Anna Akhmatova: ola a me ka hana. Akhmatova: ka papa kuhikuhiE Halaman o kaʻike hoʻokumu

Anna Akhmatova, kona ola a me ka hana, e hele kino aku mākou iāʻoe - o ka peni inoa i na hoailona o kona poem AA Gorenko. Ua haku mele i hānau i loko o 1889, 11 (23) o June, ma Odessa. Kona ohana neʻe koke i Tsarskoye Selo, kahi i ka 16 makahiki ola Akhmatova. Creation (pokole) o keia haku mele, e e hōʻike mai iā ia ma hope o ka Kawaihae. First loaaʻi ka ike lea i ke ola Anny Gorenko.

i makahiki

i kakahiaka nui makahiki he rosy no Anny Andreevny. Iho la na makua Wāwahi mai i ka 1905. Ua lawe ia Yevpatoria mau kaikamāhine e loaa ana mai ka tuberculosis ka makuahine. Eia no ka manawa muaʻalo me ke ola o ka loa o nā haole, a dirtiest kulanakauhale "hihiu kaikamahine". Ua hoi ua hoano e i ka aloha hana keaka, hoao iho e moe he pepehi anaʻia iā iho.

Education ma Kiev a me gymnasiums Tsarskoselskaya

I kakahiaka nui wa opiopio, i ka haku mele i kumu kāki haʻawina ma Kiev a me Tsarskoselskaya gymnasiums. Ka hope papa ua paa ma Kiev. Ma hope o ia, ai ka wā e hiki mai haku mele aʻo kānāwai ma Kiev, a me ka philology ma St. Petersburg, ma ke Kulanui no Women. I Kiev, ua aoia hoi he Roma, a 'ae' hope, e aʻo i ka'ōlelo Italia ke alalai ole ia, e heluhelu Dante i loko o ka palapala. Akā, Akhmatova i ka loio i kanaka i nalowale hoihoi koke, no laila, hele aku la ia i St. Petersburg, a hoomau iho la oia aʻo ma mōʻaukala a me ka palapala, ai 'papa.

First poem a me ka hoʻopuka puke

Ka mua Verses i no kekahi 'hopena Derzhavin, i kākauʻia e ka'ōpio schoolgirl Gorenko ia ia ua pono 11 makahiki. I ka 1907 ka mea iʻikeʻia ka puke mua.

I ka 1910, mai kā lākou mau loa kinohi mai, Akhmatova mau hoʻomaka e e paʻiʻia ma Moscow a me St. Petersburg nā puke. Once hana "Shop haku mele o" (1911), i ka palapala, ai '' ē aʻe, ua hanaʻia ka mea hana o ke Kakauolelo.

Marriage, he huakai no Europa

Akhmatova i loko o ka manawa mai ka 1910 a hiki i 1918, ua mare i ka NS Gumilyov, iʻikeʻia Lūkini haku mele. Me ia, ua halawai mai ana këia i loko o Tsarskoye Selo kula. Ma hope iho o ia Akhmatova i kekahi huakaʻi i Paris ma 1910-1912 makahiki, kahi i lilo ai i mau hoa me Amedeo Modigliani, he Italian artist nana i hana i kona kiʻi. Nō hoʻi, i ka mea ia manawa, ua kipa Italy.

I ka helehelena o Akhmatova

Nikolay Gumilev hoʻolauna i kana wahine i ka palapala, ai 'a me ka noʻeau' ia, ma ka inoa i loaa ia lakou kona kakahiaka nui. 'Aʻole wale nō poetic ano Anny Andreevny lilo kaulana, akā, i kona helehelena. Akhmatova hahau wā hanohano,ʻaha. Ua hoʻomākaukau i hoailona me ke aliʻi wahine. Waho nānaina o ka haku mele hooeueu ae la i ole wale Modigliani, akā, no hoi ma Artists like me K. Petrov-Vodkin, A. Altman, Z. Serebryakov, A. Tyshler, N. Tyrsa A. Danko (ma lalo makana i ka hana o Petrov-Vodkin) .

Ka mua ohi ana o poem, a me ka hanau ana o ke keiki

I ka makahiki 1912, i ka hiʻona'āina no ka haku mele, hanaia i loko o kona ola ana, nui hanana elua. Ua paʻiʻia no ka ohi mua ana o poem Anny Andreevny i kapaia "Ja", a i kona hana. Akhmatova oia kekahi i hanau i ke keiki, o ka mea kākau moʻolelo kēia mua aku, Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich - nui ka hanana i loko o kona kino ola.

Hookomoia ma ka ohi mua ana o poem ma nā kiʻi o ka ea hoʻohana i loko o ia e akaka o ka haku mele 'ana. Ka mea, puʻe wale akula kēlā Lūkini kiʻiʻoniʻoni e olelo aku nei ia ma ka poetry, he hou tālena. ʻOiai ka "kumu" i mau haku Akhmatova Symbolist like Blok a me I. F. Annensky, kona poetry i ike mai ka outset me he Acmeist. I ka mea, pu me O. E. Mandelshtamom a me N. S. Gumilevym haku mele i loko o ka kakahiaka 1910 ka, ua i ka 'ōlelo o kēia i hele mai ma ka manawa o ka hou au i loko o poetry.

ʻO kekahi mau hoiliili ole, i ka olelo hooholo, e noho i loko o Rusia

Au ma hope o ka ohi mua a me ka lua o ka puke ua me ke kuleana "lei kolona i" (1914), a me ekolu makahiki ma hope, ma September 1917, ua he ohi o "White poe hipa i", ke kolu ma kona hana. Ke OctoberʻOiʻenehana i i hoʻoikaika i ka haku mele, e emigrate, eia nae i keia manawa, hoomaka ae la he nui emigration. Rusia haalele kekahi ma hope o ka 'ē aʻe kanaka e kokoke loa Akhmatova: A. Lurie, Antrep B. a me O. Glebova-Studeykina, kona hoa o ka wa opiopio. Eia naʻe, no ka haku mele hoʻoholo e noho i loko o ka "hewa" a me ka "kuli" Rusia. A hoohalike o ke kuleana i kona aupuni, k kuah i ka aina, a me ka Lūkini 'ōlelo i ua paipaiʻia Annu Andreevnu komo i loko oʻano me ka mea i hoʻoholo i ka haʻalele. No ka nui makahiki, ka poe i haalele Rusia, noke ana e hoapono ia ia i kona emigration i Akhmatova. Me ka mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa, me ka nui, R. hauna, haliu ae la ia i Anne Andreevne B. Franck a me G. Adamovich.

Paʻakikī manawa no ka Anny Andreevny Ahmatovoy

I ia manawa, i kona ola hoʻololi dramatically, hōʻikeʻana kona hanaia'na. Akhmatova i ka hana i loko o ka hale waihona puke ma ka Institute o Agronomy, ma ke kakahiaka nui 1920s e hoʻokele i ka hoolaha i elua hou i hoiliili ole o poem. O lakou ka "Plantain", nolaila ia i kuu i ka 1921, a me ka "Anno Domini" (ma ka unuhi - "I ka makahiki o ka Haku", nolaila ia i kuu ia ma 1922). No ka makahiki 18 ma hope i ka paapu o kanaka i i ikeia ia hana. Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'kumu no keia hoi ma-: ma ka kekahi lima, keia pana NS Gumilyov, mamuli o-kane, ka mea i hoopiiia ke komo i loko o ke kipi ku ei ke kipi; ma ka 'ē aʻe - ka rejection o kaʻike hoʻokumu haku mele Soviet noʻonoʻo loi. Akhmatova ou wahi lihi iki ma keia hookoia hamau loa i komo i loko o ka hana o Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina.

ike Optina

Hoʻololi i kou "leo" a me "a lima" Akhmatova ua hoʻopili i ka waena o 1920, me ke kipa ma 1922, ma May, Optina, a kamailio me ka hānau muaʻapapane. Paha, ua kamailio ua ikaika 'ole ma o ka haku mele. Akhmatova ua maternal kinship me A. Motovilov mea nä novice Serafima Sarovskogo. Ua lawe ia ma nā hanauna o ka hoolapanai manaʻo o ka mōhai.

lua o ka mare

I ka hopena o Akhmatova fracture i kekahi me ke kanaka o V. Shileiko, ka poe i lilo ae la ia lua kane hou pili. Ka mea, ua i ke nä känaka 'epekema-orientalist, ka mea i komo i loko o ka moʻomeheu o kēia mau kahiko aina e like me Babulona,ʻAsuria,ʻAigupita. Personal ola me kēia palupalu iho i loko o ke ola a me ka hana kaumaha kanaka i ole e hana, akā, kona keiki wahi i ka haku mele i loko o kona hana mahuahua ke koena philosophical memo.

Life a Hana Hou i ka 1940

Ohi ia ma lalo o ka inoa "Of na buke eono" E hōʻike i ka 1940. He hoi no ka pōkole manawa i loko o ka hou moʻokalaleo o ka manawa i ka haku mele, Anna Akhmatova. Life a me kona hana i keia manawa mea he hana keaka. Akhmatova loaʻa i loko o Leningrad The Great Patriotic War. Ua Ua evacuated mai laila aku a hiki i Tashkent. Eia naʻe, i loko o ka makahiki 1944 i ka haku mele hoʻi i Leningrad. I ka MH 1946, malalo i kaulikeʻole a me ka kalakala noʻonoʻo loi, ua kipaku ia mai ka mea kākau 'Union.

E hoʻi i ka Lūkini moʻokalaleo

Ma hope iho o kēia hanana i ka kela makahiki i loko o nā hana o ka haku mele kaulana wale ia i keia manawa e hana i loko o ka palapala, ai unuhi Anna Akhmatova. ʻike hoʻokumu o kona Soviet? Eia ua i pili. L. N. Gumilev, kana keiki, i lawelawe i ka manawa o ka hoopai ana i ka hana e hoʻomoana ai, e like me ke karaima kālai'āina. E hoʻi i ka Russian moʻokalaleo, poetry Akhmatova i wahi wale nō i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka makahiki 1950 i ka. Mai ka 1958 o ka hoiliili ana o ka Lyrics o ka haku mele hookahi hou e hoomaka ana e e hoolaha. Ua pau i ka 1962, "poem me ka Hero," ano, ua hua mai no 22 makahiki. Anna Akhmatova make i ka 1966, ma ka 5 March. kanu haku mele kokoke St. Petersburg, ma Komarovo. Lua kupapau ka mea, ua hōʻike mai iā ia ma lalo nei.

Acmeism i loko o nā hana o Akhmatova

Akhmatova, nona ka hana i kēia manawa kekahi o ka poetry ka piko o na aupuni, i kona puke mua o poem pili hope ka nani me, wale he hookahi laina e koho ia: ". ... noho inu kani ana o ka leo i like me kou" Mikhail Kuzmin, nae, i kona kakaʻina a hiki i keia ohi i pau ai i ka olelo e hele mai ia iā mākou keiki, hou haku mele, me nā mea a pau i nāʻikepili ka mea, e lilo maoli no. Pili kēia hoʻoholo i nā poetics o "ahiahi,"ʻimi naʻauao polokalamu acmeism - ka hou au i loko o ka moʻokalaleo, a pinepine loaʻa i ka poetess Anna Akhmatova. Ua Hōʻike 'ia kaʻike hoʻokumu o na mea he nui o na ano hiʻona o keia au.

Photo aka lalo i hanaia i loko o ka makahiki 1925.

Ku ae la o Acmeism like me ka naoh i na excesses o ka Symbolist kaila. No ka laʻana, ka 'atikala V. M. Zhirmunskogo ikeia ka palapala, ai manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni, e pili ana i ka hana o ka elele o kēia au i ka inoa o ia penei: ", uhai i ka symbolism" Dalyam mystical a "he poni lani a" ka mea, Akä naÿe no ke ola i loko o kēia ao, "iʻaneʻi me ka manawa". Pono relativism, a me ka likeʻole ano o Kristiano i ua UAIAaIN ma ka hou "Hawaiʻi luli pohaku."

Ke theme like ana o ke aloha i loko o ka hana o ka haku mele

Akhmatova hele mai i loko o ka moʻokalaleo o ka 20th kenekulia, kona mua hapa, a me ka mea kahiko theme like no ka World Lyrics - ka theme like o ke aloha. Eia naʻe, kona kākoʻo pāʻoihana ma na hana o ka haku mele o fundamentally hou. Akhmatova ka poetry mamao mai sentimental feminine poetry, a hooku iho la ia ma ka 19th kenekulia ma na inoa like Carolina Pavlova, Yulia Yulia Zhadovskaya, Mirra Lokhvitskaya. Ka mea, i kahi mamao no hoi, mai ka "maikaʻi", Hōʻuluʻulu lyricism ano o ke aloha poetry o ka Symbolists. Ma keia ano, e hilinai pili kēia ma luna o Lūkini Lyrics, a Aina, o ka 19th ke kenekulia, Akhmatova. ʻike hoʻokumu ia i groundbreaking. O. E. Mandelshtam, no kekahi laʻana, kakau iho la oia i na Lyrics i lawe mai i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka Lūkini puke o ka 19th ke kenekulia, Akhmatova. An (essay) ma luna o ka hana ka mea hiki e, e hoʻomaka ana me keia ia hoʻi.

I ka "ahiahi," e lawe mai i loko o kekahi guises amorous manaʻo, akā, me ka heroine i ua hoomalau manawa, kumakaia, pilikia. Chukovsky kakau iho la no ia, i ka mea mua kekahi, e ike i ka unloved - he poetic, ka mea, o Akhmatova ((essay) ma luna o na hana o ia, "Akhmatova a me Mayakovsky", i hanaʻia e ka ua mea kākau, ua nui ka pilina me kona hoomaau ia na Verses o ka haku mele i paʻiʻia). Ke unrequited aloha i ike ai i ke kumu o kaʻike hoʻokumu, aole i ka hoino ana. i kapaia Ekolu māhele o ka ohi, niioaaonoaaiii, "Love," "hoi i ka hoopunipuni" a me ka "kukakuka iho". Fragile femininity a me ka hiehie hui ma ka Lyrics Akhmatova me kona mau koa ae o ka ehaeha. O ka 46 poem komo i loko o kēia ohi, i laʻa aneane hapalua i ka māheleʻana a me ka make. Kēia mea i ulia. I ka wā mai ka 1910 a hiki i ka makahiki 1912 haku mele i uluhia e ka pono kratkodnevnosti, ua loaa he presentiment o ka make. I ka 1912, elua o kona mau kaikuaana make o tuberculosis, no laila, Anna Gorenko (Akhmatova, kona ola a me ka hana mākou e noʻonoʻo) i manaoio aku i ka mea hookahi no hopena loohia ai ia ia. Naʻe, ka mea, ua i paa ai, ma ka Akä naÿe i ka Symbolists, kaawale a me ka make me kaʻeha o ka hopelessness,ʻino hoʻi. Kēia naʻau i loko i ala a hiki i ka ike o ko ke ao nei o ka nani.

Ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i loko o ka puke "Pō" a mahope i kinona mua i loko o ka "ka lole", laila, "White pack" ka kiʻiona hiʻona o ke kaila o ka haku mele.

Nā manaʻo, akä, no ka lunaʻikehala, a me ka iaiyoe

Historicity He nui iho la ia aikane oe lyricism Anny Andreevny. Mua i loko o ka "mōakāka" a me "ke ahiahi" me ka theme like o ke aloha, he mea mau'ē aʻe ka papa kuhikuhiE maka pua - ka lunaʻikehala, a iaiyoe.

"Fateful minute", i i ia e lulu popilikia mōʻaukala (i hoomaka ma ka 1914, o ka First World War), coincided me ka paakiki manawa i loko o ke ola o ka haku mele. Ua wehe i ka 1915, tuberculosis, kona ohana hereditary maʻi.

"Pushkinizm" Akhmatova

Eia hoʻokāʻoi aʻe ana i nā manaʻo, akä, o ka naau a me ka iaiyoe i loko o ka "White ohana", ma hope i ka mea hana e kamaʻilio mau. Poetic kaila o ka haku mele i loko o nā makahiki 1915-1917 ua Hawaiʻi. Increasingly nema aku i olelo ia i kekahi ano o ka "pushkinizm" Akhmatova. Kona Mānoa, he wahi noʻeau completeness, pololei o ka hōʻike. Ua ua i kaulana i ka alo o "citationality, ahu iho" a me na mea he nui inoa hea, a allusions nā wā a me nā mua me: O. E. Mandelshtamom, B. L. Pasternakom, AA Blok. ka waiwai ka uhane a pau o ko mākou'āina ka moʻomeheu ua hope Akhmatova, a ua pono e hähä i kona hooilina.

Ke kumuhana Ke'āina i loko o Akhmatova ka hana, e pili ana i kaʻOiʻenehana

Hiki ole akā, pili i ka hana o nā hanana hana keaka i loko o ka wa e ola ana o ka haku mele. Akhmatova, kona ola a me ka hana a pau i loko o ka pilikia au no ko kakou aupuni, oluolu ka ʻOiʻenehana o 1917 i ka makahiki like me ka catastrophe. Ke kahiko aupuni, ma kona manao, ua i hou. Ke kumuhana Ke'āina i loko o nā hana o Akhmatova poe, no ka mea hoike, i loko o ka puke "Anno Domini". Ka pauku wehe ia i hele mai i loko o 1922, o ka ohi ua kapaia "Ma hope iho a pau". i lawe ai i ka mea a pau puke epigraph laina "ma kēlā mau Fabulous makahiki ..." F. I. Tyutcheva. 'āina mea hou no ka haku mele ...

Eia naʻe Akhmatova kipi - ia mea no hoi he payback no ke ola hala o ka hewa, uku. E ka lyrical heroine, a aole i hana ia hewa, ua Kahalaopuna i mea ole i kekahi i loko o ka nui o ka hewa, no laila, Akhmatova makaukau e kaʻana i ka hapa paʻakikī o ko lākou mau kanaka. 'āina i loko o nā hana o Akhmatova ka aie, e kūʻai lilo hou mai oia ia ia iho.

O ka inoa o ka puke translates like "I ka makahiki o ka Haku", ka mea'ōlelo i ka haku mele ike i ke Akua i ka makemake o kona mau makahiki. Ka hoʻohana o ka mōʻaukala ia laua a me ka Mea Paipala motifs lilo kekahi o na aoao e maopopo oe ua hanaia i loko o Rusia. Ka mea, i increasingly io Akhmatova (no ka mea hoike, i ka poem "Cleopatra," "Dante", "E Bible Verses").

Nā Lyrics o keia haku mele nui, "I" i keia manawa i "mākou". Akhmatova e olelo ma ka aoao o "na mea he nui." Kela a me keia hora,ʻaʻole wale nō o ka haku mele, akā, i kona wā, ka mea makemake e hoaponoia mai kakou ma ka olelo a ka haku mele.

Mau mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE Halaman o kaʻike hoʻokumu Akhmatova, i mau loa, a me ia mea typical no ke au o ke ola ana o ka haku mele. Ua Ua pinepine hoʻohālike au i kekahi - me Marina Tsvetaeva. Ua o kēia mau mea i keia la na canons o feminine poetry. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole wale nō ia i ka hailona i ka ho'ānoʻole, akā, i kekahi i loko o na mea he nui ka mahalo iʻike hoʻokumu Akhmatova a me Tsvetaeva. I ka palapala ma keia kumuhana pinepine noi i nä haumäna e kākauʻana. I mea, ia mea hoihoi 'e nūnē nui ma luna o ke kumu ia mea kokoke ole, e hookahuli ai i ka poem i kākauʻia e Akhmatova, a me na hana i hana ia e Tsvetaeva. Akā, i ka mea i kekahi kumuhana ...