He aha ka ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka oxygen? Ke valence o o oxygen, a me ka degere o ka'okesaside

A pau ia makou ke hanu ea i ka hapanui naikokene a me ka oxygen ma nā lātoma me Nā hana hou ana i na oihana mua. Ke'ōlelo mai, ka oxygen ia hoʻi kekahi o nāʻano nui Nine Inch oihana mua. A eia hoi, kona nā lātoma aia nō i loko o ka nunui likeʻole ma o Nine Inch hui e hoʻohana i ka maʻamau o ke ola. E wehewehe i nā mea a pau i ka waiwai o keia hehee ai mea e lawa ka, a hoʻokahi haneri 'aoʻao, no laila mākou e ka hoʻohāiki' i ka walaʻauʻana kūʻiʻo o ka moʻolelo, like hoʻi me walaʻauʻana hehee ai ano - valence a me ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka oxygen, ka like ana o ke ana i ke kumu o physical waiwai.

Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o ka Nine Inch hehee ai

Ka oihana lā o ka loaʻa o ka Nine Inch hehee ai "oxygen ma" mea 1 August 1774. Ia ia lā, me ka Pelekania chemist John. Priestley manao i kona hoʻokolohua ma ka decomposition o Hereme'okesaside i mea i loko o ka ipu silaia. nä känaka 'epekema loaa kinoea i kākoʻo'ā Ma ka pau' ana o ka hoʻokolohua. Naʻe, ua loaʻa hele unnoticed a hiki ma kaʻepekema. Mr Priestley manao nui ana i ka mea i hele ole ia anao? Aou i ka hou hehee ai a me ka integral hapa o ka lewa. Dzhozef Pristli lākou mau hualoaʻa pili ana me ke kaulana Palani nä känaka 'epekema a me ka chemist Antuanom Lavuaze, ka mea i hiki ke hana i Pelekāne mea nele i ka ike. I ka 1775, Lavoisier ua hiki ke hookupaa aku ia mea, ua "he integral hapa o ka lewa" nae mea he kūʻokoʻa Nine Inch hehee ai, a kapa ia oxygen, a ua unuhi mai Greek o ia hoʻi, "ʻakika-ho okumu i". Lavoisier hoi i manaoio ole ia o oxygen ka makana i loko o nā mea a pau nāʻakika. Ua Ua a laila Mamao haʻilula nāʻakika mea e ole i pihaʻi oxygen ma nā'ātoma, akā, i ka inoa apo la.

Oxygen ma - ka oi aku hakakino 'ole

ʻeleu Nine Inch hehee ai mea he colorless kinoea, odorless a me ka tasteless. Nine haʻilula - O _2. Chemists kapa ano o diatomic oxygen ma 'ole "ka lewa i oxygen" a me "dioxygen." Lātoma waiwai he o mau ua hoʻopili ka oxygen nā'ātoma. Aia Ua hoi he lātoma iloko olaila o ekolu nā'ātoma - O _3. Kēia waiwai a pau ua kapa'okikene kolu, oi lāliʻi e pili ana i ka mea e e palapala ma lalo nei. A lātoma me nā nā'ātoma o ka o oxygen i keʻano o ka'okesaside -2, no ka mea, ua hiki ke ho okumu i mau unpaired huina'ine covalent hoopaa. I ka ikehu i ka hookuu ae i ka decomposition (dissociation) oxygen ma nā'ātoma ma ka lātoma mea like i 493,57 kJ / Mol. O ka nani nui like.

Ke valence o o oxygen, a me ka degere o ka'okesaside

Ma lalo o ka valence o ka Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ka naau o kona hiki, e lawe no i kekahi helu o nā'ātoma o nā Nine Inch hehee wale. Ke valence o ka o oxygen mea mau. Ke valence o ka oxygen ma lātoma i like i elua, no ka mea na nā'ātoma elua i pili i kekahi i kekahi, a i ka hiki e paʻa ana i kona 'ole i kekahi'Ātoma o kekahi hui, a laila ho okumu i ka covalent hoopaa me ia. No ka laʻana, he lātoma o ka wai H ₂ O kūpono ana ma ke kahua o ka covalent paa ana ma waena o kekahi o oxygen'Ātoma a mau hydrogen nā'ātoma.

Oxygen ma ua loaʻa i loko o na mea he nui o ka ike Nine Inch i huiʻia. Aia He oiaio, heʻano kaawale o Nine Inch i huiʻia - oxides. Kēia waiwai a pau i loaa mai ma ka hoʻohuiʻiaʻaneʻane kekahi Nine Inch hehee ai me ka oxygen. Ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka oxygen ma loko o nā oxides mea like i -2. Naʻe, i loko o kekahi i huiʻia kēia huahelu i e okoa. More e pili ana i mea e e ho'ākāka 'ia ma lalo nei.

Helu waiwai o ka o oxygen

Normal diatomic oxygen ma o ke kinoea i loaa ole 'ia nā pōpō, honi a me kaʻaiʻana. Ma ka maʻamau moku'āina, kona pa apŘ - 1,42897 kg / ka m ^3. Weight 1 hano substance mea iki emi o 1.5 nā huna, a laila maemae oxygen ma ua kaumaha ia ma mua o ka ea. I ka enaena, ka lātoma ua dissociated i loko o nā'ātoma.

I ka wā o ka meakino mahana ua kuu iho la i ka -189,2 ^C. oxygen ma ia hoʻololi kona 'ole, mai ka gaseous a hiki i ka wai. Pela ka mea, he paila. I ka wā o ka mahana emi i -218,35 ^{° C} he mea he loli ai i ka 'ole me ke kinowai aniani. Ma keia wela o oxygen mea i loko o ka palapala o bluish nā pōaka.

At mehana ea, ka oxygen hoi liilii no wailana i loko o ka wai - ma kona kekahi hano no 31 mililika me o ka oxygen. Solubility a me nā waiwai: 220 ml no ka 1 hano o ka ethanol, 231 ml no 1 hano o ka acetone.

Nine waiwai o ka o oxygen

About ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka o oxygen ke kākau i Talmud. Ka mea nui wale waiwai o ka o oxygen - keia mea'okesaside. Kēia mea i loa ikaika oxidant. Oxygen ma ke pane koke me ka aneane a pau i ka ike oihana mua o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. E like me ka hopena o keia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN oxides e hana, e like me kūkā mai mamua. An oxygen ma'okesaside ma i huiʻia me nā kumu mua e kūpono kou like 2. An kumu o ia hui ka wai (H ₂ O), kalapona'okikene lua (CO _2), kalipuna'okesaside, likiuma'okesaside, a me na mea e ae, naʻe, aia no he kekahi waeʻano o oxides, kapaʻia peroxides paha peroxides. Lākou peculiarity mea i loaʻa o ke peroxide pūʻulu "-O-O-" i loko o kēia mau hui. Kēia pūʻulu ho'ēmi i kā oxidative waiwai o O _2, no laila, i ke degere o ka'okesaside ma o oxygen peroxide mea -1.

Ma ka huipūʻana me ka mekala 'åkilikai metalaʻeleu oxygen ma' ano apau loa superoxides a superoxide. 'O kekahi mau hale e:

• potasiuma superoxide (Ko _2);
• rubidium superoxide (RbO _2).

Lākou peculiarity mea i ka degere o ka'okesaside o ka oxygen ma loko o ka superoxide mea -1/2.

Ma ka huipūʻana me ka K'lauea Nine Inch hehee ai - fluorine, fluorides loaa. Ma ia E e kūkā mai ma lalo nei.

I ka lani kiekie loa degere o ka'okesaside o ka oxygen ma loko o ka hui

Kaumaha ma muli o ka waiwai, oia hoi reacted me ka oxygen, ka oxygen iʻehiku nā degere he o'okesaside:

1. -2 - ma oxides a me ke aloha i huiʻia.
2. -1 - i loko o peroxides.
3. -1/2 - ma superoxide.
4. -1/3 - ma'okanikaʻole ozonide (oiaio triatomic o oxygen -'okikene kolu).
5. +1/2 - i loko o ka paʻakai o ka oxygen cation.
6. 1 - i loko o monofluoride ka oxygen.
7. 2 - ma o oxygen difluoride.

I hiki ke ike, i ke kiekie o ka degere o ka'okesaside o ka o oxygen loaʻa i loko o oxides a me ke aloha i huiʻia, a fluorides ka mea, ua hiki maikaʻi mana. Ole a pau ano o ka hana kūleʻa hiki ke lawe mai i loko o ka kūlohelohe alanui. No ka ho okumu ana o kekahi i huiʻia pono kūikawā rula, e like me kiʻekiʻe puʻe, kiʻekiʻe wela, waiū pohihihi keia hui i mea kokoke loa i loaʻa ma ka ano. E noonoo oe i ka kumu o ka oxygen hui me nā Nine Inch hehee wale: nā oxides, fluorides a me peroxides.

Mea Maluna oxides maʻakika-kumu mall

Aia mau eha ke ano o ka oxides:

• walaʻauʻana;
• ʻakika;
• 'ākilikai;
• amphoteric.

An oxygen ma'okesaside i loko o kēia mauʻano o ka hui i -2.

• XIX. Oxides - he huina lakou me ke hooheheeia me haʻahaʻa'okesaside Hawaii. Nō kāu, ka wā reacted me nāʻakika i loaa i ka like paakai, a me ka wai.
• ʻakika oxides - nonmetal oxides me ka degere kiʻekiʻe o ka'okesaside. Ma waho aʻeo ia o ka wai i hanaʻakika.
• 'ākilikai oxides - hui i e komo mai i loko o kekahi naoh me nāʻakika a me ko lākou mau kumu.
• Amphoteric oxides - i huiʻia me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia me haʻahaʻa electronegativity waiwai. Ka mea, e, ke kaumaha ma muli o nā ana, hōʻike nō ia o ka waiwai a me kaʻakika a me ka walaʻauʻana oxides.

Peroxides, ke degere o ka o oxygen i loko o ka'okesaside o ka hydrogen peroxide a me nā hui

Peroxides kapa o oxygen i huiʻia me ka mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia. Ka mea i loaa mai ma ke'ā o kēia mau mea hiki ke hooheheeia ma ka oxygen. Peroxides ke aloha i huiʻia nā'āina pahū. Ka mea hiki ke loaa no hoi ma ka omo o oxides o ka oxygen. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka peroxides:

• hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ O _2);
• barium peroxide (Bao _2);
• paʻakai peroxide (Na ₂ O _2).

A pau o ia i loko o na mea i ka mea, aia no iloko olaila i oxygen pae -OO-. Nolaila, oxygen ma loko o ka'okesaside degere mea -1 peroxides. Kekahi o ka loa ike i huiʻia -OO- pūʻulu ka hydrogen peroxide. Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, kēia hui o ke kinowai haikea uliuli. E like me ko lākou mau Nine Inch waiwai o hydrogen peroxide oia kokoke i ka palupaluʻakika. Mai -OO- linkage i loko o ka hui, he ilihune kumupaʻa, a hiki i mehana ea, he pāʻoihana o ka hydrogen peroxide hiki ke decomposed i ka wai a me ka oxygen. He He mana oxidizing Agena, nae, ma naoh me ka ikaika oxidizing waiwai reductant i pono hydrogen peroxide. Ke degere o ka o oxygen i loko o ka'okesaside o ka hydrogen peroxide, like me nā peroxides mea -1.

Other ano o peroxides i:

• superoxides (superoxides, ma i ka oxygen i ka'okesaside -1/2);
• 'okanikaʻole ozonides (loa ka poe i huiʻia ka i loko o kona 'ole i anion'okikene kolu);
• molozonide (i huiia ka i loko o kona 'ole o ka mea paa -OOO-).

Fluorides, ke degere o ka'okesaside i loko o oxygen OF2

Fluoro - ka K'lauea lālā o nā mea a pau a ianoiyuaa aʻike. No laila, i ka naoh ma waena o oxygen, a fluorine e e ole oxides, a me fluorides. Ka mea, i laila inoa, no keia hui mea ole oxygen, a me ka fluorine mea he oxidant. Fluoride hiki ole ke loaa i loko o ka kūlohelohe alanui. Lākou wale synthesized ma ka extracting 'ona me ka fluorine koʻana koko KOH. oxygen ma fluorides i māheleʻia i loko o:

• oxygen ma difluoride (OF _2);
• monofluoride oxygen ma (O ₂ F _2).

E noonoo oe i ka nui au mamuli kela a me keia o na hui. Difluoride oxygen ma loko o kā lākou 'ole mea he colorless kinoea me ka ikaika kaʻawaʻawa loa ala. Ma ka anuanu Punk i loko o ka yellowish wai. ʻO ka wai poorly miscible me ka wai, akā, maikai ea, fluorine a me ka'okikene kolu. Nine waiwai o ka o oxygen difluoride - he loa ikaika oxidant. Ke degere o ka'okesaside ma o oxygen OF2 o 1, a laila i loko o kēia hui ka fluoro oxidant a me ka oxygen ma - hoemi hope paha. OF ₂ Ua loaʻawahia, ma mua o ke gula fluorine, a hoʻokokoke mai ka kaʻawahia o phosgene. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o keia ano keia ano o ka hui - like oxidizer no ka aʻe paha, no ka o oxygen difluoride mea e pahū.

monofluoride oxygen ma loko o ka maʻamau moku'āina mea he paa yellowish. Ma luna o ka heheʻe, 'ano apau loa he ulaula wai. He He mana oxidizing Agena, hoomaikai pahū ma ka hui 'ana me ke aloha i huiʻia. Kēia hui ho'āʻoʻia ka oxygen'okesaside moku'āina like i +2, a laila i loko o kēia fluoride o oxygen hui hana like me ka hoemi hope paha, a me ka fluorine - oxidant.

'okikene kolu a me kona hui

'okikene kolu - he lātoma me ekolu oxygen ma nā'ātoma palapala hoopaa i kekahi i kekahi. Ma ka maʻamau moku'āina mea uliuli kinoea. Ma luna o ka huʻihuʻiʻana, i ke kinowai pepa i ka hohonu uliuli ke kala kokoke i ka indigo. Ka paa o ke aniani o ka pouli uliuli ano. 'okikene kolu mai he pungent ala, ka mea hiki a he haha aku i loko o ka lewa ma hope o ka ino.

'okikene kolu, e like me ka mau oxygen, o ka loa ikaika oxidizing hope paha. Nine waiwai kokoke i nāʻakika ikaika. I ka paku ole ia i'okikene kolu oxides maoli he lākou degere o ka'okesaside me ka o oxygen evolution. Akā, ma ka mea hookahi degere o aʻela ka oxygen'okesaside. Ke'okikene kolu Nine Inch paa ana iʻaʻole i ikaika me ka O _2, no laila, _i lalo maʻamau rula me ke kākoʻo 'ana o ka mea, ke hoike mai me ke kala o ka wela ikaika i loko o ka oxygen. Me ka mahuahua ana wela kanawai ma ka'okikene kolu lātoma, a me ka hōʻemiʻana puʻe palaho kaʻina diatomic i oxygen exothermically hōʻeleu i. No hoi, ina he nui ka lewa i loko o ka'okikene kolu, i kēia kaʻina hana hiki ka hopena i loko o ka Naita.

No ka mea,'okikene kolu o ka loa ikaika oxidant a Aneane pau keʻano o ka hanaʻana pili ana me ka huina nui o ka O _2, alaila i ka'okikene kolu o ka lahuiʻawahia waiwai. Naʻe, Radio ke kūlana o ka reflector o ultraviolet Map i loko o ke keena lewa'okikene kolu, ahu iho.

No ka mea,'okikene kolu hoʻohana keʻena hoʻokolohua mea e ho okumu i ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole ozonides. Kēia mea he nui ka poe ma ka 'ole o ka mea, no laila ko lakou hanaia'na i maoli aku ana mea hiki ole. Ozonides i waiho wale i haʻahaʻa mahana, e like me ma maʻamau mahana ka mea, he mau loa pahū a me kaʻawahia.

Ke hoʻohana no o oxygen, a kona i huiʻia ma ka hana

Aie i ka mea ia i kekahi manawa, ua aoia epekema, ka degere o ka'okesaside mai o oxygen i loko o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me nā kumu mua, ka mea a kona hui e hoʻomano ia ma ka hana. No ma hope o ka hapalua like-iwakālua kenekulia i invented turbo expanders - huahelu hiki ke hoʻololi 'oxygen ma loko o me mechanical Loaʻaʻia ikehu. No ka mea, o oxygen - loa flammable waiwai, a laila ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā hana a pau i mea e pono ai i ka pono o ke ahi a me ka wela. I ka kua a me ka kuʻihao o ke hooheheeia mea i hoʻohana ÷ wili me pressurized i oxygen e hōʻoi 'lapalapa kuʻihao noonoo. I lohe nui 'ana o ka oxygen i loko o ke kila hana, ma ai me ke kōkua o'opihia O ₂ hoi kākoʻo iā ia ma ke kiʻekiʻe ana wela i loko o ka umu ahi ke kiwi. ʻO kā mākou degere o ka'okesaside o ka o oxygen mea -2. Keia ano ka mea, ua 'Imi i hoʻohana no ka manufacturing o oxides no ka mea o ka hou'ā a me ka hoʻokuʻu thermal ikehu. Wai oxygen,'okikene kolu, a me nā hui i loaʻa i ka nui o ka nui O _{2 Ua} hana like oxidants aʻe paha. Oxidized ka oxygen i kekahi ke aloha i huiʻia hoʻohana like pahū.

Ma ka Nine Inch hana, oxygen ma ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka oxidizing Agena maʻakika-hydrocarbon i huiʻia, e like me ia ka waiʻona mai, nāʻakika a me ka mea e like. D. Ua hoʻohana' ia ka lapaau i ka hoemi puʻe no nā mea maʻi akemāmā pilikia me, e malama i ke ola o ka meaola. I ka mahiʻai, nā māhele liʻiliʻi o ka maemae o oxygen ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka iʻa mahiʻai i ka iʻa, e hoomahuahua i ka like ana o ka holoholona, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Oxygen ma - he ikaika oxidizing Agena, i mea nui i ke ola ana o

Ma luna o ka mea, ua i ka hailona i kākau e pili ana i ka oxygen ma mai ka'okesaside moku'āina ka wā e komo ai i loko o naoh me kekahi mau hui, a hehee wale, i kela ano keia ano o ka o oxygen i huiʻia, ma laila nō, i ke ano o ke ola-hooweliweli ana ia, a i mea ole. Kekahi e noho unclear - like me nā mea a pau o kona kaʻawahia, a me ka nui kiʻekiʻe o ka'okesaside o ka o oxygen, oia kekahi o na kumu mua i ka mea nui i ke ola ma ka Honua? Ka mea i ka Honua i ka loa 'O ke kaulike kino, i ua hakuloli manaʻoi i ka waiwai i loaʻa ma loko o ka lewapuni, ahu iho. Ua hoʻomau ana i loko o ka pōʻaiapuni kalapona, a hoi e like me ka hahai i nā hui: he kanaka a me nā mea a pau me na holoholona i pau ai ka oxygen a me ka ulu o carbon dioxide, a me ka mea kanu ma ka uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa hoopau i carbon dioxide a me ka mea ulu ka oxygen. Na mea a pau i loko o ke ao nei ua interconnected, a me ka poho ana o kekahi loulou o ke kaula e uhai i ka pau kaula. Mākou E ole hoʻopoina e pili ana ia, a lawe malama o ke ola ma ka Honua, me ka a pau,ʻaʻole pono kona kanaka laʻelaʻe 'ia.