ʻaila kā hoohehee maemae au ia, iniiaiie a me ka haumāna aaioee o ka aila

Ka aila ua fractionated e loaa kaʻaila kā ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, a lailaʻaila kā distillation hele ma ka iniiaiie a me ka haumāna aaioee.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka iniiaiie hoohehee maemae au ia

Ma keia anu u, ua hana i ka distillation mamua dehydration a me desalting o ka maka aila ma kūikawā lako a pan no ka hookaawale ana o ka paʻakai a me nā impurities, a hiki i ka popopo o ka nakeke, a emi i ka mea e like ai o kaʻaila kā huahana. Mahope, i ka aila, he wale 3-4 mg ka paʻakai no hano a me ka ole i ka wai oi ma mua o 0,1%. Ke hoomakaukau huahana Ua makaukau no ka distillation.

Aie i ka mea i kinowai hydrocarbons i hoolapalapa i ka okoa wela, ua hoʻohana 'ia kēia waiwai i kaʻaila kā hoohehee maemae au ia e kaʻawale mea i ke kanaka hapa iki me kekahi baila aʻela i kūlana. Distillation o kaʻaila refineries i loko o ka mua i ka mea i hiki ke hoomaopopo i ka keia mau mahele e like me ka mahana: kola (maʻi hēhē ma ka 180 ° C, a ma lalo nei), mokulele hēkī wahie (maʻi hēhē ma 180-240 ° C) a me ka kakolina diesel (maʻi hēhē ma 240-350 ° C). Mai ka distillation o kaʻaila kāʻaila koe.

Ke kaʻina aila ua kaawale ma distillation kapuahi e mahana i mahele (eiiiiiaiou). I ka hopena o ka huakūʻaiʻaila kā nā huahana a me kā lākou mau eiiiiiaiou. Oil hoohehee maemae au ia mea i ka loiloi mua kahua o kona aaioee i hana kūikawā mea kanu.

I ka wa wela, i ka mahu pae ua hana, o ka haku mele 'ana o i mea okoa, mai ka wai. ʻaila kā hapa iki i loaa mai ma ka distillation mea nui e maemae huahana a me ka hydrocarbon ukuhiia. Kanaka hydrocarbons hiki ke hookoaiaʻe wale e mau distillation o kaʻaila kā hapa.

Hike distillation o ka maka aila ua lawe mai

- waihonaʻike omoāea iaoia (ai-kapa equilibrium distillation) a me na mea distillation (fractional distillation);

- me ka me rectification paha;

- hoʻohana 'ana i ka evaporating hope;

- ma lalo o holo, a ma ka lewa puʻe.

Equilibrium distillation emi maopopo hoʻokaʻawale i kaʻaila i loko o hapa iki ma mua o na mea distillation. Ke'ī mai i loko o ka mahu moku'āina ma ka like ana wela i loko o ka hihia mua ko ia neiʻoniʻoni oi ka aila ma mua i loko o ka lua.

Fractional distillation o ka aila, oia ka manawa kūpono e loaa likeʻole mōʻalihaku (kakolina, kakolina diesel wahie a me ka mokulele hēkī wahie), a me ka maka mea (benzene, xylenes, ethylbenzene,'etolina, butadiene, propylene), nā'uheheʻe, a me nā huahana.

Next ua hana kekahi haumāna aila distillation huahana loaa koke mai o ka ai-kapaiaʻuʻina.

Ke kaʻina o nā haumāna hoohehee maemae au ia

Secondary aila hoohehee maemae au ia ua lawe mai ma ka Nine Inch a thermal catalytic cleavage o ka huina hoonui i hookaawale mai ia ma ka iniiaiie aila distillation. Kēia e haawi i ko ka mea i oi aku ka nui o ke kakolina mahele, e like me maka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o onaona hydrocarbons (toluene, benzene, a me na mea e ae). Ka loa, he pono ole 'ana i kūpono ka haumāna hoohehee maemae au ia o ka ailaʻuʻina.

Hi ohia kaʻina ua kapaia kiʻekiʻe-mahana aaioee o ka aila a me ka noho kaʻawale mahele, e loaa i ka (ka hapanui) huahana kahi uuku hakakino kaumaha. Mau nā Hawaii kaʻaila, me kaʻaila no ka lubrication a me ka m. P., heʻiʻo maka nō mea no ka petrochemical a me ka Nine Inch na hana. I ka holomua o kaʻuʻina i wahi me ka mokuāhana ma C-C makaukau na kaula paa a me ka ho okumu ana o noa radicals a carbanions. Rupture o C-C makaukau na kaula paa ua hana ka poʻe me ka dehydrogenation, isomerization, polymerization a me condensation o kula waena a me ka hoʻomaka mea. Ka hope mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hana i ka ohia Ana koena, a laila he hapa ka ka baila aʻela i wahi ma luna 350 ° C a me ka Coke.

Oil hoohehee maemae au ia ńlua hana i Palapala Sila Nui i ka 1891 ma V. G. Shuhovym a me Gavrilov S., laila, i kēia mau 'enekinia, pāʻoihana puana W. Barton i loko o ka hana ana o ka mea mua i loko o ka' Amelika mea kanu.

Keʻuʻina ua lawe mai ma ka paio hahana maoli nō i ka maka mea a catalysts, a me ka waiū i ka kiʻekiʻe ana wela.

Hi ohia apono 'oe e koho mai i ka wahie aila hou maikaʻi kēia eiiiiiaiou.