Boris Chertok, he Soviet a me ka Russian nä känaka 'epekema-akamai: Kawaihae, palapala

I ka iwakalua kenekulia, Rusia i hana i ka pau Wiliau Hōkū o nā kula, maikaʻi loa techies, nana na makana no ka naʻi aupuni o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa,ʻaʻole hiki ke overemphasized. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ke nä känaka 'epekema-akamai Boris Evseevich Chertok lawe i kūikawā wahi i waena o lākou. Kona hana kūikawā kila hanana manao "naau" Kao lele lako kaua -'ōnaehana nenoai. Nui noonoo ana i uku ai i ke ana a me ka ukali palapala.

Auou caiaiai i ka iwakalua-iwa i loko o ka mua

Ua hānauʻia i ka 1912, lōʻihi ma mua o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana, Chertok make nei (ma 2011). Liveʻaneʻane he kenekulia, a malama ola i ka hele a manao - ka mea, Aloha ke kumukuai o ia! "E Pono e hana like loa me hiki no i ka pono o ke kaiāulu - keia mea o ka malu," - wahi a Chertok. Boris Evseevich Kawaihae a hoomaka iho la ma Lodz (Poland i keia la, e like me ka mua aia ma luna o na aina o ke aupuni a pau Russian), i hele mai i loko o kēia ao o ka iwakalua-iwa o Feberuari. E hoolilo ana i hoike i hōʻike kupuna o Malaki.

1914 - He manawa ia i ke kahe ana o nā mea pakele hee ana i ka weliweli i lawe i ka First World War. Mahuka aku, mai ka weliweli, e hoohuli ana i na kaua o Lodz, lawe i loko o kona mau lima i ke keikikane opiopio ka Mepiboseta, o ka makua manao o wale i kekahi mea: pehea e ola. Makahiki ma hope, i ke keiki i ka academician, cosmic ano akamai. Ka inoa o ka Hero o Socialist na Hana Lima, paa o na hoʻolilo 'ia' me ole wale i ka papa inoa o "Ka Best Lūkini mokulele poʻe akamai," akā, i loko o ke ao nei loipālākiō o ka lewa explorers mahinaʻai.

Ohohia Chertokʻano hana i waho, mai ke kula. Devyatiletki kona puka 'o ia i ka 1929. Eia naʻe, he makahiki aku nei i loko o ka Magazine "Radio a pau" hele mai i ka hooulu mua o ka poe noonoo ole Soviet keiki (ao şarkı Radio).

Ma ke ala a hiki i ke kula kiʻekiʻe palapala puka

I kaʻumikumamāiwa haneri kanakolu makahiki o ke kanaka ui la i ka aina i ka nui loa maunakea hana - ke kanu helu 22. Mei (Energy Institute) puka 'o ia wale nō i loko o nā forties me keʻano ma ka uila wilikî. Ma ka manawa o ka lānai hou-hoʻomalu'āina i ole kekahi iaoaioa ma ka nui oaoieei-pāʻoihana (ka mea, supersereznye e lawe i ka liʻiliʻi ka 'akomi hoʻokuʻu kapa, ke kauwa akamai uilaʻoe).

Trust o nā hoapili, "ma mua o" ka kiʻekiʻe kula palapala puka. I hoʻokahi tausani, me nā haneri keu eiwa a me kanakolu-lima o ka makahiki o ka loea hapa-manawa nā haumāna (ma mua o ka pauʻana o ke kulanui ua hō'ā i ka ao) nā kānakaʻenehana ma KB, kahi i alii, a he akua ua Victor Bolkhovitinov (me 1936 Design Buro hana i na mau mea o ka mea kanu helu 84, ma ka 1939 - ma hana № 293 Khimki).

Here Boris Chertok hana a pau na makahiki kaua, mai umikumamaiwa forties. A waiwai Track moolelo iloko ona i kakauia na kēia 'ikepili: ka hoʻomalu i ka uila lako a (alakaʻi i lunaʻenehana), oia mea makaukau e lele eheu kaa o ka wā e hiki mai lanakila o ka North Pole (ke poo "pervoprolettsev" - Michael Vodopianov) a hopu i ke kaʻa Sigismund Levanevskogo, kahi wiwoʻole i ka nonstopʻauheʻe USSR - Amerika.

na ke piʻoloke

Ma Bolhovitinovskom KB Boris Evseevich e kāinoa hanana pāhana uila. Ma muli o ia mau mea, i ka All-Union Electrotechnical Institute ohi Eia kekahi laʻana o ka mea malalo iho o ke stringent ikea ai. Na ka pukaʻana kū i ke au o ka oihana koa lako a koi 'ia kaumaha Bombers i hoʻolako pono me ka loa ike loea mokulele nā mīkini uila a me ka pila Hawaii AC.

He nui nā kanaka i ka inoa o Academician Claudia Shenfera. He poai puni i ka oihana o ka pou machines uila Institute, a kākoʻo i ka'ōpiopio hoʻomalu. ʻanuʻu e? Ii ka palapala mokulele nenoai i olelo mua iaʻi i ka pomaikai. Akā,ʻino maila ke ao, he houluulu ana: i ke kaua wawahi mai i ka poʻe komohewa.

I kaʻumikumamāiwa kanaha-kekahi, i evacuated i ka hope o ka mea nui wale iho e hana. He nui nā limahana a me ka walaʻauʻana pono o ka mea kanu helu 293 NII-1 NCAP hulina i noho i loko o Bilimbai Sverdlovsk māhele 'āina. Boris Chertock hoʻomanaʻo aʻela like ka nui o ka hoʻopā 'hana ma ka lewa mahana hua 50 degere, he hookeai (uku ration ua i ho'ōlaʻia).

Ma ke kupulau o ka makahiki 1945 i loko o Kelemania, me ka hana noi e hoʻouna kūikawā pae o kānakaʻepekema. Mākou i ka mālie makaikai i kaʻono Kelemānia rocketry. Ke kime i alai ai e Chertok. Boris Evseevich hanohano ka malama aku i ka huakaʻi ma mua o ka lua ma ka makahiki 1947,. He a Alexei Mikhailovich Isaev hana ikaika i Thuringia, kekahi lāʻau 'koa lanakila mana o ka USSR, ka poʻe i holahola "Ka koraka" ( "Keiki"). Ke ao nei e waiho ana ma ka wahi e pili ana ma hope o ka kaua, a hehi i ka holo mālie o ka Soviet-German rocket kula, i loko o Nazi Susana!

Ka Apana Reich i loko o ka m-makahiki 1944 rocket hana i kēia hana. Nani loa 'ana o Kelemāniaʻepekema, kipaku no a piʻi aʻela ka hana ana o ka USSR, a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. Chertock a me kona mau nā hoapili ua ulu hoʻopale lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe no ka mea hō'ā kaʻa o ka wahie-ea ukuhiia. Paakiki huli i ka avant-garde nenoaiu. Uila mea hō'ā kaʻa LRE (kinowai a Nine Inch rocket kiko'ī) ua he Hopu. Hisʻike i loko o hoʻokahi tausani me nā haneri keu eiwa me kanaha lua, e hookupaa aku i kokoke-kinai "B-1" (Mea nana i hana na makua - a Bereznyak Isaev). Ka wahie hoʻohana nitricʻakika a me ka kerosene.

'aoʻao halawai

NII-1? Ac? Ano nui ka olelo, "honua-honua" Kao lele lako kaua ke kāohi'ōnaehana papa (Melia ballistic lōʻihi-huahelu). I ka MH 1946, ma ka muli o "aʻela" ka hoʻomaka 'kula, "Nordhausen" (ka mea i hui pū "Montana", i kuu "V-22, a me ka mea i hoowahawahaia Leestene) ka inoa o ka Luna lunaʻenehana o ka Hui a laila aʻo i ka pau Honua -. SP Korolev (Luna Nui akamai o ka rocket a me ka wa hana o ka USSR).

Mai ka MH 1946 a hiki i 1950, Boris Evseevich hui pū i ka hana mau:ʻo ia ua hope Luna akamai Sergei Korolev a me ke poo o ka Oihana o ka'ōnaehana nenoai NII-88 Dept. o ka puali koa o ka Union o Soviet Socialist Republics. I ka 1951 - Head First Design Buro'ōnaehana nenoai. Famous Russian mokulele akamai Chertok, Korolyov a hana pono me ka lā ka launa pū ai i ka make ana o kekahi o lakou, (i ka hope ua ma 1966).

I ka lua o ka kūlana o ke kanaka mua

"Milo-aku" mai ka NII-88 (1956) ua no i koe i ka hou kuokoa poe i kapaia "Hoʻokolohua Design Buro helu 1". Mai 1957 a hiki i 1963. Boris Chertok - ka lima'ākau Sergeya Koroleva, ka poʻe koʻikoʻi o kēia hanana hui.

D. 'ole. N. Chertok i ka makahiki 1963 i hoʻokiʻekiʻe ai i kiaaina mua kanaka ma luna o ka 'epekema hana. hana a ka poʻe poai puni i ka lālā helu 1, a i ka piha kowali e hoʻomohala ukali a me kā lākou hoʻoholo nenoai. Ma hope iho o ka make ana o ka Moiwahine i ka luna akamai Vasily Mishin. Ua hoano e, a wisest Boris Chertok i kona hope, eia kekahi kākoʻo luna 'CDB Hoʻokolohua' enekinia.

Mai 1974 a hiki i 1992. - Hope Aliʻi (hope General) constructor akeakamai-hanalima eiiieaena "Energy" ma ka hooponopono ana nenoai (SPC - mamua OKB-1, laila TSBKEM alai ae e V. Mishin, i loko o kekahi makahiki, Glushko, Semenov).

e nui

Me hoʻokahi tausani, me nā haneri keu eiwa, a me kanaiwa kolu o ka makahiki, a ma mua e waiho i kekahi ao (2011) ace Loaʻaʻia "ke ahi i loko o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa," Boris Chertok mau i ka 'oihana aʻo ma ka nui akamai o ka Rocket a me Space Inc "Energia" ka inoa hope o S. P. Koroleva (mamua - OKB-1 ).

Hahai I na kapuai o ka hele loa, ka hopena paipai ana ia ia iho: a pau na hana o ke nä känaka 'epekema a me ka lunaʻenehana - o ke kō o nā kaʻakālai manao kuka nona iai? Oaiaaiea rockets a me spacecraft ia e hooponopono levers, a e hoolilo ana ia lakou hiki ana i ka loihi mahuka.

Ke kula i hana i ka maikaʻi loa nä känaka 'epekema, no ka haaheo o ka mea aʻo i kaʻoihana i loko o ka ulu ana o ka hou-iao?ʻaoʻao. Ma ka mea, e hookolokoloia mai ai au ma luna o kaʻilikai i ka wahi lulu pokole enehana ka, manned ma ka ke kanaka. Chertok hoʻomohala i ka pähola 'ana o ka immutability o ka hale, hui o? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke kōmike hoʻokele kona kapa a me actuators.

All kūʻokoʻa a me ka hui

walaʻauʻana nīnau i ka olelo hooholo hauma¯na ka hou kūpono 'ana o ke kumumanaʻo a me ka' ike loea hou o ka rocket a me ka lewa holo. Ua lilo i mea hiki i ka paka luna 'maomeka no docking mokuʻikeʻia neaa me ka mīkini hooponopono a me ka oi. Ke kanaka, ua hiki ke noke noho ma waho a puni.

Chertok Boris Evseevich a me kona mau nā hoapili hoʻomohala i nā kumu o ke o ke hoʻololi i hana nona iho manaʻo 'ano he māhele o ka hoʻokahi nenoaiie o Melia Kao lele lako kaua. Lākou, alahula mau papahana i ike maopopo rockets no paneʻe i ka payload (Media).

A ua hoʻopili loa mākou i hoomaka ai e noiʻi i ka auoiaea puunaue kumu hoohalike o ka hoʻokō 'ole' ana o oaoieei-lako a pan a me nā hale (pono kumumanaʻo). Ka mea, hoomaka ae la e möakäka hou i nā kumu a me nā lauana o ka pilikia. Qualitative ua lele akula nō ua alakai ai i ke ano o ka R-7 Melia ballistic Kao lele lako kaua. Hou kumu hemolele ma o ka hoʻololi 'ana o keia hana mana ana i koa lako a pan.

E hoʻomanaʻoʻoe nā mea a pau, aʻu i hoomanao a pau

I ka makahiki 1999, ua paʻi i ka puke i paʻiʻia a ua like me eha monographs. No laila, a hiki i kēia manawa ia o ka maikaʻi kuai, "Space puke noiʻi kūʻikena" ka mea moeʻuhane, e kiʻi akamai, mai kekahi aina, miliona o maʻamau heluhelu. Ma ka uhi o uncomplicated e hōʻike 'ia: "." "B. E. Chertok" Rockets a People Ke manaʻo Ua puni hoʻi, akā, paʻakikī!

I ka wahine o ka poʻe akamai Ana Golubkina (1910-2004) Hoopaa loa i kana kane, kona hana 'oihana no na makahiki i hūnāʻia ma lalo o ka "hoʻolaha," wahi a na mamo o ka poe me ka mea ana i hanaʻaoʻao ma kaʻaoʻao. Koʻikoʻiʻepekema Ua ulu rocket a me ka wā 'epekema, e pili ana mua ike ole lālā o ka hana.

Ma mua o ka poʻe e noho lā ma ka XXI kenekulia i hele i ka loa waiwai Memories o ke kahua o ka hana. ka buke mua heluhelu ma hope, ka mea i hiki ke noiʻi i loko o au mamuli o ka papa o ka mumulu mai Reuʻela,ʻo ia ke kumu: Sovietʻepekema ku ei ka Pelekania a me ka Amelika hoʻomalu.

Ma ka puke helu 2 akamai i mea kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka wela manawa i mua i ke Launch o ka spacecraft orbiting i ka Honua i loko o ka geocentric ka Astronomical (ʻimi hoʻopunipuni ukali), ma de o fantastic manaʻo, imua a hiki i ka mahina, Venusa, Mars. Muli o kona kulana he mau palapala e hoolilo ana i ka mōʻaukala o ka "hikina", e hali ana i loko o ka ike ole loihi, Yuri Gagarin.

memo i ka mamo

I ke kolu o ka leo, Boris Chertok wehewehe ana i ke Soviet ke kanaka mea he paionia i loko o ka haku o orbital wahi. Ma ke komohana, a ma ka USSR i ua palapala he nui 'atikala a me nā puke ma luna o ka mōʻaukala o ka'āina o ka lanakila socialism pokole polokalamu. Aia ka he manao i na Memories o academician Boris Chertok lilo i ka loa informative, piha. Ka puke "ka rocket a me ke kanaka" pinepine paʻi ma ka aina, a ma kahi e aku.

Ma ka hope, ha o monograph nä känaka 'epekema mea he kupaianaha moʻolelo e pili ana i ka polokalamu, e uhi ana i ka manawa mai ka makahiki 1968 a hiki i 1974, ka wā kekahi ma hope o kekahi ma hope o ka lanakila ana o Americans i loko o ke ao o ka Honua mau kokoke ukali - ka Moon.

Kekahi o ka hanohano nō hoʻi hiʻona o keia buke mea he piha ano o ke kumu o ka Soviet papahana, a hoomaka ae la e e hoʻokō i ka makahiki 1970 a me ka hana ana o ka makahiki noaioee "Salyut" a pau me ka nunui-Module "Mir" luna '(1980).

Ka loa Haliʻaaʻela ka mokuna e pili ana i ka pōʻino o ka "Soyuz-11", a pepehi cosmonauts Dobrovolsky, Volkov a me Patsaev. Ka puke welau a me ka hōʻike o ka pau ana o ka N-1? Ia? Aiiu, a me ka hanau ana o ka ISS "Energia-Buran" ma lalo o Glushko. Ua hoʻopioʻana i ka manaʻoʻikeʻia i loko o ka pāonioni paʻa pili aupuni,ʻanoʻenehana, a pilikino i kekahi manawa, i ka wa o ka Soviet makahiki polokalamu ua i kona zenith.

I mau tausani eiwa, ka mua wai o Lūkini kīwī i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i ka Ka Mua o ka Documentary TV Roskosmos "Boris Chertok. Pana ma ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa. " A nui kanaka, paa no na mea he nui hoʻolilo 'ia', i ka manao o na mea a pau nā kānakaʻenehana o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia au hou, e like me ka manawa, i haʻi i ka oiaio, me ka hurting ka mea,ʻaʻole demeaning, manao e pili ana i ola a me ka hoao ana i ka. Ma ka hope maoli, oia mihi kēia i ka mea opiopioʻepekema no ka mea i kona hanauna hiki ole ke hoola ia i ka nui mana - o ka USSR.