ʻO wai lā invented penicillin? Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa a me ka waiwai o ka penicillin

Haneri, a ola i hoolaia i ka hoʻohana 'ana o antibiotics ma ka' inikua hana. Ka loaʻa o ka penicillin i ka mea oluolu i ka hoopakele kanaka, mai nā maʻi a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia i i kuhi maʻi.

Medicine e penicillin hana mea hou i hana muaʻole

No ka kenekulia lapaau i Ua hikiʻole, e hoola i ke ola o nā mea maʻi. Ka mua mua a hiki i ka Hopu i ka loaʻa o ka mea o ke ano o ke kumu o ka maʻi he nui loa. Mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka mea e loa mai ai ka haohao ana i ka hopena o ka palapala hopena o microorganisms. Koke lawa, nä känaka 'epekema ike i ka maʻi-ma o na la koʻohune hiki e luku me ke kōkua o nā microorganisms, e hoike ana "me ka manaʻoe hōʻeha" i na konohiki o ka maʻi.

Ma ka papa o ko lākou mau 'inikua hana, kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema ma ka XIX hiki i kēia hopena. Mawaena o lakou ua Louis Pasteur, ka poe i ike i ke kanawai o kekahi ano o ka microorganisms hiki aku ai a hiki i ka make ana o bacilli o anthrax. Akā, i kēia 'ike ua i lawa. Ka mea, ua pono e 'imi i ka maopopo pono ka aoao, e ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia. All hoao ana ma na kumu ao, e hana i kekahi ao lapaau ke aloha. A wale nō ka ulia maʻemaʻe a me ka maikaʻi loa hunch kokua Aleksandru Flemingu, a hiki i ke nä känaka 'epekema nana invented penicillin.

Pono keia mau mea waiwai o ka punahelu

He paʻakikī i ka manaoio i ka loa e like me ka punahelu, he antibacterial waiwai. Akā, he oiaio ia mau mea. Ia mea,ʻaʻole pono he omaomao iki-oho waiwai, he microscopic fungus. Ua kupu mai embryos a uuku, i mea i loko o ka lewa. Ma na kumu o ka ilihune ea holo, a me nā aʻe o ka punahelu i hana. ole Penicillin ua i wehe, akā, i loko o ka XI kenekulia, Avicenna mau hana i maopopo nä haumäna i ka iapaau ana o ka purulent maʻi me ke kōkua o ka punahelu.

Hihia ma waena o nā kānakaʻepekema

I ka 60-ies o ka XIX kenekulia Lūkini kauka Aleksey Polotebnov a me Vyacheslav Manassein seriously ua kūkākūkāʻia. Ke kumuhana o ka hoopaapaa i ka punahelu. Polotebnov manaoio i ka mea, o ke kupuna o ka a pau na germs. Manassein Koi ikaika ma luna o ka mea e ku pono ana wahi o ka manao, a me ka hoao i kona hewa, e paa ana ia i ka moʻo o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana i.

He nānā i ka ulu o ka punahelu spores, na mea i luluia ma momona lepo. E like me ka hopena, V. Manassein ike i ka ulu ana o ka koʻohune i ole ana pono i loko o ke kula o ka punahelu ka ulu ana. Kona manao i kēia manawa, ua hookupaa iho la ia ma ka hoʻokolohua: punahelu nae inhibits i ka ulu ana o nā microorganisms. Kona hoa i hoʻokomo i ka hewa o kona assertion. A, Polotebnov oia ka i lilo ai i pono hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka antibacterial waiwai o ka punahelu. Aia ka hōʻike ana oia i hoʻohana ia ana i loko o ka iapaau ana o poorly ka hoola ana i kaʻili ulcers. Polotebnov pau kekahi mau mokuna o kona scientific hana hōʻike no ka waiwai o ka punahelu. Aloha no hoi kekahi nä känaka 'epekema? Aeiiaiaoaony e hoʻohana i kēia mau hiʻona ma ka oihana lapaau, i pau no ka iapaau ana o ka ili maʻi. Akā, i kēia manaʻo ua i lana ma nā kahuna lapaau, a ua ua unfairly poina.

Owai invented Penicillin

Kēia kānaka apau i mākaukau e pili ana i ka 'inikua nä känaka' epekema Aleksandru Flemingu. He ua he Kumu i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua o ka haukapila o St. Maria ka City o London. I ka papa kuhikuhiE theme like o kana scientific hana - o ka ulu a me ka waiwai o ka staphylococci. Ka loaʻa o ka penicillin ia i hana i ka ulia. Fleming nui malama ole kaulana, aka, i ka mea ku ole. I kekahi lā, e waiho ana i kaʻoneki unwashed kona mau kīʻaha me ka mea koʻohune hana 'ike loea, he mau lā ma hope mai la ia i ka kūpono punahelu. Kona hoihoi i loko o ka mea ana i loko o ka makahiki a puni ka punahelu koʻohune i, ua anaiia mai.

Fleming i ka inoa o ka waiwai a hookuu ma ka punahelu. He inoa ia penicillin. Ma hope o ka hooko ana mai i ka nui helu o nā hoʻokolohua, nä känaka 'epekema i hoomaopopoia i keia waiwai e pepehi acee? Iuo oeiia o nā palapala koʻohune.

He aha ka makahiki invented penicillin? I ka 1928 kilo Aleksandra Fleminga i ke ao nei ka mea 'o ka hana mana, i ka manawa waiwai.

? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka noi

Fleming hiki ole aʻo i ka penicillin, no laila, o ka mua me ka hana pono o ka lapaau mea,ʻaʻole loa hoihoi i loko o kona loaʻa. Ka poe i invented penicillin me ka lapaau he Govad Florey a me Cheyn Ernst. I mai la lakou, a me kona mau nā hoapili kaʻawale maemae penicillin, a ma muli o ia i ka honua ka mua antibiotic.

I ka makahiki 1944, ka manawa o ke Kaua Honua 'Elua, ke United States, ua, ua hiki ke loaʻa penicillin hanalima alaʻepekema. Ikea ai o ka lāʻau i lawe i kekahi wahi o ka manawa. Kokoke koke, hoomaka ae la penicillin e hoʻohana i ka puali koa o ka Allies, e pono i ka eha. A pau ke kaua i pau ai, i ka sīwila heluna o ka Amerika Huipuia ke kuai hoi oukou i ka hana mana daimonio.

A pau i invented penicillin (Fleming, Florey, Ke kuʻina) lilo i ka mea nona i loko o ka Nobel makana ma Medicine.

Penicillin: mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa i loko o Rusia

I ka wā o ka Great Patriotic War Ua nō e hele ana ma, I. V. Stalin ua i ho'āʻo lehulehu e kuai i palapalaʻae male no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o penicillin ma Rusia. Akā,ʻoʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i hana ambiguously. First kekahi dala i ka inoa o, au e olelo aku, he Astronomical. Akā, ma hope ka mea, ua mahuahua papalua, ae wehewehe i ka mea ulu o ka loiloi mua pololei ole ho. E like me ka hopena, ke kūkā 'pilikia.

Ma ka ninau ana o ka poe i invented penicillin i loko o Rusia, aole he hookahi pane. Loaa ia aoao e paka analogues Ua kauoha microbiologist Zinaida Ermoleva. Ua ua hiki ke kiʻi i ka waiwai, hope kapa krustozinom. Akā, kona waiwai keia k mea emi iki mahope o nui i ka penicillin, a me ka 'ike loea o? Iecaianoaaiiuo ua hana-mālama nui a me ke kumu.

Ua Ua manao ia nō e kūʻai i ka laikini. Ke kuai i ua Ernst kuʻina. Ma hope iho o ia i ke ana o ka 'ike loea hou a me ka ho'āla ai ia i loko o? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Kēia kaʻina alakaʻi Nikolai Kopylov. Hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo o penicillin ua hoʻokūpaʻa koke. I loko o keia Nikolay Kopylov i i hookoia ka Stalin uku.

Antibiotics i mau, a me ka pau penicillinʻiʻo i ka io hanana waiwai. Akā, i kēia lā, nui a oiʻepekema e hoike ana i manao i na mea he nui koʻohune a me microbes hoʻomōhala ia'ku a hiki i keia pākōlea hana.

Keia pilikia ua manawa koi akahele ka noonoo a me ka hiki pāʻoihana, like nō e hiki i kekahi manawa i ka wa a kekahi o na koʻohune e hou pane i ka hana o ka antibiotics.