Gostiny Dvor ma Rusia. Exhibition ma Gostiny Dvor

Gostiny Dvor Rusia, e like me ka mea kalepa a pau, i ka mōʻaukala kupaianaha o ke kumu a me ka ulu ana. Ka mua ke ano o ka'auwaʻa i kekahi "i pane kuai", i oia ma ka mea e komo i loko o ka hana i ole maka kekahi i kekahi. "NU YOKA kalepa" Ua typical o na kanaka, ka hapanui o nā mea a pau, no ka mea a pau, akā,ʻaʻole nō he mōʻaukala hoike o kona maoli ola ma luna o ka mokuna o Rusia. Ka mua iki o ke kuai ana i loko o Rusia, he 8-9 kenekulia.

Ka mea mua i loko o Rusia ioaaeia

I kekahi manawa i ka papa kuhikuhiE Home Land ua Kiev, Aia ma ka pau ana o ka? Aiiioe?. Ka mea, akoakoa mai ana iʻaneʻi a pau ka waiwai, imi ae la ia e nā poʻe kālepa, a me nā mea'ōniʻoniʻo. Area, kahi e noho ana i ka waiwai kālepa i loko, lilo Central. Hereʻimi i nā kupa o ke kūlanakauhale,ʻaʻole wale no ka waiwai, akā, no hoi, e aʻo i ka nūhou, e loaa hou mai ike, e makaala hana o kipa buffoons. Market Square iʻikeʻia ma hope mua Gostiny Dvor, a, ma ka mea, i na pa no ka papaa o ka waiwai. I ka wā e hiki mai, ka mea, ua mau olaʻaoʻao ma kaʻaoʻao - he ikona Arcade a me Gostiny Dvor.

Elue no ka muli o Gostiny Dvor

Ma Novgorod, a i lawe i ke alakai kau like ke kalepa a me ka-yeiiiie?-Oaio? A ma hope o ka dilapidated Kiev, ikona mau mea hemahema hana kūikawā puke ia Vetoshny, ka lawaiʻa a me trapping. Ma ka XII kenekulia ka konu, e haawi ana ka oihana a pau - i ke kala, kauoha, ana a me ke kaumaha, ia o Moscow. Gostiny Dvor e ole nae nei, ma kauwahi o ko lākou kūlana ua lawe mai o ka ekalesia, e pono ma laila ma luna o ka huinaha - i loko o ka hale ilalo o ko lākou waiho waiwai ma ka puka e komo ai, e kaupaona iho la lakou. Ma Moscow, ia manawa mea he hailona o pōʻeleʻele loa, akā, ka mea, i loko o a pau malalo iho a hiki i ka ioaaeia o nā'āinaʻEulopa. Lākou uuku nui ka pololei nā ana i na dute a me na auhau. Ka loaʻino kalepa ma Moscow i ka XIV-XV kenekulia i lawe mai kokoke i ke Moscow River alahaka. Ka ?? eoi? Ninoaaeyao he nui - 'aneʻi i ka lalo, waena, luna lalani, a me ka puu o ka mea uuku loa uuku pōʻeleʻele loa.

Kupuna Gostiny Dvor

Moscow puhi kekahi mau manawa, a ma hope o ke ahi i ka 1493 hoʻokuke akula, mai ka Kremlin, ka poʻe kālepa a me ka haawi ia lakou i ka mokuna o ka wā e hiki mai Red Square. Here ma Ilyinsky sacrum (ma ka crossroads o ka ikona alanui o ka ho'āʻo 'ia ana ka oi akuʻeleu) ma ka hoʻomaka o ka XVI kenekulia, a i kukulu mua i loko o Rusia lāʻau Gostiny Dvor. Moscow i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ke Hotel hale. Ma waho aʻeo ia e noho ana i loko o ia, mai kahi lōʻihi hiki kalepa ma ka ?? eoi? O ka iwilei mai ka neeaaa e hoahu ukana a me nā hale kūʻai no ka wholesale - lawe ia i kalepa i loko o ka wahi o ka kalepa Aha mai loa. Initially, ka Gostiny Dvor i kona iho kekahi no? Ieoaeunoaa. I ka pono no ka ia ala ae la me ka hoʻoulu oihana a me nā wahi a me nā'āina. No laila, i loko o ka palena o ke kahua koke kukulu aoao. Iwilei mea ana i kukulu, e lawe i ka mooolelo o ke aupuni, hiʻona o ka poʻe kālepa.

haole alo

Ke'ī mai, ma ka nui ikona ioauoa o Rusia (Moscow, Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Tula) ua ola loa Hōlani a Kelemānia kālepa iwilei, Armenian a me ka Iudaio, "anglitsky" a me ka Helene. Ua ua mea he ano o ka paʻa i wahi - ke kahi i hoʻopuniʻia e ka pa ikaika, aaoaeuiuo auoae ua pono no ka mea, ua nui loa ka waiwai, ka mea, he ia e hoomaluia. Ma ke kahua mau mea hoʻohana nenoaiu o ka uku a me na auhau, a, ma ka mea, i mālama 'ia kā lākou mau hana hou a me ka? Anoe?.

Kuokoa mall pa alima

I ka pu i ka waiwai kanaka kukulu hale - kalepa hale, i ka uku no ka noho a i ka differentiated hoʻokokoke - polavochnaya a me ka izbnaya. Mau ikona-oaio? A i kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka mea hookahi rula: ka mea, he ia e hoʻomōhala i ka pono, e lawe mai wholesale kalepa i ka nui iho la. I ke kikowaena, o ka papa, noho wahi me ka kūhelu kulanui, no ko ka i ka mana o ke kūlanakauhale, i ka aoao. Ua hoonoho iho la no hoi a "nui" - peku me ka paona. Nâ kula hale, bathhouse, PUB, tavern (OAXA iauaeoia no ke kino a me ka uhane), ua kūkuluʻia lio mau halepapaa kokoke i ka pa. Ka hapa nui o ka ?? eoi? E ku ma ke kahua hale papaʻa - aee no ka ho'āhu waiwai.

Ke specificity o ke kuhikuhipuʻuone

ua uhiia lakou me ka hookahi gale aee, a me ka mea i kūkuluʻano nui i loko o ka wahi o ka anapuni, ka hōʻike i Arcade paha, oi kākaʻikahi, ka colonnade (Kostroma iwilei). Loa pinepine, mau papa, pōʻeleʻele loa hui pu iho la, a ua kukulu hale papaʻa ma nā palaoa. Aia he? Ieoaeunoai hae. No ka laʻana, he Aha nui kīnā mau iwilei ma ka lōʻihi, ka mea polulavka maoli ai ua palua emi. Aia ua noho, nae, ka haalele ana mai o ka hoʻokumu Ana - keia i ukuia a hiki i ka specificity o kekahi mau lako. Ipu i loko o aee kona manao i mālama ai i kēia lā - ka mea, ua i ka pahu a me ka "nui Tote" a me "nosiltsy". Hoʻohana'iaNā e like me nā kamaʻa puki, mālama ma ka hoaka o a me eono. I kekahi manawa, kekahi keʻena pili ana i kekahi mau poe kuai, a me kekahi manawa ma ke aloha i haawiia mai ai i ka mea a pau e noho hoʻopuni ana pahale. Moscow, Novgorod a me Tula ke ike ia mau examples.

Hana e like me ke kumu o ka hou? Anoe?

Wipers e ole maemae wale a me ka pono - ka mea, e kauoha aku oe no ka halepapaa hana (hale papaa), ka holoʻokoʻa pa (izbnye) a me ka polavochnye auhau. Aia he'ē aʻe ano o dute - hiki ke lawe i ke aloha o kekahi mauʻano o nā kumu kāki 'ole no ka oihana me ka maa aku ai i ole ka luna o ka moku, e uku "haliu ae la i ka ohi." Me ka hoike ana o kalepa Aha a pau poʻe kālepa i koiia e noho i loko o ia mau mea, o ka papa, ina oia i ole i kā lākou mau kalepa ka lewa i loko o ke kūlanakauhale. Hou ia manaʻo o ka waiwai i wahi, ina ka mea, ua i kuai ai ma ka bulk no mahope amo, ke kulai, kahi āna i hāʻawiʻia mai nā aee o Gostiny Dvor.

differentiated kokoke

Special ola no ka haole kuai ana rula. No laila, i loko o ka XV kenekulia i loko o Novgorod Kelemānia poe kuai i 'ae wale palua o ka makahiki, ma ka luawai-i ho'ākāka' manawa, e haawi aku i ka waiwai. Oia laila, i nā aliʻi ku kiaʻi ma luna o ka pono o kūloko nā hoʻohua. Ma nā panalāʻau e noho ana i haole kuai pā hale, e like me ka pono i na elele, hoʻohana kona mau kānāwai, a me ke Aliʻi o Novgorod aohe pono o ka 'uao. Akā, (presumably) i ka i nā poʻe kālepa, a ua somehow ike me nā huahana, o ka oi aku me kā lākou hou ka hoʻololi 'ana, i manao keia e e hoihoi i loko o Gostiny Dvor. Exhibition ole kekahi Eia kekahi laʻana makemake i e nei ma luna o kona mokuna, ma muli o ka mea e lawe wahi e hahai ana i ka hana.

Kekahi o na kumu o na hana

Kuai ma ka Middle Ages - ia mea he nui ka hana i ka waiho a me ka kalaiaina, a me ka moʻomeheu a me ka misionari hana. Gostiny Dvor Repubalika o Genoa, a, ma ka rula, ua i ka global kālepa anuu Kelemānia Hōlani kalepa, i ke kumuhana o na mea he nui i pena o Artists a me ka palapala, ai 'hana. Mākou Tsar Saltan wale nana mai i ka moana kālepa moku, e aʻo "Ka Moana eh ah huakaʻi i ke kai il ino, a me nā mea i loko o ka honua i ka hana mana." No kēia mau laina, e hiki ai ke mālama i ka nui o ka poʻe kālepa (eʻae i ke aliʻi) a me ke kalepa ana ma kekahi mau. No ka mea Haliʻaaʻela ka manaʻoo mākou ka'āina a hiki i ka manawa lā ma luna o ka mokuna o ko mākou'āina i ka malamaia kahiko kalepa ioauoa o kēiaʻano. Ka mea, e ole wale mōʻaukala a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone kia hoʻomanaʻo i, akā, i hoʻonani ai i ke kulanakauhale. Ua nā "ʻono o ke kahiko" Recently, ma keʻano. A pehea patriotic, uʻi, a noa ka-lanakila 'ana i ka inoa o ka nui laekahi' ikona a me ka lealea eiiieaena "Gostiny Dvor"! Tula - ke kulanakauhale ma i he mea ia he kikowaena.

Interconnection kenekulia

Kēia kula mea hiki ke lohe loa pinepine kaʻao, ohohia a me ka maikaʻi manaʻo. Ma ka aina he mea he hale mea hoʻonui ma ka hope mau makahiki. Ano ka mea, ua kukuluia he wahi lihi iki o ka palapala, ole-maʻamau hale no kela hana. Akā,ʻo kēia pahale e noho hoʻopuni ana i loko o Tula ua hiki ke ku mai e ku e ia i kēia kāʻei kua. Like i loko o ka wā kahiko, ikona, iaono? Ua i ka pulakaumaka o ke kulanakauhale ola, he wahi kahi e hiki hālāwai lākou moʻomeheu a me ka maʻamau o pono ai, a imi i ka townspeople, a me keia la i ke kulanakauhale Aupuni e hoʻokele i kūkulu i ke kikowaena e hiki kuala tulchan, puʻe wale mai ia e haʻalele i nā pā pōhaku o ko lākou mau wahi i noho ai a kipa no kekahi kumu, "Gostiny Dvor". Tula no ka makahiki elua, e like me ka nui a kaulana i ka puka o ke Kiure ikona a me ka lealea eiiieaen, i mea, ma ka mea, i kekahi kulanakauhale a me kona mau 'ole. Ma waho aʻeo ia 150 pōʻeleʻele loa, 6-pale hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, haleʻaina lehulehu, a me Hawaii, hale haʻuki, hola-oaio? A, nani salons, malaila ua hoomakaukau na pa no ke kakau ana o ka mare me ka hana ana o mahope ahaaina mare. Na mea a pau e pono ai no ke kālā no ke kanaka, ke i Tula "Gostiny Dvor". Nā hōʻike paʻa i loko o nā mea a pau o ia ioauoa e hoonohonoho i loko o ka maikai exhibition keʻena.

Ke pookela ola aupuni pa

O ka holo ana, a hiki loa i poe lunakanawai no ma ka inoa, ka mea hewaʻiʻo kūikawā hua'ōlelo "Big Gostiny Dvor", he kia hoʻomanaʻo no Lūkini moʻolelo a me kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka XVIII kenekulia, ma lalo o UNESCO hoomalu. Hapai ae la a hiki ma lalo o Elisabeta, ka mea i kukulu ia e Rastrelli manao paa keia o 1758 ma ka "huelo" o Nevsky Prospekt a me Sadovaya Street. Aee a pōʻeleʻele loa, i kūkulu ai ma ka poʻe kālepa, i manao iho e haawi ia lakou i ka ia i loko o perpetuity ka pono o hereditary EYI, no ka mea, o ka kaʻoihana kālā o ke kukuluia'na i? Aaony ia e hoʻokō i ka uku o ka poʻe kūʻai, akā, me ka hoʻomaka o ka hana, a pau lohi, a ma ka hopena, ua hooleia ka papahana iho.

? Ieoaeunoai Ua lawe mai e Jean-Baptiste Vallin ka'Aroda: Mothe. Ua mau ae la ia mai ka 1761 a hiki i 1785. Mai kona inception, hoomaka nui e noho hoʻopuni ana iwilei e pāʻani kūlana i paʻa i loko o ka hōʻoia 'i ke ola o St. Petersburg. Ia ia, me he kūikawā manaʻo nui no ka Northern paukü hale, i paʻa i ka mua kinoea kau iho. I nā makahiki a pau o kona ola ka mea i Hoomau pinepine hoihoi, a me ka hoʻoponopono a me ka hoihoi hou ia ana ma ka maikaʻi Artists, hoola hou a me nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone like me ka Tsarist a me Soviet Rusia. Ma na 1886-1887 ka, NL Benoit hoihoi hou ia Gostiny Dvor.

Petersburg oi haʻaheo o keia hale a me ke kahakai. I nā lā o ka hoʻopuni o kona mālama a me nā haipule hale o ka Northern kulanakauhale alii. I ka makahiki i hoihoi 1945-1948 Gostiny Dvor, a ike i ka kuhikuhipuʻuone kia. Ma hope o ka mea e hiki mai ana overhaul, lawe mai i loko o 1955-1967 makahiki, 167 kanaka hale kūʻai mea ola i loko o kona lokomaikai keu wahi, hui ma ka kikowaena oihana o ke kulanakauhale i kapaia o "Gostiny Dvor". No ka mea, a pau ka hoʻoponopono 'ana o ka hale i hoʻonaniʻia - ke koloka hoʻonaniʻia ka papa e komo ai, a laila, hoʻokomo hou i kohuia-aniani puka makani a me nā wai puna. Mai 1994, i ka 'Oihana kūʻai lilo i kumukuai poe, a me ka hale e pili ana i ke Kuhina o Culture.

Petersburgers mau loa leʻaleʻa o ka a me ka haʻaheo o ko lākou mau "Dormitory." Kona ?? eoi? Ua kēia manawa ka kau ole wale a pau ano o ikona malls, i kela la i keia kipa ana i ka 300 000 nā mea kūʻai mai, mai a puni ke ao nei, akā, i ka hale o ke kiʻekiʻeʻano, a me ka maikaʻi loa iauaeoia no ka h ÷ ike ana i kela ho'āʻoʻia. Exhibition ma Gostiny Dvor i keia la kani i kekahi mea e like no ka aeia - pono, kahi ia mea,ʻaʻole ma laila?