He aha ka ka cytoplasm o aeee. Hiʻona o ka 'ole o ka cytoplasm

Ua ua ike ia i haku loa e ola ana mea o ka wai noa a nakinaki aku la ia palapala, he 70 pakeneka a oi. Where aha ka mea, e lawe no laila, nui kahi e ua IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE? Ua huli, kēlā halepaahao i loko o kona 'ole mai i ka 80% wai, a me wale i ke koena i ka maloo mea.

A me ka papa kuhikuhiE "wai" 'ole ka pono o ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao. Kēia mea he luna ', heterogeneous, hōʻeuʻeu maloko' ia, a me nā hiʻona o ka 'ole, a me ka mana hoʻokōʻia a mākou i halawai me ia.

protoplast

Kēia manawa, e Kû ke i ka loko Contents o kekahi eukaryotic minuke i 'ole, hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi o kona' ē aʻe "nā hoapili". Ia mea, 'aneʻi komo ka cytoplasm - ke kipi' ia o ka halepaahao, organelles, ia ke aupuni ', nucleus me nucleoli, a me ka aaiaoe mea.

He aha organelles i aia i loko o ka cytoplasm? Ka mea, e:

• ribosomes;
• mitochondria;
• EPS;
• Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia;
• lysosomes;
• aeea ka hoʻololiʻana ;
• vacuoles (mea kanu a me ka fungi);
• aeea kikowaena;
• plastids (ma ka mea kanu);
• cilia a me flagella;
• microfilaments;
• microtubules.

Kernel hookaawale karyotheca, me nucleoli a me ka DNA nā lātoma no hoi kekahi mau keena cytoplasm. Ma ke kikowaena o ka mea i loko o na holoholona, i ka pa - ma ka mea kanu.

Penei, e hilinai pili kēia i nā hiʻona o ka cytoplasm o ka 'ole ma ke' ano o ka halepaahao, mai ka meaola ia iho, ka mea e pili ana i ke aupuni o ke ola kanaka. Ma mau, ka mea lawe i ka mea i loaʻa makahiki i loko, a me ka helu o ka mea nui i hana '.

Mua ole hyaloplasm

Ka 'ole o ka halepaahao cytoplasm ua haku kuhikuhi o kona papa i loko o nā māhele:

• hyaloplasm - a eia i wai a hapa;
• organelles;
• inclusion - ee iaaanu aey 'ole.

Mua ole hyaloplasm - o ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena o ke Kalaiaina, a hiki ia i loko o nā Hawaii - lehu a me ka tuko pīlali.

Cytosol - ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao i loaʻa i ke kinowai hoʻopiha külana. Tsitogel - a no ia mea, akā, i loko o ka oi anuanu, waiwai i nui nā lātoma o ke aloha waiwai, kulana. Ka nohona ma Nine Inch haku mele 'ana a me ka physical waiwai hyaloplasm i hoike ia penei:

• colorless, h ÷ colloidal mea, i lawa ka manoanoa a me ka slimy;
• mai he akaka differentiation o ka mall hoʻolālā, naʻe, ma muli o ka ka hoʻoneʻe hiki wawe ka hoʻololi ia;
• cytoskeleton loko poe microtrabecular a papa manamana i ua hanaʻia ma muli o ke kumuʻiʻo filaments (microfilaments a me microtubules);
• ma luna o nā māhele o ka puka olu oia, a ua pau i ka mall māhele o ka halepaahao, e like me ka a pau, a me ka hoʻopiʻi i ka microtubule Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, a XPS therebetween ke aupuni 'ma hyaloplasm memo ia lŘlŘ.

Penei, hyaloplasm - nui ka hapa, a ua hoakaka nui oihana i loko o ka halepaahao cytoplasm.

I ka haku mele 'ana o ka cytoplasm

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i Nine Inch haku mele 'ana, me ka like ana o ka wai i loko o ka cytoplasm hoike no ma kahi o 70%. Kēia awelika waiwai, no ka mea, i kekahi mau mea kanu i aeee i i mai ai i 90-95% o ka wai. Ke maloo waiwai nei:

• nā polokina;
• carbohydrates;
• phospholipids;
• naʻokoko a me nā naikokene-i loaʻa ke aloha i huiʻia;
• electrolytes (nā minelala hao);
• inclusions i loko o ka palapala o ka droplets o glycogen (i loko o na holoholona aeee) a me nā 'ona.

Ka nohona ma Nine Inch naoh i hoʻolilo 'ia -'ākilikai paha weakly'ākilikai. Inā mākou e noonoo like o ka halepaahao cytoplasm, ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i kēia hiʻona. Part akoakoa mai la ma ka maka, i loko o ka wahi o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi, i kapa ectoplasm. ʻO kekahi hapa Ua hoʻomōhala kokoke e karyotheca, koho i ka inoa o ka endoplasmic.

Ka 'ole o ka halepaahao cytoplasm ua nānā' ia e kūikawā hale - microtubules a me microfilaments, no laila, e lawe i ka kokoke nānā.

microtubules

Hollow uuku elongated (particles) o mai i kekahi mau micrometers. Anawaena - mai ka 6 a hiki i 25 HI. No ka mea, o ka oi aku meager hana piha a me ka succinct study o kēia mau hale a mea,ʻaʻole i hiki, nae, paipai i ka haku o ka kumuʻiʻo tubulin konohiki lākou mau pā. Kēia hui i ka helically ka hoʻoluli hoopaaia lātoma.

Kekahi mau hana i loko o ka halepaahao cytoplasm hana e mililani aku i ke alo o microtubules. No ka laʻana, ka mea komo 'ana i loko o ho okumu i ka halepaahao paia o fungi a me nā mea kanu, kekahi koʻohune. Ma holoholona keena, ka mea i oi aku ka li. Nō hoʻi, i kēia mau hale a ua lawe mai ana o organelles i loko o ka cytoplasm.

Ma o lakou iho, i ka microtubules i lolelua ka, hiki koke disintegrate a me ka hou-ke ano, ka moʻolelo mai ka manawa i ka manawa.

microfilaments

Lawa ka nui nā kumumea i loko o ka cytoplasm. He filaments lōʻihi o ka actin (globular kumuʻiʻo), a i intertwined i kekahi i kekahi, hana kekahi e like me ka mea ulana pukapuka, - cytoskeleton. Kekahi inoa - microtrabecular grille. Kēiaʻano o nā hale a hiʻona o ka cytoplasm. Ua, mahalo i ka cytoskeleton paa pu i na organelles, hiki oluolu ana lakou i manawalea ana mai iaʻu i kekahi i kekahi, e hele ma ia mea a me nā lātoma ua lawe mai pūnao.

Naʻe ka mea, ua ike ia ka cytoplasm - maloko ke kelepona hele 'ia, i mea pinepine hiki ke hoʻololi i kā lākou physical ikepili e oi kinowai a h ÷, kanu'ōiwi nā loli (hoʻololi mai i ka Sol e tuko pīlali a me ka Hope versa). Ma keia pilina microfilaments - hōʻeuʻeu, labile moiety hiki o koke kukulu hou ia, He mau ala, disintegrate a me ka hou-ke ano.

wai koko membranes

Nui no na keena o ke alo o ka punawai-ulu a me ka pono-functioning ana o na mea he nuiʻili lahilahi hale, a kekahi mea i ke ano o ke kanu'ōiwi nā hiʻona o ka cytoplasm. Ua mea ma ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi ke'ākeʻakeʻa amo nā lātoma i, ka mahuaola a me pūnao nā huahana, kinoea no ka hanu nā keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a no laila, ma luna o. I mea no ke aha la ka hapanui o kēia mau organelles mai i ka 'ole.

Lakou, e like me ka mea ulana pukapuka, Aia ma ka cytoplasm a delimit i ka loko Contents o na ona o kekahi i kekahi, mai ka kaiapuni. Hōʻole 'a hoʻopale ai e ku e ia hua'ōlelo i makemake' ona a me ka koʻohune e ho oweliweli i ka hoʻoweliweli '.

Ka 'ole o ka hapanui o ia mea i' ano like - he wai-mosaic ÷, noonoo kela mea keia mea o ka plasmalemma like me ka biosloy lipids permeated okoa kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma.

Mai ka papa cytoplasm i loko o ka halepaahao - mea mua o nā mea a pau amo nā loulou ma waena o nā mea a pau kona apana, i ke alo o na membranes o organelles i loko o ka hapanui o kekahi o ka mall wahi hyaloplasm. Complex, nā mea a pau i kahi hookahi, e hana i ka mau hana, e hōʻoia 'aeea viability.

ribosomes

I ka mea uuku, (20 HI) spherical kanu'ōiwi nā haku o nā halves - subunit. Mau halves ke noho pu ai disconnected i kekahi manawa. Base haku mele: rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleicʻakika) a me nā polokina. Main ribosome IIeEeAIEUAA i loko o ka halepaahao:

• nucleus a me ka nucleolus, ma na subunits lakou ia lakou iho e hana ma luna o ka DNA lātoma;
• cytoplasm - na ribosomes i hope i hanaʻia i loko o ka hookahi 'ole ka hui ana i ka halves;
• ʻili lahilahi nucleus a endoplasmic reticulum - ka mea, ribosomal kumuʻiʻo synthesized a pololei hoouna aku ia i loko o organelles;
• mitochondria a me chloroplasts o ke kanu keena lakou iho synthesize ribosome ia iho i loko o ke kino, a ua hua mai la i nā polokina, i mea, i loko o kēia manaʻo nei kū kaʻawale.

Nā mana o kēia mau hale i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala a me kaʻaha kanaka o ke kumuʻiʻo macromolecules mea i lilo i nui oihana o aeee.

Endoplasmic reticulum a me ka Golgi nakeke

A nui pukapuka o tubules, tubules a me vesicles ke alakaʻi'ōnaehana i loko o ka halepaahao ho okumu i, a aia a puni o ka buke o ke cytoplasm ua kapaia ka endoplasmic reticulum, a reticulum. Kona papa hoʻopili like me ka 'ole o ka - hoʻolako' ana i ka interconnection ma waena o organelles a me nutrient amo nā lātoma i organelles.

Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, a me ka noonoo, hanaʻia ai ka hana o ka loaa i ke koi 'ia' ona (carbohydrates, bipi kūpaluʻia, nā polokina) ma kūikawā cavities nenoaiu. Ka mea, i pūʻulu mai cytoplasmic membranes. No hoi, ka mea, o ka organelle o ke kahua o ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā bipi kūpaluʻia, a carbohydrates.

Peroxisomes a me lysosomes

Lysosomes - liʻiliʻi spherical hale a ua like no me Oe piha me ka wai. Ka mea, ua nui loa lehulehu, a ua māhele aku i loko o ka cytoplasm, kahi keena neʻe maloko uku ole ia. Lākou ka papa kuhikuhi hana - i ka noho male 'ana o na (particles), i ka mea, i ka hoʻopau o ka "poe enemi" i loko o ka palapala o nā māhele make o ke kelepona hele nā hale, koʻohune, a me nā nā lātoma.

Ke kinowai Contents o ka'ūhū saturation, no ke aha la lysosomes i komo i loko o ka cleavage o macromolecules i kā lākou monomeric naehana.

Peroxisomes - liʻiliʻi ka'ololaha ole a organelles me ka hookahiʻili lahilahi. Hoopihaia me ka wai a Contents, ec he nui helu o okoa nā'ūhū. Ka mea,ʻo kekahi o ka nui nā mea kūʻai mai o ka oxygen. Kona kuleana pili i ua hana kaumaha ma luna o ka halepaahao 'ano i loko o a ma laila nō. Hiki no ka hoʻololi kemikala o myelin wahī o nā aʻalolo olona, a ua hiki no hoi hana'okesaside a me neutralization oʻawahia waiwai a me kekahi mau nā lātoma.

mitochondria

i kēia mau hale a hana no i kekahi mea i kapaʻia ai ka mana (ikehu) o ka halepaahao wahi. Ua mea i loko o ke kahua o ka papa kuhikuhiE ikehu lākou - nā lātoma o adenosine triphosphate a ATP. Helehelena e hoohalike ai me ka pī. I kaʻili lahilahi kau palena ia ana na mitochondria mai ka cytoplasm, papalua. Kūloko 'ole ikaika pleated e hoʻonui i kaʻilikai ATP hoʻololi kemikala. i kapaʻia nā pā i nā crista komo nui dala o kekahi mau nā'ūhū e catalyze i ka hoʻololi kemikala.

Ka hapanui o mitochondria i ka Muscle aeee i loko o nā kino o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka, no ka mea, e noi mai ana kiʻekiʻe malama a me ka ikehu.

kŰia cyclosis

Honua o ka cytoplasm i loko o ka halepaahao ua kapaia cyclosis. Ua Ua haku o kekahi mau ano:

• oscillatory;
• hoʻokaʻa 'ole hoʻopoepoe;
• struychatoe.

Kekahi neʻe mea e pono ia i ka helu o ka mea nui i hana 'o ka cytoplasm: piha neʻeʻana o nā organelles loko o hyaloplasm,ʻaʻahu haawi o ka mahuaola, kinoea, ikehu metabolites excretion.

Cyclosis ia lŘlŘ i loko o nā mea kanu a me ka holoholona keena, me ka ole 'ia. Inā ka mea mahana, i ke kino make. No laila, i kēia kaʻina - ia mea no hoi he anakahi o ka mea ola.

Pela, ua hiki ke manao nei makou, o ka cytoplasm o ka holoholona keena, mea kanu, i kekahi eukaryotic - loa hōʻeuʻeu, ola 'ole.

Like ka cytoplasm o ka holoholona a me ka kanu keena

I mea, he wahi okoa. Ka pono 'ole o ka manao, i ka mana hoʻokō loa like. Naʻe, kekahi oko ao i nō ma laila. No kekahi laʻana:

• Ke cytoplasm o ka mea kanu aeea he nui microtubules, a i 'ole ma ke kahua o ko lākou aeea pā ma mua o microfilaments. Ma na holoholona, ma ka mea ku ole.
• Ke kelepona hele inclusions ma ka cytoplasm o ka mea kanu i pia mānoanoa, i na holoholona, e like me ka mea kulu glycogen.
• Ke kanu aeea Ua wehewehe aku ma ke alo o ka organelles i mea ole i loaʻa i loko o na holoholona. Ua plastids, vacuole a me ke kelepona hele pa.

Ma nā i ka mahalo, i ka hale a elua i'ālike i ka haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o ka cytoplasm. Hiki oko a i ka nui o kekahi a me kekahi hehee ai nā loulou, akā, i ko lākou alo, ua pono. No laila, o ka nui ma ka halepaahao cytoplasm nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i like nui.

Ke kūlana o ka cytoplasm i loko o ka halepaahao

Ke kumukuai o ka cytoplasm i loko o ka halepaahao mea nui,ʻaʻole e olelo aku i ka mea Ho'ākāka '. kona kūlana he pa ma hope o ka hookumu ana, i mea kahi a pau i ka nui nā hale, no laila, e overestimate. He hiki ke formulate i kekahi mau kumu nui e hōʻike i ka nui.

1. I ka mea, e lawe pu i na eiiiiiaiou o na keena ma ka hookahi noniakahi'ōnaehana i hanaʻia na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ola harmoniously a collectively.
2. Ma muli o ka hapa o ka wai i loko o ka halepaahao cytoplasm meakino hanaʻia oihana no na mea he nui eiiieaena hana kūleʻa biochemical a physiological loli 'waiwai (glycolysis, ka ai, ke kinoea pānaʻi).
3. 'O kēia ka papa kuhikuhiE "ipu" no ka wa o ka halepaahao organelles.
4. Ma muli o ka microfilaments a me nā paipu ano ka cytoskeleton, organelles paa a me ka hiki ia lakou, e neʻe puni.
5. Ua ua i kia ma ka cytoplasm o ka helu o liluwelo catalysts - nā'ūhū, me ka i ka mea, aohe biochemical NaI.

E hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, e pono e olelo aku i ka eia. Ke kūlana o ka cytoplasm i loko o ka halepaahao mea kokoke i ke ki, no ka mea, o - ke kumu o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana a pau o ke ola i hoʻolilo 'ia a me ka kūpapakū no ka naoh.