He aha ka ka nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i loko o ke kālaikūlohea?

Ka nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN - o kekahi o na kumu koa eha e hoomalu aku i mea i loko o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā ekolu - gravitation, electromagnetism, a me ka mea ikaika AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Oiai na koa paʻa na mea a pau, me ka nawaliwali ikaika Radio nui i kūlana i loko o ko lakou lukuia'na.

Ka nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN Ua ikaika umekaumaha, aka, ia mea ka hoʻokō wale i loa pōkole mamao. Max hana ma ka subatomic iliwai, a Radio heʻano nui kūlana ma ka hōʻoia 'o ka ikaika o na hoku, a e pili ana hehee wale. Ua mea i kuleana no kekahi hapa nui o ka pāhawewe maoli i loko o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

Fermi kumumanaʻo

Italian physicist Enrico Fermi i ka makahiki 1933, nui ka kumumanaʻo e wehewehe i ka Hoʻokolohua palaho - i ke kaʻina hana o ka huli ana o ka neutron i loko o ka proton a me ka huina'ine pohupani hale, pinepine haawi ia i loko o kēia pōʻaiapili, ka Hoʻokolohua huna. He ho'ākāka 'ia i ka hou' ano o ka mana, ka ai-kapaia nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, a ua kuleana no ka'opi, ke kumu kaʻina hana o ka hou 'ana o ka neutron i loko o ka proton, he huina'ine a me ka neutrino, a i hope hōʻike' like antineutrinos.

Fermi initiallyʻana i ia mea, i ke kaawale ana o 'Aʻohe a me ka lālau. Mau (particles) i pili ana ma i puʻe wale mai I ka hana ana. No ka mea, ua hoʻomaka iholaʻo ia i ka nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN nae mea he uʻi koa, i hoike mai ai ia ia iho i loko o ka mamao like pōkole, e like me 0,1% o ka proton anawaena.

electroweak ikaika

Ke radioactive hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ka nawaliwali ikaika mea e pili ana 100 000 mau manawa uuku ma mua o ka hawewe electromagnetic. Naʻe, ka mea, ua manawa ike i ka mea i loko o ka electromagnetic a, a me ka manaoio aku i kēia mau maopopo okoaʻike manaʻo e ho i kekahi kīnā o ka hookahi electroweak koa. Keia ua hookupaa iho la ia ma ka mea i ka mea, akoakoa ana ma ikaika a oi aku 100 GeV.

Ua ua i kekahi manawa aku la i ka mea nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ua hoikea mai oia, i loko o ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o nā lātoma. Eia naʻe mezhmolekulrnye kaua i electrostatic ma ka ano. Ka mea, Ua loaa e van der Waals, a lawe aku i kona inoa.

Ka hae kükohu

Ka nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i loko o ke kālaikūlohea ka hapa o ka hae kükohu - kula haʻahaʻaa huna kumumanaʻo, e hōʻike ana i ke kumu 'ole o ka mea, ka hoʻohana' ana i ka lākou o ka leo hone nā helu kaulike. E like me ia i kēia kumu hoʻohālike i ka haʻahaʻa (particles) m. E. E hiki ole ke maheleia i liʻiliʻi loa, i na ālai 'kukulu ana o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

Kekahi mau huna mea quark. ʻepekema mai i imply i ke ola ana o ka mea liʻiliʻi, akā, ua nō huli ka mea, no ka. Aia he 6 ke ano a meʻano likeʻole o nā quarks. E kau ia ma ka mea o ka hoʻoulu nuipa a.

• luna;
• lalo;
• aupuni;
• enchanted;
• aloha;
• oiaio ia mau mea.

Ma nā pu, ka mea hana i ka laulāʻano o ke ano o subatomic (particles). No ka laʻana, protons a me neutrons - nui (particles) 'ātoma nucleus - quark komo o ka ekolu kela a me keia. Elua mau luna, a malalo hoʻohui pū proton. Luna, a malalo elua i hana i ka neutron, quark papa loli ke hoololi proton i ka neutron, hiki ai e hoano hou ana i kekahi hehee ai i kekahi.

Kekahiʻano o ka huna o ke boson. Mau (particles) - vectors AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, a iloko o nā kaola o ka ikehu. Photons mea he 'ano o ka boson, gluons - ka' ē aʻe. Kēlā me kēia o kēia mau eha koa o ka hopena o ka launa AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o nā moku halihali mokulele. Ikaika AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN mea gluon a me ka electromagnetic a - photon. Graviton theoretically mea he lawe o ka ikaika o ka umekaumaha, akā, ka mea iʻaʻole i loaʻa.

W- a Z-bosons

Nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ua mediated W- a me Z-bosons. Mau (particles) Ua wānana e Nobel laureates Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow Abdus pili, a me na 60s o ka hope ke kenekulia, a loaʻa iā lākou i loko o 1983 ma ka Europa Organization no nukelea Research CERN.

W-bosons i uila i hoopiiia, a ua denoted ma ka W ⁺ (ikaika kauoha aku) a me ka W ^- (negatively, papa mai). W-boson alters i ka haku mele 'ana o na (particles). K'lauea uila papa mai W-boson, quark nāwaliwali ikaika EUIAaIN ka papa, haliu ae la ia i ka proton i loko o ka neutron a Hope versa. Kēia ka mea a nā nukelea kuʻi nukeliu , a me ka hoku puhi.

Kēia naoh hana kaumaha oihana mua i ho'ōla kipaku i mai la, ma ka supernova Naita me ia, i ka lilo i ka ālai 'hale o ka Honua ma ka, mea kanu, kanaka a me na mea a pau'ē i loko o ke ao nei.

'ākilikai nā papa

Z-boson'ākilikai, a mai ka nawaliwali'ākilikaiʻikena. Kona AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me na (particles) ka pilikia e huai ae. Hoʻokolohua huli no ka W-, a Z-bosons ma na 1960s alakai kānakaʻepekema i ka kumumanaʻo, hoʻohuiʻia i ka electromagnetic a, a me ka nawaliwali ikaika i loko o ka hookahi "electroweak". Naʻe, koi ka pähola 'ana o ka (particles)-nā moku halihali mokulele e e weightless, akā,ʻepekema ua ike ia i ka W-boson kumumanaʻo e e kaumaha i ka wehewehe ana i kona pōkole huahelu. Theorists kaumaha W lawe ia noʻike makaʻoleʻano papa hana i kapaia o Higgsʻano papa hana i ua hoakaka no ka lakou ola Higgs.

I ka 2012, CERN kūkala i kānakaʻepekema ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke ao nei i ka nui loa accelerator - ka Large Hadron Collider - malama i ka hou huna, "ka Higgs boson kūpono."

Hoʻokolohua ka palaho

Nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ua hoikea mai oia, i loko o β-palaho - he kaʻina hana i loko i ka proton ua hoohuliia i ka neutron a Hope versa, Ua lŘlŘ ka wā i nucleus me ka nui loa neutrons a me protons kekahi o lakou i hoohuliiaʻi i ka mea 'ē aʻe.

Hoʻokolohua palaho hiki ke hana ia ma kekahi o nāʻaoʻao:

1. I ka Hoʻokolohua-hua palaho, i kekahi manawa, i kākau like β ^- palaho, neutron Wāwahi i loko o ka proton a me ka huina'ine antineutrino.
2. Nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ua hoikeia mai ma ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o'ātoma nuclei, i kekahi manawa, i kākau like β ⁺ palaho, i ka wa a ka proton ua Wāwahi i loko o ka neutron a me ka positron neutrino.

Kekahi o na kumu mua ke huli i loko o ka 'ē aʻe, ka wā kekahi o ka neutron spontaneously iho i loko o ka proton Via ka io Hoʻokolohua palaho, a me ka wā kekahi o ka protons spontaneously iho i loko o ka neutron ma β ⁺ ka palaho.

Menina Hoʻokolohua palaho ia lŘlŘ wā i kāna mau 'ōlelo 2 ka i ia manawa iho i loko o ka proton neutron 2 a Hope versa, ai ke kinoea huina'ine antineutrinos 2 2 a me Hoʻokolohua (particles). Ma ka mea hypothetical Neutrinoless papalua Hoʻokolohua hoʻopöʻino 'ia o neutrinos i hana.

huina'ine ka hopu

Proton ke huli i loko o ka neutron ma ke kaʻina hana i kapa huina'ine ka hopu a me K-ka hopu. I ka wā o ka Kernel mai he oi helu o protons ma ka pili ana i ka helu ana o neutrons, electrons, i hookuu, mai ke loko mai o ka huina'ine iwi e like haule ana i loko o ka nucleus. Huina'ine orbitals pio ka makuahine nucleus, na nā huahana a nō ke kaikamahine nucleus a neutrino, Ke'ātoma helu o ke kaikamahine nucleus loaa ua decremented ma 1, akā, i ka huina helu o nā protons a me neutrons koe i ka ia.

thermonuclear naoh

Ka nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ua komo i loko o nukelea kuʻi nukeliu - ka naoh i pau ai i ka ikaika o ka lā a me ka thermonuclear (hydrogen) pōkā pahū.

Ka mua mua i loko o ka hoʻokuʻi pū o ka hydrogen nei he hookui hookahe koko ana o nā protons me ka lawa ikaika e lanakila i ka manao repulsion ikeia e ia ma muli o kā lākou i ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN.

Inā na (particles) mau e hoonohonoho kokoke i kekahi i kekahi, he ikaika AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN e hui ia. Keia hana i mea lolelua ka ano o ka helium ⁽² He), i ka mea i kāna mau 'ōlelo a me nā protons, e like me ka hale lio palapala (No ^4), i ua mau protons a me nā neutrons.

I ka mea e hiki mai ana ke kahua mai i hula nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Aie i ka overabundance o protons kekahi o ia undergoes Hoʻokolohua ka palaho. Ma hope o ia, ka mea 'ē aʻe naoh, me waena ho okumu a kuʻi nukeliu o ³ He e ho'ōla hana i hale hānai ⁴ He.