kaʻia "codon" ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka pololei kaʻina hana o ka unuhi - Ka hali' ike mai RNA a hiki i ka kumuʻiʻo lātoma. Kaʻia "triplet" ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka nui semantic pōʻaiapili, hōʻike no ka wā o ka' ike heluhelu kapiliia me nā RNA a me ka DNA.