Hanauna kamepiula: papaaina, 'ano a me ka mōʻaukala. He aha ka mea i manaoia ma ka makahiki "kamepiula hanauna"?

Ka muli o kēia kamepiula 'ē aʻe, a mākou i maʻa i ka, ma mua ma ka pau evolution i loko o ka ulu ana o ka' enehana kamepiula. E like me ke kaulana kumumanaʻo, i ke kūpono 'ana o ke kamepiula hana i hele ai ma kekahi mau okoa hanauna.

Hoikehonua, poe akamai i kamaʻilioʻana i ka manaʻo i kā lākou eono. Five o ia i lawe ia wahi, kekahi - ma ke alanui. He aha kēia nui ka makahiki "hanauna o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe" maopopo IT-hoʻomalu? He aha nō i ka pono kīvila kanakaʻokoʻa ma waena o nā manawa kanaka o ke? Acaeoey o ka 'enehana kamepiula?

'Ike i ka muli o ke kamepiula

I ka moolelo o ke kamepiula no 5 hanauna, i ka ulu ana o ka hana hoihoi a me ka pīhoihoi. Akā, ma mua mākou makaikai i ia, ka mea e e pono eʻike i nā kūʻiʻo pū e pili ana i mea mua i ka hooulu ana oʻanoʻenehana pāʻoihana kamepiula 'ē aʻe.

People Ua mau, imi ae la e hoʻoikaika 'i nā kaʻina hana pili i ka ho, ho. Moʻolelo i loaʻa i na mea paahana no ka hana me ka nui, me ka ma paʻi ano, i invented i kahiko Aigupita, a me na Hawaii o ke kahiko. Ma ka Middle Ages, Europa inventors e manao i ka maomeka ma i, i ka nui, hiki ke pōpilikia periodicity o I Helu iʻa.

Ke prototype o kēia kamepiula 'ē aʻe, i mau kāhuna kālai manaoio nei invented ma ke kakahiaka nui 19th kenekulia mīkini Babbage, i ka Me iaaiey hana. Ma ka hopena o 19th, a i kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, ua maalea, e hiki uilaʻoe i hoʻohana. Ka mea, i ka hapanui komo i loko o ka hana, kelepona a me ka Radio.

I ka 1915 hoʻoneʻe aku la ia i ka US Kelemānia immigrant Herman Hollerith hoʻokumu i ka poe IBM, ma hope lilo kekahi o ka loa recognizable lama o ka IT-hana. Mawaena o ka loa sensational hana Herman Hollerith kila kuʻina pepa, no ka makahiki, e like me ka mea iniiaiie ike lawe ia ka hoʻohana 'ana kamepiula enehana. Ma ka pau ana o na 30s, he loea i 'ae' e kamailio e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka o ke kamepiula au i loko o ka ulu ana o ke kanaka noho maikai ana. mua kamepiula 'ē aʻe iʻikeʻia, a ma hope, ua hoʻolaha like no ia me ka "mua hanauna".

na hoailona o ke kamepiula

Ke ki apau o ana no ka classifying i Me na mea maalea, e huli kamepiula 'ē aʻe, a me ka poe akamai i kamepiula kahea aku programmability. Keia e like me ke 'ano o ka mīkini, ma ka maikai, oko mai m'kini helu,ʻaʻohe mea i ikaika ai ua hope. E like ka wā e hiki mai ai i iaaiey i ka loa haʻahaʻa 'ilikai, i ka wa a ka hoʻohana' ana i ka "poe a me 'Aʻohe hualoaʻa" - ke ana ma ka poe ikaika no lakou. Alaila, i ka wa i na machines i invented, paha, ma ko lākouʻano like nui i ka me ka m'kini helu, akā, i hiki ke hanaʻia - Ua kapaia ka mea, kamepiula 'ē aʻe.

Ka manawa "kamepiula hanauna" 'o ia hoʻi, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO kekahi kamepiula e pili ana i ka maopopoʻanoʻenehana ho okumu. Ia mea, hoʻokahi ma muli Lako pāʻoihana, ma muli ia i ke kamepiula ua holo. I ka Ia manawa, ma muli o nā ana hoʻohālike i manaoia e ka poe akamai o IT-papa ma ka hanauna o ka kamepiula 'ē aʻe, he mamao loa mai kaʻike mau (eia nae, o ka papa, ma laila nō malumalu ano o nā kamepiula' ē aʻe, a i ole, e unambiguously wahi i kekahi mau mea hoʻoponopono).

Ma hope o pau i kaʻimi naʻauao waleʻana aku, ua hiki hoʻomaka e makaikai i ka hanauna kamepiula 'ē aʻe. I ka papaʻaina, ma lalo, e kōkua iā mākou ho okele i na periodization.

Next, e nānā mākou i keʻanoʻenehana hiʻona o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe no kēlā me kēia waeʻano. Mākou makamake nui hanauna o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe, e hooponoponoia ia mea, e. I ka papaʻaina i mākou i i kēia manawa, e e inā ma kekahi, a e e pili ana i ka mahele kūpono a me ke kaʻina kiko'î.

E nana i ka nui caveat - na kēia mau iho me ka noʻonoʻo hai aku kuhikuhi evolution o kamepiula 'ē aʻe, a i kēia manawa ana i oleloia i pilikino. Aia mau loa kekahi mau papa o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe - koa, hanalima. Aia i laila-kapaia "supercomputers". Lākou ma muli o a me ka hooulu ana - he kaʻawale pukana.

Ka mua kamepiula 'ē aʻe

I ka 1938, German lunaʻenehana Konrad Tsuze iino? Ieea i kekahi mea i kapaia o ka Z1, a ma ka 42nd hookuu aku oia i kona iaono? Ienoai mana - Z2. I ka 1943, he helu ana mīkini invented i ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia, a kapa aku ia "Colossus". Kekahi poe akamai i kamaʻilioʻana, e manaoio mai i ka Beritania a me ka Kelemānia mīkini mua kamepiula. I ka makahiki 1944, nānā 'ana i akamai, mai Kelemania, e ho okumu i ka Me mīkini like me ka Americans. Hoʻomohala i loko o ka US kamepiula i kapaia "Mark I".

I ka MH 1946, 'Amelika nā kānakaʻenehana i hana i ka mea uuku kipi i loko o ka manao o ka enehana kamepiula, e pili ana i ka holo şarkı kamepiula ENIAC, 1,000 manawa oi hoʻomāhuahua ai ma mua o ka "Mark I". Kekahi kaulana 'Amelika kūpono' ana i kukulu ai ma 1951 ma ka lolouila, o Uniake. Kona papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona o ia mea, ua ka mua kamepiula Ua hoʻohana me he kālepa huahana.

Ma ia manawa, ma ke ala, i kou kamepiula ua ano invent Soviet nā kānakaʻenehana hana ma ka Academy o Sciences o Ukraine. Mākou hooulu ana i kapaʻia SECM. Kona hana ana, e like me ka poe akamai, ua ka mea kiekie loa i waena o nā kamepiula i ke akoakoa i loko oʻEulopa.

ʻanoʻenehana hiʻona o ka mua o ka hanauna kamepiula 'ē aʻe

Maoli, ma ke kumu o ka mea ana hoʻohālike nānā 'ia e ka hanauna mua o nā kamepiula' ē aʻe? Oia IT-hoʻomalu noonoo, mua o nā mea a pau, i ke kanaka hewa ke keʻena i loko o ka palapala o ka holo paipu. mua hanauna machines i komo ai i ka helu o ke ano mawaho hiʻona - he nunui nui, he nui loa ka mana hokii.

Lākou Me ka mana i kekahi Ua kŘpa a uku, ka mea, ua mau tausani Hertz. Naʻe, ka hanauna mua o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe i loaʻa ka mea he nui loa i loko o kēia kamepiula' ē aʻe. Ma kekahi, i kēia mīkini kuhi i? Ia? Aiiu i nā kauoha e like meʻikepili kākau i loko o iaiyoe (hoʻohana kuʻina pepa a me electrostatic paipu).

i ka mua o ka hanauna mai o kamepiula 'ē aʻe he pono ke kiekie kanaka akamai, hana ia. Koi ole wale a hiki i ka'āina hoʻoili o ka hana kūikawā nā mākau (i hoike i ka hana me ka kuʻina pepa, ike o ka mīkini kivila, etc.), akā, e like me ka rula, kekahi 'enekinia, i ka ike i loko o ke kula o ka uilaʻoe.

Ka mua hanauna o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe, e like me mākou i'ōlelo mai, ua mua hipa kāne. Eia naʻe, kona leo ua loa uku, aole ia i waiho ia ia ma na haneri, i maikai - i loko o na tausani o nāʻai. Ka mua iaiyoe modules no kamepiula 'ē aʻe hiki apuepue ke hoʻolaha me ka uila ke keʻena. Ka mea, i piha me nā ipu o ka Mercury i loko o ka palapala o ke paipu. Ua paa paʻa nā pōaka ma luna o lākou kekahi mau mea, a hiki i kaʻikepili hoopaa. Eia naʻe, he koke ma hope o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe mua ikea oi holomua iaiyoe-ma muli ferrite Kora naʻEsau.

I ka lua o ka hanauna o ka kamepiula 'ē aʻe

He aha ka ka hou 'ana o ke kamepiula mōʻaukala? hoomaka ae la kekahi hanauna aku kamepiula 'ē aʻe e hoʻomōhala ma. Nā 60s e hohola ai kamepiula 'ē aʻe hoʻohana ole wale holo paipu, akā, i semiconductors. Me ka nui loa, a mahuahua nui uaki alapine (frequency)? Inoaia - noʻonoʻo commonplace anakahi 100 tausani Hertz, a ma luna .. Hele mai la ka muaʻume mākenēki pā hōkū like i kekahi koho no punched pepa. I ka 1964 IBM poe i hookuu godu hanana huahana - he hookaawale kamepiula kanaka hoʻoponopono me kohu kūpono lawa ano - 12-'īniha diagonal, he olelo hooholo o ka 1024 e 1024 nā kiko kiʻi, a me ka kiʻi hou i uku o 40 Hz.

Ia hanauna aku helu ekolu

Ke kupaianaha kolu o ka hanauna o ka kamepiula 'ē aʻe? Mua o nā mea a pau, i kou kamepiula a me kona mau ipuʻaila a me semiconductors noniakahi wahi i puhi ai, a, ma ke kaʻawale mai kamepiula 'ē aʻe, i ua hoʻohana ma o ka likeʻole ma o nā mīkini uila no.

No ka mea manawa mua i hōʻike ai i ke ao nei i ka manawa kūpono o ka noniakahi wahi i puhi ai ma ka hana o ka lunaʻenehana Jack Kilby a me ka lehulehu a Texas mea paahana a i ka 1959. Jack i hana i ka mea uuku 'ole i hanaʻia ma luna o ka pā o ka germanium metala, a ua manao ia e puku i ka luna' mea uholo uila manao. I ka huli, Texas mea kani huakai i hana i ka lolouila, ho'ākoakoa ma luna o ka muli o ua mau mooolelo nei. Loa nō hoʻi, ka mea, ua 150 mau manawa emi o ka like hana mea uholo uila kamepiula. noniakahi kaapuni enehana i ua hou ia ke kino. Nui kūlana ma keia pâʻani 'o ia i ka ao Roberta Noysa.

Mau lako e eiiiiiaiou e ae, mua o nā mea a pau, a hiki i me ka nui loa emi ka nui o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe. E like me ka hopena, ua he nui mahuahua ma ka kamepiula hana. Ke kolu o ka hanauna kamepiula 'ē aʻe wehewehe aku ma ke kala ana o ka kamepiula me ka uaki alapine (frequency), i hoike mua ia ma megahertz. Hoemiia ka mana hokii, a me kekahi kamepiula 'ē aʻe.

Ua hou mākouʻikepili i hoʻopaʻa 'enehana a me ka aaioee ia i ka hipa kāne modules. Like no ka hipa kāne, ferrite oihana mua e oi capacious, technologically holomua. Aia prototypes mua, a laila, i ka mua mana diskettes hoʻohana me ka mawaho pūnaewele meakino. Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka PC ikea ahu hoʻokoe pamyat.Standartnoy 'ia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka mea hoʻohana a me ka kamepiula ua ka ia ka puka aniani.

Ua hana hou icai? Lako polokalamu eiiiiiaiou. Aia Ua piha-fledged pae'ōnaehana'ōnaehana? Ac? E ka loa like noi lako polokalamu, i hoʻolauna mākou multitasking manaʻo ma ka kamepiula hana. Ke kolu-hanauna kamepiula 'ē aʻe hou nā papahana e like me hōkeoʻikepili'ōnaehana nenoai, a me ka lako polokalamu no ka hana nona iho o ka manao hana. Aia i oi iaaiey 'ōlelo a me nā hana kūpono loko i ka mea i hanaia o ka lako polokalamu.

ha-hanauna hiʻona

I ka ha o ka hanauna o ka kamepiula 'ē aʻe ua wehewehe aku ma ka muli o noniakahi wahi i puhi ai no i ka papa o ka nui, e like me ka ai-kapaia nui loa me ka unahiʻole. Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka PC ikea alakai inoaia - unu lawelawe. Kamepiula 'ē aʻe ma ka hoʻonohonohoʻia e kokoke i ka maʻamau kanaka. Lākou hoʻohana Ua ua i hiki i ka palena iki makahiki aʻo, oiai e hana ana me ka kamepiula mua hanauna koi 'ia ke kūlana mākaukau maoli. Hipa kāne modules i hua mai,ʻaʻole ma luna o ka muli o ferrite hehee wale, a ma ke kumu o CMOS-inoaia. Ma ka ha o ka hanauna o ka kamepiula 'ē aʻe, a ua maliu mai i ka mea mua kamepiula Apple, ohi ia ma 1976 ma Steve Jobs a me Stefanom Voznyakom. He nui IT-poe akamai i manaoio i ka Apple - ka mua pilikino kamepiula i loko o ke ao nei.

Ha o ka hanauna kamepiula 'ē aʻe pū coincided me ka popularization o ka Internet. I ka Ia manawa ua i kaʻoi ike hao i keia la lako polokalamu hana - Microsoft. Me ka mana mua o ka pae'ōnaehana'ōnaehana ana mākou i kēia lā - Windows, MacOS. ua lilo kamepiula 'ē aʻe hoʻomano hoʻolahaʻia a puni ka honua.

lima o ka hanauna

Ke heyday o ka ha o ka hanauna o ka kamepiula 'ē aʻe - hapalua like-lohi 80s. Akā, i loko o ke kakahiaka 90s ma ka IT-enehana market kaʻina hoomaka ae la e lawe wahi, a 'ae' e hoʻomaka helu i ka hou hanauna o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe. Mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nui mau kapuwai aku, o ka oi aku i loko o ka 'enekinia, a me ka oaoieei-e piʻi like, hui i ka unu lawelawe. inoaia kuhikuhipuʻuone ikeia mai attributable i ke 'ano o ko laua maʻi lele.

I ka lima o ka hanauna o ka kamepiula 'ē aʻe - he mea hiki ole iki mai mīkini productivity ka ulu ana mai ka makahiki i ka makahiki. Inā ma ka kakahiaka nui 90 ka uaki māmā holo o iee? I loko o kekahi mau umi o ka megahertz, Ua noʻonoʻo i ka maikai PAaIEN, ma ka hoʻomaka o ka 2000s,ʻaʻohe kekahi ua kāhāhā gigahertz. Kamepiula 'ē aʻe e mākou hana i kēia lā, ua manaoio ia IT-poe akamai i - ia mea i ka lima o ka hanauna o ka kamepiula' ē aʻe. Ia mea, i keʻanoʻenehana groundwork kakahiaka nui o 90 mau nō pili.

PC pili ana i ka lima o ka hanauna, ua lilo i pono kamepiula 'ē aʻe, a ua kiʻekiʻe-papa nunui-Media, i na mea paahana. No ia mea, ua hiki i ka mauna o Film, hana me nā kiʻi, a me ka mooolelo manipulate kani, a nāna hoʻi i hana 'enekinia, nā papahana e holoʻoia iʻo 3D-lealea.

Hiʻona o ke ono paha o ka hanauna

Ma ka foreseeable wā e hiki mai, e like me nā kānaka kālailai, ua hiki ke kali i 6 hanauna o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe, e hōʻike. It E e wehewehe aku ma ka hoʻohana 'ana o neural nā kumumea i loko o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o na inoaia ka hoʻohana' ana i nā nā unu lawelawe i loko o ka haawi i ulanaʻia.

Auana kamepiula 'ē aʻe ma ka hope o ka hanauna e e anaia, paha, hou ma ka gigahertz, akā, i loko o ka fundamentally okoaʻano o ka ho omaulia huahelu.

Ka makamake nui e like

Ua aʻo mākou i ka hanauna kamepiula 'ē aʻe. I ka papaʻaina ma lalo iho, e kōkua mai i ka ho okele mea hoʻopili o kamepiula 'ē aʻe i pili i kekahi waeʻano paha kekahi, a me keʻanoʻenehana kumu ma luna i kā lākou mau hana ua ka nānā' ana. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka kēia:

Ua hiki no hoi ia he mau mea kōkua ma visualization o ka mea hoʻopili o ka hana ana a me ka hana i ho'ākāka 'hanauna kamepiula' ē aʻe. I ka papaʻaina, a mākou e huki mai, a me ka noonoo i kēia kumu. E lawe me ke kumu he aiao kapa uaki alapine (frequency).

Pela, ua visualized ke kiʻanoʻenehana hiʻona no kēlā me kēia hanauna o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe. I ka papaʻaina i hoʻouna 'ia e kekahi o mākou, e kōkua mai i ka correlate i ka lakou mau mea kiko'î a me kekahi mau' waeʻano o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe me ka pili ana i ka kekahi ke kahua i loko o ka ulu ana o ka' enehana kamepiula.