Austenite - He aha ka keia?

Heat lapaʻau o ke kila - mea he manaʻano papa hana e ho ololi i kona 'ole a me ka waiwai. Ua Ua ka nānā i ka hoʻololi 'ana o ke aniani puka olu oia i like me ka hana ana o ke ana wela o ka laua. ʻO nā kumu i loko o ka hao-kalapona oka a hiki e ike ferrite, pearlite, cementite a me ka austenite. Ka hope Radio he nui kūlana i loko o nā mea a pau o ka thermal loli 'ana ma o ka kila.

ka wehewehena

Steel - he oka a pau o ka hao a me ka kalapona, kahi o ka kalapona maʻiʻo mea mai i 2,14% o ka kumumanaʻo, akā, ia mea technologically pili maupaʻa i loko o ka huina i oi aku mamua o 1,3%. Alaila, pau na hale a pau i hanaʻia ma loko o laila ma lalo mawaho ololi, i kekahi Lolina oka a pau.

Ke kumumanaʻo mea i ko lakou ola i ka 4 likeʻole: anal paa pāʻoihana, he paa pāʻoihana o ka koe, he ÿano läÿau, a me ka Nine Inch hui mānoanoa.

Austenite - he paa kalapona'Ātoma granetsentricheskuyu anal pāʻoihana ma ka cubic aniani puka olu oia i ka hao, haawiia keia i like γ. kalapona'Ātoma ua hoʻolauna i loko o ka lua o ka γ-hao puka olu oia. Kona Ana oi mau ili ma waena o Fe nā'ātoma, a wehewehe i ka kaupalena maalo ae la oia ia lakou ma ka "pa" o ka waihona ipu 'ole. I hanaʻia i hou 'mahana o ka ferrite a me ka pearlite ma ka hoʻoulu i ka wela 727˚S luna.

Ke kiʻikuhi o ka hao-kalapona oka a

Pakuhi i kapa pae kiʻikuhi o ka hao-cementite kūkulu ma ka experimentation, mea he maopopo ÷ o ka hiki a pau Lolina o ka loli 'ana ma steels a me ka nou ana la o ka hao. I Kekahi Mau Hawaiʻi no ka haawi ana wela i ka nui o ke kalapona i loko o ka oka a pau i hana i ka pilikia wahi i loko i ka mea, he nui mall loli i loko o ka hahana maoli nō kēia a me ka huʻihuʻiʻana keʻano o ka hanaʻana, ka mea i hana i ka pilikia laina.

GSE laina i kekahi mau wahi, a AC ₃ AC _m, SafeSearch i ka nui o ke kalapona solubility me ka māhuahua wela pae.

hoʻonaʻauao Hiʻona

Austenite - he 'ole i ka mea i hanaʻia i kila paio hahana maoli nō. A pau ka pilikia mahana e hana perlite a ferrite integral mea.

hahana maoli nō kēia likeʻole:

1. Pahele, a hiki i ka makemake waiwai, he manawa pōkole excerpt anuanu. Ke kaumaha ma muli o nā 'ano o ka oka a pau, i ka austenite hiki ke hana me ka hoakaka a hapa' ia '.
2. Ke kali ala me ka wela, i ka wā lōʻihi o ka malama ana i ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka wela, e hana i ka austenite maemae.

Nā waiwai o ka hahana mea, e like me ka pono me ia i makemake hana ana i ka hopena o ka huʻihuʻiʻana. Nui hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke kiʻekiʻe o kāʻia e ka wela. He nui ke pale aku overheating paha perepal.

Microstructure a me ka waiwai

Kēlā me kēia o nā kūlana, typical o ka hao-kalapona oka a pau, e mālama i ka 'ona o ka' ole o ka ikehu lā a me ka mānoanoa. austenite 'ole - anuanu me ke kinona kokoke i ka puka o-e like me ka naau, a me ka flaky. I ka maopopo mea hoʻoheheʻe kalapona ma o ka γ-hao mānoanoa i ke ÿano me ka malamalama pouli cementite inclusions.

Ka paakiki o 170-220 HB. Thermal a me ka uila conductivity mea haʻahaʻa ma mua ia o ka ferrite. ʻume mākenēki waiwai mea i loaʻa.

Lolina a anuanu ana hiki aku ai i ke kahua o kekahi wale nō o ka "anu" moku'āina: martensite, bainite, troostite, sorbitol, perlite. Ka mea, i kui kele ma-e like 'ole, akā, okoa huna lakou hoopuehu, i ka mōhai nui, a me ka cementite huna.

Ole o ke anuanu maila austenite

austenite palaho ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka ia noho pilikia nui. Kona laulā hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka kēia kumumea:

1. I ka uku o ka huʻihuʻiʻana. E loli ai i ka ano o ka kalapona impurities, i ke kahua o ka mānoanoa, ho okumu ana o ka microstructure hope loa a me kona waiwai. Ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka papa, a ua hoʻohana i ka coolant.
2. Loaʻa nui isothermal ke keʻena ma luna o kekahi o nā kuʻina o ka palaho - ua kuu iho la i ka kekahi ana wela pae, i ka wela ua mālama 'ia ka pilina paʻa i loko o ka kekahi manawa, ma hope i ua hoomau kokololio ka huʻihuʻiʻana, a me ka mea ia ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka hahana maoli nō kēia i hoʻomākaukauʻia (umu).

Penei, kaʻawaleʻana a me ke ana isothermal hou 'o ka austenite.

Hiʻona o ke ano loli '. pakuhi

C-hoʻokinoʻaukā e hōʻike ana i ke kumu o ka loli ana o ka metala microstructure i loko o ka manawa wā mawaena ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mahana loli - keia austenite hou 'kiʻikuhi. Ka maoli ka huʻihuʻiʻana noke. Aia i wale kekahi kūlana mea, hoʻoikaika ihola ka welaʻana. Ka pakuhi ho'ākāka ka isothermal ana.

Ano hiki e eiei? A Diffusionless.

At maʻamau mämä holo loli ho'ēmi i wela maholahune austenite mānoanoa ko ia lŘlŘ. Ke thermodynamic instability ciia nā'ātoma hoʻomaka e neʻe pū. O ka poe e ole kahu ai e komo iloko o ka haoʻolu, kuahene cementite inclusions. Ka mea, i hui ma ke kokoke (particles) o kalapona, noa o kona nā pōaka. Cementite ua hana ma na palena o ka mānoanoa ko disintegrating. Huikala nō hoʻi lākou nā pōaka lakou mau ferrite una. Poe i hoopuehuia'ku a me nā hale ua hana - hui o mānoanoa ko, ka nui a me ka lehulehu o ka i hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka rapidity o ka huʻihuʻiʻana a me ka maʻiʻo o kalapona ma o ka oka a pau. Hana like perlite a me kona waena kūlana: sorbitol, troostite, bainite.

Me ka nui māmā ka ho'ēmiʻana mahana austenite decomposition i ole diffusive ano. Complex aniani ei 'ia i loko i nā mea a pau nā'ātoma ka poʻe hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka pelane me ka hoʻololi wahi. I ka nele o ka maholahune ka poʻea pau i ka muli o ke martensite.

Ka hopena o ka hoopio ai hoi i austenite decomposition ano. martensite

Hoopaakiki ana - he 'ano o ka wela lapaʻau, aʻano nui he loko o ka kokololio paio hahana maoli nō i ke kiʻekiʻe ke anawela ma luna o ka pilikia wahi, a me ka AC ₃ AC _m, i ukali ia e kokololio ka huʻihuʻiʻana. Inā ka emi ana ma ka mahana i wahi i ka wai i ka mämä holo o ka oi ma mua o 200 ° C no kekona, a laila, he paa acicular pae ka martensite inoa.

He He supersaturated paa pāʻoihana o ke kalapona ma ka anal haoʻano aniani puka olu oia me ka α. No ka mea, o ka mea mana neʻe nā'ātoma ua nānaina a me kona mauʻano i ka tetragonal puka olu oia i lawelawe pono a. Ka mea i hana 'ole i ka nui ka leo. Ke kūpono nā pōaka i kau palena ia ana pelane'opihia nucleate acicular papa.

Martensite - mau nō a me ka nui paakiki (700-750 HB). Hana wale nō me ka hopena o ke kiʻekiʻe-māmā I hoopio ai hoi.

Hui. maholahune 'ole

Austenite - o ke kahua o ka i hiki ke artificially hua bainite, troostite, sorbite, a me ka perlite. Inā ka hoopio ai hoi i ka huʻihuʻiʻana ia lŘlŘ no ka haahaa velocities, i ka huli ana lawe mai maholahune, kā lākouʻano papa hana i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna.

Troost - ka perlite, a ua wehewehe aku ma ke degere kiʻekiʻe o ka lakou hoopuehu. I hanaʻia ma ka 100 ° C emi i loko o ka wela o ka manawa. A nui helu o ke olonā i mānoanoa o ka ferrite a me ka cementite ua haawi ma ka pelane holoʻokoʻa. "Paakiki" auaneʻiʻoukou cementite papa shape a me ka troostite mai ana mahope miko, i ka granular visualization. Paakiki - HB 600-650.

Bainite - he palapala pae, a mea he nui nā pōaka o kiʻekiʻe-i hoopuehuia'ku a läÿau, he ferrite a me ka cementite. E like me ka me mechanical, aʻanoʻenehana waiwai emi iki mahope o ke martensite, akā, aku i troostite. I hanaʻia i loko o ke ana wela huahelu ma kahi o ka maholahune mea hiki ole, a me ka mīkini'opihia ikaika, a neʻe mai ai i ka mea pōaka 'ole, e hoohuli i ka martensite - lawa ole.

Sorbitol - ka lohi loa acicularʻano pearlitic kūlana ma anuanu ana o 10 ° C no kekona. Mechanical 'oihana waiwai i waena ma waena o troostite a me ka pearlite.

Perlite - he iiiaanoaa o ka mānoanoa o ka ferrite a me ka cementite, a hiki e granular, a me ka una honua shape. I hanaʻia e like me ka hopena o ka pahee decomposition o austenite i ke anuanu maila uku 1s no kekona.

Beit troostite a - hoʻohuli i ke kinai hale, oiai sorbitol a me perlite hiki ke hana a me ka hui, annealing a me ka normalizing hiʻona i hoakaka i ke kinona a me ka nui o ka mānoanoa.

Kanawai o annealing ma luna o ka mea a pau austenite decomposition

Kokoke a pau ano o ka annealing a me ka normalization ma muli o ka reciprocal hou 'o austenite. Piha a me ka hapa-manawa annealing ua hoʻohana 'ia e doevtektoidnyh steels. Details enaena i loko o ka umu ma luna o ka pilikia nui AC ₁ a me AC _3, niioaaonoaaiii. No ka meaʻano mua ua wehewehe aku ma ke hooloihi ae i waiū au, a e hōʻoiaʻiʻo piha huli ana: austenite-ferrite-austenite a me ka pearlite. Ukali e kali ka huʻihuʻiʻana billets i loko o ka umu ahi. Ma ka auoiaea haawi he läÿau, he ferrite a me ka pearlite, me na aʻo nui a me ka ea paa. Kahi I annealing emi ikehu-mālama nui, wale hoʻololi i ka 'ole o ka perlite, ferrite haaleleʻaneʻane ua hoʻololiʻia. Normalization hoʻohuʻu i ka uku oi aku o ke ana wela hoole mai oia, nae, oi ea, a emi mai lohi 'ole ma ka mākeke. No ka kila oka a me ka kalapona maʻiʻo o mai 0,8 a hiki i 1,3% wā ho'ēmi i loko o ka normalization palaho ia lŘlŘ i: austenite, pearlite, austenite-cementite.

Kekahiʻano o ka wela lapaʻau i ka muli i ka mall loli ', ka homogenisation. He pili i ka nui wahi. Ua hoʻohuʻu loa loaʻa lohi austenitic moku'āina ma mahana 1000-1200˚S a me ka hoomau ana i loko o ka umu ahi i loko o ka manawa i ka 15 hola. Isothermal keʻano o ka hanaʻana hoʻomau kali ka huʻihuʻiʻana, i ka poʻea pau e equalization o ka metala hale.

isothermal annealing

Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau ki ina hana like o ka i alakaʻi ai i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia no ka facilitation o ka naʻauao manao like isothermal hou 'o ka austenite. Eia naʻe, kela mea keia mea o lakou ma ka pau kahua wale nō i 'ano. I aku o ka lanakila, loli ana me ka napoo emi o ka wela, i ka mämä holo o ka a hoʻoholo i ka hopena.

Kekahi aoao i ka mea hea ka mea me ka maikaʻi ana - isothermal annealing. Kona o Mānoa, no hoi oia i ka hahana maoli nō kēia a me ka waiū a hiki i ka piha'opi o nā hale a ma ka austenite. Ke anuanu maila 'Ua hoʻomaopopo i loko o kekahi mau kūlana, i ka poʻea pau i ka ke kua'āina, oi hooloihi ae i, a oi thermally eii? O kona ka palaho.

1. Ke kokololio kulu i loko o ke ana wela i ka waiwai ma lalo 100 ° C i AC ₁ wahi.
2. Puʻe waleʻana loaʻa waiwai (waiho i loko o ka umu ahi) no ka lōʻihi manawa a pau o ke kahua o ka ferritic-pearlitic kūlana.
3. Anuanu maila i loko nō lewa.

Ka papa hana i pili no ka oka a steels, a i wehewehe aku ma ke alo o ke koena austenite i loko o ka refrigerated moku'āina.

Koena austenite a austenitic steels

I kekahi manawa, he mea hiki hapa palaho, ka wā he mea he koena austenite. Kēia hiki ana i loko o ka kēia mau wahi, i hiki:

1. Po kokololio anuanu maila 'ka wā piha hālāwai hope ia lŘlŘ. He He mall ke keʻena o ka bainite a martensite.
2. High kalapona kila a haʻahaʻa oka a pau, no ka mea, i keʻano o ka hanaʻana i huikau poe i hoopuehuia'ku a austenite loli '. Ua pono ka hoʻohana o kūikawā wela lapaʻau ki ina hana like, e like me, no kekahi laʻana, homogenization a isothermal annealing.

No ka high-- No kaʻina ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ma ka loli'. Alloying kila me ka nikala, manganese, chromium ka paipai 'ana i ke kahua o ka austenite like me ka iniiaiie paa' ole a 'aʻole i koi hou ololi. Austenitic steels i wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe ikaika, ka popopo ia'ku a me ka wela ia'ku, wela ia'ku a me ka ia'ku iʻano pākīkē hana ana pilikia.

Austenite - mea he 'ole i mea hiki ole me ka ho okumu i ole kiʻekiʻe-wela hahana maoli nō kēia o ke kila, a i komo i loko o aneane pau kona wela lapaʻau ki ina hana like, e hoʻoikaika' ana me mechanical a me ka aaioee ka waiwai.