He aha mea he huina'ine? Ka nuipa a me ka malama ana o ka huina'ine

Huina'ine - he kahua huna, kekahi o ka poe e noho ana i ka mall huahelu o ka mea. E like me ka Mea Maluna mea he fermion (huna me ka hapa-integral milo, i kapaʻia ma hope o physicist Enrico Fermi) a me leptons ((particles) me ka hapa-helu milo lākou, mai komo i loko o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ikaika, kekahi o ka eha nui i loko o ke kālaikūlohea). Baryon helu o ka huina'ine mea Aʻohe, e like me nā leptons.

A nei ka mea i manaoio aku i ka huina'ine - he kula haʻahaʻa, i mea indivisible, a i ole 'ole o ka huna, akā,ʻepekema i he okoa manao i keia la. He aha ka ka huina'ine ma ka hōʻike o kēia ke kālaikūlohea?

Mōʻaukala o ka inoa

ʻO i kahiko Greece naturalists i kekahi 'ia Amber, mālama'-hamoʻia me ka für,,ʻo liʻiliʻi mea, oa hōʻike electromagnetic a waiwai. Ka inoa o ka huina'ine i loaa mai, mai ka Helene ἤλεκτρον, a 'o ia hoʻi "Amber". Ka manawa? Aaei George. Stoney i ka 1894, eia nae ke huna i loaa e J .. Thompson i ka 1897. Ka mea, ua paʻakikī e imi i ke kumu o keia mea i ka poe uuku a nui a me ka malama ana o ka huina'ine lilo e huli i kekahi kuleana ka hoao ana. Ka mua kiʻi o ka (particles) ua Charles Wilson me ka kūikawā pahupaʻiwikiō, a ua hoʻohana 'ia a hiki i ke kālā no ia mea, a ua kapa' ia ma o kona hanohano.

An hana hoihoi oiaio mea i kekahi o na preconditions no ka puka ana o ka huina'ine mea he olelo no Beniamina Franklin. I ka 1749, ua hoʻomohala i ke kuhiakau i uila - he mea waiwai. Ua mea ma kana mau hana i hoʻohana mua hua'ōlelo e like me hopena a me ka io 'āhewa' ana, mea pihana hookuuia, na pu ki aloha a me ka pou (particles). Na kekahi 'oihana o ka huina'ine ua manaoia e e io, a me ka proton - maikaʻi.

I ka loaʻa mai o ka huina'ine

I ka 1846, i ka manaʻo o ka "'Ātoma o ka uila" i hoʻohana 'ia ma kana mau hana, ke Kelemānia physicist Wilhelm Weber. Maykl Faradey ike i ka manawa "ion", i ka manawa, paha, i nā mea a pau e waiho ana ma ke kula. I ka ninau o ka uila 'ano' ole he nui hookiekieia haumana e like me Kelemānia physicist a me ka mathematician Iulio Plucker, Zhan Perren, ke English physicist Uilyam Kruks, Ernest Rutherford a me na mea e ae.

Penei, ma mua Dzhozef Tompson ana pau i kona kaulana hoʻokolohua, a hoao iho la ia i ke ola ana o ka huna uuku ma mua o ka'Ātoma, ma ke kahua hana o na kānakaʻepekema, a me ka loaʻa makemake e hiki ole, ka mea, i ole hana keia colossal hana.

I ka 1906, Dzhozef Tompson loaa ka Nobel uku. Experience ua like penei: ma ka laua metala papa o ka pou kula, i hala cathode Ray kedera. A laila, ka mea makemake i hana i ka mea ala, akā, i loko o ka'ōwili hao'ōnaehana e hana i kekahiʻume mākenēki kahua. Thompson ike i ka wa a ka uila kahua deflected kaola, a me ka mea ia ua malama me kaʻume mākenēki hana, nae kaola cathode Ray ala ole hoʻololi ina e hana elua o kēia mau mahinaʻai i loko o kekahi huliāmahi, a hilinaʻi ma o ka huna māmā holo.

Ma hope o hoʻomaulia Thompson aʻo ana i ka māmā holo o kēia mau (particles) mea me ka nui loa ma lalo o ka māmā holo o ka malamalama, a me keia ano o ia mea, i nuipa a. Mai keia wahi o ke kālaikūlohea i hele mai i ka manaoio i ka huna hamama mea hui pū i loko o nā nā'ātoma mea a laila hookupaa iho la ia e Rutherford. He kapa ia "He planetary kükohu o ka'Ātoma."

Paradoxes o ka quantum honua

I ka ninau o ka mea kūpono ai ka huina'ine huikau lawa, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma keia kahua o ka? Acaeoey o ka 'epekema. Mamua o ka malama ia ia, e pono e leka uila i kekahi o nā paradoxes o quantum ke kālaikūlohea i hiki i nā kānakaʻepekema hiki ole hoomaopopo. 'O kēia ka mea kaulana mau-slit hoʻokolohua, ae wehewehe i ka pālua ano o ka huina'ine.

Kona Mānoa, he wahi ia ma mua o ka "pu", ae hoʻolele (particles), i kapiliia me vertical huinahń puka. Hope iho ona, o ka pā, ma luna o ka mea e hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai e ko läkou 'o ka ka hili. No laila, e mua pono e maopopo pehea mea hoi. Ke easiest ala e ike pehea e hoʻomaka i ka mīkini Hana kala. Part o ka lei haule i loko o ka lua, a me me ka ko läkou 'o ka pa i nā hualoaʻa ma i hoʻohuiʻia i loko o ka hookahi vertical koa. Inā ma ka kekahi kaawale, e hoʻouka hou aku au, e hana kekahi i ka ia puka ko läkou ', niioaaonoaaiii, mau auka e paa ai.

Nā nalu i hele okoa i loko o ia ke kulana. Inā o ka pa, e hoike aku ko läkou 'o ka hookui hookahe koko ana a me ka nalu, ma ka hihia o kekahi puka poe e e no hoi kekahi. Eia naʻe, e hoʻololi mea i loko o ka hihia o na oä elua. Wave hele ma ka lua, i puunaue ai i ka hapalua o. Inā ka luna o kekahi nalu me ka lalo o kekahi, ka mea ana kekahi i kekahi, a me ke 'ākeʻakeʻa kumu hoʻohālike (mau vertical ka hahau ana), e hōʻike ma luna o ka pā pōhaku. E kau ma ke kuʻina o na ale, e haʻalele i ka hoailona, a me nā wahi ma laila ua ae hoʻopioʻia,ʻaʻohe.

kupaianaha Kaka

Me ke kōkua o nā luna hoʻokolohua, nä känaka 'epekema ke maopopo h ÷ ike i ke ao nei i ka likeʻole ma waena o quantum a me ka panina ke kālaikūlohea. A hiki aku ka mea, hoomaka ae hoʻolele electrons pa, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka vertical hoailona ma luna o ia: kekahi (particles) e like me ka Hana poepoe haule i loko o ka nahā i, a me kekahi mau hana ole. Akā, i nā mea a pau hoʻololi, ka wā ma laila i ka lua o ka puka. Ma ka pā hoike mai i ke 'ākeʻakeʻa kumu! First ke kālaikūlohea hoʻoholo i electrons ālai ia 'aʻe i kekahi i kekahi, a hoʻoholo i ka e ia kekahi e kekahi. Eia naʻe, ma hope o kekahi mau hola o (ka mämä holo o ka neʻe electrons mea no nui haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mämä holo o ka malamalama) hoomaka hou e hōʻike i ka 'ākeʻakeʻa kumu.

unexpected huli

Electronic, pu me kekahi 'ē aʻe (particles) e like me photons, hōʻike mai i ka nalu-huna duality (kekahi hoʻohana i ka manawa "quantum-nalu dualism"). Like popoki Schrödinger i ka poe ola a me ka make, i ka huina'ine moku'āina hiki e nā corpuscular a me ka nalu.

Naʻe, ka mea e hiki mai ana ka anu u ma keia hoʻokolohua ua ua loaʻa he nui mea pohihihi: he kahua huna, i makemake e ike i na mea a pau, a hoike aku i ka mea hiki ole hou. Physicists hooholo e hoʻouka ma ka lua scoping ka manaʻo i ka laka, ma i slit ka huna i, a pehea e hoike mai ai ia lakou iho e like me ka nalu. Akā, i ka wā i ka mea i kau ka mālamaʻanaʻano papa hana ma luna o ka pā pōhaku he mau auka e paa ai e like me nā luaʻelua wale nō, a meʻaʻohe 'ākeʻakeʻa kumu! A hiki i ka "uhi mai" ua holoiʻia, hoomaka hou huna, e hōʻike i ka nalu waiwai me he mea la e ike ia ia i mua i kekahi e kiai.

kekahi kumumanaʻo

Physicist Born? Aaeaaaaony i ka huna, aole ia i huli i loko o ka nalu literally. Elektron "kekahi" i ka nalu o ka pahiki, i ka mea i hāʻawi mai i ka 'ākeʻakeʻa kumu. Mau (particles) i ka waiwai o ka superposition, ke ano, ka mea hiki e anywhere ma ka kekahi pahiki, a nolaila, e hiki e ukali e ia he "hoali".

Aka hoi, o ka hopena ua maopopo: i ka wale alo o ke kilo e loli ai ka hope o ka ho okolohua. Ua mea hiki ole, akā, ia mea,ʻaʻole ka mea wale mamuli o kona ano. Ke kālaikūlohea ho okolohua Ua lawe mai ma luna o kekahi hapa nui o ka makuwahine, i hookahi no ka makemake o ka Hoʻohana i ka thinnest Aluminum pepa kini. ʻepekema, uaʻike ia i ka olelo oiaio o kekahi mau ana lakou aloha ia i ka wela o ke kiʻi. Keʻano o kēia mauʻike manaʻo ka mea, hoomaopopo aku i koe,ʻaʻole ma ka poe ikaika no lakou.

'ole

Akā, i kūpono ai ka huina'ine? Ma keia wahi, laekahi 'epekema hiki ole pane i kēia nīnau. A nei ka mea i manaoia indivisible pono kīvila kanaka (particles), akā, eʻepekema e ihola i ka manaoio i ka mea, ua haku o ka hiki liʻiliʻi nā hale.

UaʻO kekahi 'oihana o ka huina'ine i noʻonoʻo i ka walaʻauʻana, akā, i kēia manawa hamama quarks me fractional kauoha. Aia i mau theories like i ka mea kūpono ai ka huina'ine.

I kēia lā, ua hiki ke ike i ka 'atikala, i hākālia nō i hiki ke puunaue i ka huina'ine i nā kānakaʻepekema. Naʻe, i kēia mea wale nō he oiaio ia mau mea.

hou ia mea

Sovietʻepekema hoʻi i loko o nā eighties o ka hope kenekulia i ea ae i ka huina'ine i ke maheleia i ekolu quasiparticles. I ka makahiki 1996ʻo ia e hoʻokele i ka mahele ia i loko o spinon a me Holona, a me nei physicist van lua muliwai, a me kona mau hui i maheleia i huna spinon a me ka orbiton. Eia naʻe, splitting mea hiki ke hoʻokō wale nō i loko o kūikawā. I ka hoʻokolohua hiki e lawe mai ma lalo o na kumu o ka loa haʻahaʻa mahana.

I ka wā o nā electrons i "me" i loa 'Aʻohe, i mea e pili ana i -275 kekelē Kelekia ma, ka mea, aneane pau ana a me ka palapala ma waena o ia i kekahi ano o ka mea, ina merging i loko o ka hoʻokahi huna. Ma ia mau kumu, a me nā physicists ke malama quasiparticles, o ka i "o" ka huina'ine.

nā moku halihali mokulele 'ike

Huina'ine kahahńnai o ka poepoe uuku loa, ka mea, ua like pu ia ^2,81794. 10 ^-13 knm, akā, e huli mai i kona eiiiiiaiou i he oi aku ka li nui. Kēlā me kēia o nā māheleʻekolu i loko o i e hoʻokele ai i "māhele" ka huina'ine, hāpai i ka 'ike e pili ana ia. Orbiton, e like me ka inoa hoʻohuʻu, inā loaʻaʻikepili ma huna o ka orbital nalu. Spinon kuleana no ka milo ana o ka huina'ine, a me Holona hai mai ai e pili ana i ka malama ana. Ke'ī mai, o ka ke kālaikūlohea hiki kaawale malama kekahi mau Hawaii o electrons i loko o ka ikaika ho'ēmiʻia. Ka mea, e hoʻokele i kumumea i ka paʻa o ka "Holona-spinon" a me "spinon-orbiton", akā, i nā mea a pau ekolu i kahi hookahi.

ike loea hou

Physicist ka poe i ike i ka huina'ine i e kali mau makahiki mua a hiki i kā lākou loaʻa i ua noi ma hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Kēia manawa ka loea loaʻa hoʻohana i loko o kekahi mau makahiki, ia mea nui, e hoomanao graphene - kupaianaha mea oia hoi o ka kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ka hoʻokahi, ahu iho. Ke splitting o ka huina'ine makemake e kōkua maikaʻi? ʻepekema wńnana i ka hanaia ana o ka quantum kamepiula, i ka mämä holo o ka i, e like me ia, he mau umi o ka manawa nui ma mua ia o ko i keia la i ka loa ikaika kamepiula 'ē aʻe.

He aha mea o ka malu o quantum kamepiula 'ike loea i ka? Ua hiki ke kapa i ka mea kaʻoi loa. Ma kaʻike mau kamepiula, ka palena iki indivisible hapa o ka 'ike - i ka pihoihoi. A ina ua noonoo naʻikepili me ka mea pilikia makapō, i kekahi mea no ke kaʻaʻelua wale koho. Iki e komo kekahi Aʻohe paha kekahi, i ka hapa o ka aeaie kuhi.

hou hana

Ano, e ka manao wale ana i loko o ka iki he a me ka 'Aʻohe, a me ka hui pu ia lakou - he "quantum iki" a me "kupa". Ke kūlana o ka poe noonoo ole aiaiiuo e hoʻohālike i ka milo ana o ka huina'ine (ka mea hiki ke ka ao ka kekahi clockwise paha counterclockwise). Haʻalele alodio iki kupa e hana mau oihana ka poʻe, a me ka hoʻopiʻi a hiki i keia hua, e hana wikiwiki, haahaa huina'ine nuipa a me ka mālama mau i nuiʻaneʻi.

Ua hiki ke wehewehe ma ke kumu hoohalike o ke Kimi. E kiʻi mai o ka mea, e pono e ho'āʻo i ka hailona o okoa koho mai i wale nō kekahi e e pololei. Traditional kamepiula a hiki Wehewehe i nā pilikia koke, akā, i hoʻokahi manawa hiki wale hana ma luna o ka hoʻokahi pilikia. He enumerates a pau na koho ma kekahi'āpana, a me ka ho'ōla loaa ke ala mai. Ke quantum kamepiula, mahalo i ka duality kyubita hiki ke hoʻoponopono i na pilikia ka poʻe. He E nānā i nā koho a pau,ʻaʻole ma ka laina, a ma ka hookahi sekona i ka manawa, a me ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia. Ka pilikia mea wale i loko o laila, mamao mea i kiʻi i ka hailona o ka hana ma luna o quantum mea - i kēia, e ia i ke kumu no ka hou hanauna o ke kamepiula.

palapala noi

Ka hapanui o kanaka e hoʻohana i ka kamepiula ma ka hale kiʻekiʻe. Me keia maikaʻi hana ai mamao a me kaʻike mau pcs, akā, e kilokilo kekahi hanana tausani, malia haneri o na tausani o DEBFULLNAME, pono e wale, alahula ka mīkini. Quantum kamepiula like wawe ka Makuakane me na mea i ino wānana no ka malama, i ka iapaau ana o ka hewa a me kona olelo wanana aʻikepili, a e kekahi hana luna 'makemakika hou a me ka mau aiaiiuo no ka hapa iki o ka lua, a pau me ka unu lawelawe ana i kekahi mau nā'ātoma. A he mea hiki, nui koke mākou loa ikaika kamepiula iho pepa-lahilahi.

noho ola

Quantum kamepiula enehana, e hana i nui na makana i ka laau lapaau. Kanaka e e hiki i ka ho okumu nanomachinery ikaika Loaʻaʻia me, a me kā lākou kōkua, ka mea e e hiki ole wale e diagnose maʻi e wale e nana i ke kino a pau, mai ka loko, akā, i ka hoʻolako 'ana i mālama' oleʻoki kino: moku robots me ka "lolo nona ka" 'ē aʻe ma mua o ke kamepiula hiki ke hana i nā hana.

Inevitable kipi i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kamepiula nā pāʻani. Ikaika machines i koke hoʻoponopono i hiki i ka pilikia, e e hiki ke pāʻani nā pāʻani incrediblyʻoia iʻo kiʻi me, ia mea i mamao loa aku ia, a kamepiula lani a me ka piha kaiapuni.