I ka nui o ka Perm nui māhele'āina: ka lāhui haku mele 'ana a me ka nui

Perm Kama - he wahi kū hoʻokahi māhele'āina i loko o ka ethno-moʻomeheu mahalo. I ka nui o ka Perm māhele ma kona mōʻaukala Hawaiʻi multiethnic mai E ke Kumu kona kanaka i pono okoa, a me ka'ōlelo a me ka molekumu o, a ma na mooolelo a me ka aoao o ke ola. I ka hopena o ka loa hana hoihoi ethno-nohona eiiieaen, kū hoʻokahi i loko o Rusia a me kona wahi eʻaʻole i loaʻa. I ka nui o ka Perm Teritori i kona ola ana i kukulu ai i ka pilina ma hoʻokahi wale nō maluhia mea, uaʻaʻohe lāhui kaua.

aupuni 'ē aku

Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā kānaka i loko o kēia māhele 'āina ua mau hana' Imi, i waena o ke ano hiʻona - nui lāhui i lawekahikiʻia i ka hopena o ke kaua'ō'ō ihe me kā lākou mau hoalauna. I ka nui o ka Perm nui māhele'āina i hoʻohana nui ano a me ka loli iki ana degere o ka aoao - a hiki i ka loa kaʻaluna. Ma kēia mau nui nā panalāʻau e a me kēia manawa, ua oi aku mamua o hookahi haneri a me ka iwakālua nationalities, no a hiki i ka'ōlelo hui ekolu: Finno-Ugric, Turkic, Slavic. Kēia i kōkua ai i nā ma kā lākou mau kumu, a e e kūkākūkā i loko o kēia 'atikala. No ke aha la ka Perm nui māhele'āina i ka heluna o ethnically nā haku mele '? Mua o nā mea a pau, no ka mea, ke Kama māhele 'āina i mau Ua i ka mōʻaukala crossroads no na kanaka, ka poe i nee kekahi ma luna o nā kapa o ke Kama, a mau loa aku ana i kela kapa o ka Ural Mountains ma ke ala a hiki i Siberia, mai Europa, a me ka hope versa - mai Siberia i ka noho maikai ana.

Eia a me kēia manawa nō i nāʻaoʻao loa nui e manawalea Russian Plain a WesternʻEulopa me taiga a me ka hehi wahi o Asia, e like me me ka hikina Hui Pūʻia. I ka nui o ka Perm māhele, Perm Teritore kikiʻo kapa o ke Kama hoʻi i loko o ia mau lā, i ka wa wale i ka muliwai a me kona hoʻokupu ke hele kahiko kalepa. O ka holo ana, i kēia mea a pau mana a lākou ole ma ke kahua o ia i ka luna 'aupuni haku mele' ana. Ua i loko o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia, ua paʻa e noho ana i loko o Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Mari, Udmurt a me Komi-Permian a me Mansi. Nāʻoihana loa kahiko i kapaia o ka poe i ka hooponopono mua o ka Apana Perm o ka Perm māhele - he Permian ohana, ole - Zyrians i nā kūpuna o ka Komi-Perm a Komi-Zyrian, a mua i noho ai iʻaneʻi Ugraʻohana - nā kūpuna o ka mohaiai-lā Khanty a me Mansi. A laila, ma ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia, ka hana keaka moʻolelo o ko mākou'āina, ua alakaʻi 'aneʻi a me ka poeikohoia o na mea he nui nā lāhui kanaka.

Lūkini a Ukrainians

ua Lūkini na kanaka oi aku ka nui 'aneʻi ma ka haneri makahiki hope, ka mea e ma ka manawa oi aku i elua a me ka hapalua miliona, a 85,2% o ka huina heluna kanaka o ka Perm māhele. Noho paʻa kōā kaulike ma ka hapanui o nā panalāʻau e noho Kīwala'ō. 'Ia mea wale Bardymsky, a elima apana ma Komi-Perm hana nona iho District, Lūkini he mea wale 38,2%. Ke poi pu hapanui o Russian noho i ke kulanakauhale o Perm Krai. E like me ka mea hoʻokiwikā heluna kānaka ka i lanakila - 75,74%, e like me kaʻikepili i ka 2017. A pau i loko o ka Perm māhele mea hale i ka 2.632.097 kanaka i ka pa apŘ o 16,43 kanaka no huinahalike kilomika o. Lūkini i loko o kēia māhele 'āina - nā kanaka i hele mai, hoomaka ae la lakou e hoopau iʻaneʻi, mai ka umikumamalima kenekulia, ka wā Verkhnekamsk aina i kekahi hapa o ka Lūkini moku'āina. Ka hapa nui o nā mea a pau, hele aku la lakou i ke kūkulu'ākau, a me ka mea, he mau kauwa. Me ke anoe ana o ka mokuna a hiki i ka hikina Russian mua E ke Kumu i ka aina hou. Ma kaʻumikumamāhiku kenekulia ma laila i hana i ka olelo hoopomaikai, a oʻo nationally pae, a lilo ae la kekahi hapa o ka lāhui kanaka Lūkini.

Ma ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia, ka mea ulu, a hiki hou mai o ke kulanakauhale o Perm Krai. Populous māhele'āina i ke awa, a me ka lāhui i haku mele 'ana i mea' ē aʻe pilikia. hoomaka ae la mau noho, e hiki i ka nui loa loihi wahi. No ka laʻana, i ka 1897 he ano compactly noho hoʻokahi haneri na makahiki elima Ukrainians a me ka iwakalua makahiki o ka hope ke kenekulia, ka mea, ua nui aku - aneane he tausani. Ka mea, i noho ai ma Okhansk Osa a me counties, a hele mai iʻaneʻi me he hopena o ka aina mihi Stolypin. Ano, i ka helu ana o kanaka o Ukrainian aupuni 'ē aku Perm Teritori Ua oi ma mua o umikumamaono tausani kanaka. Lakou noho ana ma kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale: Kizel, lehelehe, Gremyachinsk, Berezniki, Aleksandrovsk, e like me ka mea, e mau ana o kēia mau noho, a Komi-Perm hana nona iho District.

Belarusians a me ka auamo

First Belarusians hele mai 'aneʻi ma hope o ka Lūkini ma ka pau ana o ka umikumamawalu kenekulia. I mua ka mea, he he uuku emi o kanawalu kanaka, a me kekahi hapa nui - i loko o ka Perm apana. Iloko o ka aina mihi, ka mea, ua nui ka uhukiia helu i ka hoʻomaka o ka iwakalua kenekulia, malaila hoi au i oi aku mamua o ekolu tausani. Ka hapanui o Belarusians - na mau kama'āina, noho mau olelo hoopomaikai, e malama ana i ka 'ōlelo a me ka moolelo o na mea a pau ke ola. Ano ka mea, i loko o ka Perm māhele o ka eono a me ka hapa tausani, a ma Okhansk Osa a me kā lākou mau mea haʻahaʻa, hoʻoneʻe a pau a hiki i ka lihi o ke kūkulu'ākau, ma ka wahi o ka hanalima a me ka waiwai. A me ka hana e ulu loa hoʻomaka koke, a like me ka heluna o ka Perm aina, aole hoi i makemake ai, ka mea, ua i lawa ke komo 'ana i loko o kēia kaʻina. Hoʻomohala a me ka hana 'enekinia, a me ka petrochemical, Nine Inch, aila hoohehee maemae au ia, eanie?,ʻiʻo pepa a me ka pepa, woodworking a me ka pai ana i na hana.

Eia nō i ka papa kuhikuhiE ferrous a me ka 'ole-ferrous metallurgy, like hoʻi me kaʻaila, lanahu, potash a me ka paʻakai. Hana i mau lilo i ka puu, a me ka manawa o ka hiki-kino puʻipuʻi heluna o ka Perm māhele 'āina i loko o kēia mau mea,ʻaʻole he poino. Mamua o ke kipi, Perm ua he luawai-ike kulanakauhale no ka pili kalai aupuni pio. La aku mawaena o na mea he nui a hoʻokuewa wale 'auamo, huli mai nei i loko o ka hopena o umikumamawalu kenekulia, ka wā Poland i kekahi hapa o ka Russian aupuni a pau, i kekahi i loko o ke aupuni liberation neʻeʻana. I ka helu o ka makahiki 1897 hōʻike he nui o ka hoʻokahi tausani me ka poʻe e noho ana uuku o Polish kumu. Perm Ua lilo lākou lua o ka hale. Ua pono e mai la oia i ko lakou helu mea ma luna o ka honua no ka i kēia mau kenekulia i loko o Kama māhele 'āina ua aneane e hoomahuahua ia. I ka 1989, i kaʻauamo i loko o ka Perm Teritore i ka 1183 ua kanaka.

Komi

Komi-Permian, no a hiki i ka Finno-Ugric kanaka noho hope o ka umikumamalua o ka kenekulia, ka aina nui o ka luna ino i o ke Kama muliwai. Kā lākou 'ōlelo a me ka molekumu o e kokoke ana i ke Komi kanaka a me Udmurtia. Ma kaʻumikumamālima kenekulia ke Komi-Permian i ka mua o nā lāhui kanaka o ka Urals hui i ka Lūkini State. I ka pa apŘ o ka heluna o ka Perm māhele 'āina i loko o ia mau lā i ole pela kiʻekiʻe. Inā ma ka 1869 o ka helu hōʻike 62.130 Permian Komis e noho ana i loko o ke Kama kīʻaha, i ka 1989, he ua 123.371 kanaka. I keia lahuikanaka i ka lāhui i kāna mau 'ōlelo, i hanaʻia i loko o ka makahiki 1925, ka National District (mai ka makahiki 1977, ua lilo i ke ku-wale). Ke hoʻokiwikā heluna o ka Perm aina, aole lakou e i hoopiha i like ka haiia me nā lāhui kanaka. It no laila, hiki i ka mea, i mua ma luna o ka hana o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka moʻomeheu o Lūkini nā meaʻeʻe moku, a no ka hapanui o lakou e noho i loko o kua'āina wahi. Mawaena o ka hana nona iho Russian Finno-Ugric Komi-Permian kookoo i ka kiʻekiʻe kaʻana like 'ana o ka heluna kanaka o ka Perm Krai - i loko o ka Apana, manaoia ka mea, no ka oi aku mamua o kanaono hapahaneri i ka 1989. Ano, ua nui hoemiia ko lakou nui, e like me ka, oiaio, a pau na kanaka o Rusia. I ka 2002, 103.500 o ke Komi-Perm, a ma ka 2010 - wale 81 000.

Ua Ua manaoia hapa o ka lāhui pūʻulu o ke Komi-Perm Komi yazvintsy - ma ka mea lā kekahi aupuni 'ē aku. Lākou mau 'elele i noho i loko o Solikamsk a me Krasnovishersk mau mea, kahi o ka muliwai hoʻomaka Yazva River. Ka mea, i ole i kākau 'ōlelo, akā, no ka' ōlelo ka mea, ua mālama lākou iho e like me kā lākou mau lāhui pono'ī. Nohona Kanaka, a kaiāulu specificity kekahi distinguishes ia, mai ko lakou mau hoalauna. He aha ka i ka heluna o ka Perm māhele makemake ole e haʻaheo o ko lākou mau aa, o ko lakou mau kêia kanaka? O ka holo ana,ʻaneʻi ma laila mea he kaʻaluna, kekahi manawa, a hiki i ka lae o ka ia'na ano o ka lāhui i kona hiʻona, akā, ua hele mai na kanaka a pau keia aoao a hiki i ka hopena. I loko nō o ka mea i a ianoiyuaa a loaʻa nō wale nō ma kahi o elua tausani kanaka, i ke kumu o ke Komi-yazvintsy he nui loa nui.

Muncie a Udmurt

Mansi lahuikanaka i waho i loko o ka umi o ka kenekulia, e hikina o ke Kama māhele - i loko o ka Urals. Ma hope o ka umikumamalua kenekulia, ka mea i noho i loko o kekahi mau papa koa o Prikamye - Cherdynsky a me Kungurskye counties. Ua mea i olelo hoopomaikai Mansi i noho ai i loko o ka luna ino i o ka Vishera muliwai a me Chusovaya muliwai. I ka helu o ka Mansi kanaka hiki ke Hahai I wale ma ka hopena o ka umikumamawalu kenekulia, mahope mai o ka mea mua i helu i loko o kēia māhele 'āina i loko o 1795. A laila, ua iki elua haneri oi ma mua o kanaka. Ma ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia, ka hapanui o ia E neʻe i loko o nā Urals, ma Verkhotursky County, River Lozvy. Ano, Mansiʻaneʻane nalowale i loko o ka Perm māhele 'āina. Ma kekahi wahi o ka 1989, ua helu iwakalua-ʻeono wale, a i ka 2002 lilo iho la lakou i iki hou - kanakolu-kekahi.

Udmurt Zakamye hele mai i loko i ka pau ana o ka umikumamaono kenekulia, a noho ma luna o ka muliwai buoy. E like me ka mea mau, he mau pegana, ka mea, i ka paakiki manawa i loko o ke Kama māhele 'āina. Ua hoomaka inchurching, e hooikaika ana i feudal hookaumaha. Eia naʻe, kā lākou hilinaʻi a me nā rituals Udmurt kupuna la i ka malamaia. Kā lākou 'ōlelo ua wehewehe aku ma na mea he nui anachronisms, akā, ma kaʻike kuʻuna overlapped nui ololi, ua he hailona hou i lawekahikiʻia. Mea hoʻi i hoʻolilo 'hiki ole pili, o ka oi aku ina ka Lūkini heluna i mau lanakila. Udmurt manaʻo e ae keʻano o ka hanaʻana hiki ole akā, ae lako oukou, akā, he kahaha ko oukou naau helu o ka lulu popilikia a me ka pāpāiʻawa, kahuna mea e hoola mai ka manawa loa kahiko ka mea, e hoʻokele. I ka 1989, ma ka Perm māhele 'āina noho aneane kanakolu a me kumamakolu tausani Udmurt, i ka mea he uuku oi ma mua o kekahi pakeneka o ka huina heluna kanaka. Olelo hoopomaikai - i loko o ka mōʻaukala Apana Kuedinsky pae o ka aneane eono tausani kanaka (ʻumikumamāhiku pakeneka o ka heluna kanaka o ka māhele 'āina). I ka maʻamau o ke ola, e olelo aku i ka 'ōlelo, a aʻo ia i loko o nā kula, moʻomeheu ano laulea me Udmurtia - mōʻaukala'āina - malama i pau. E like me ka helu 2010, ka mea i loko o ka Perm māhele 'āina, ua oi aku mamua o ka iwakalua tausani kanaka.

Mari

I ka pau ana o ka umikumamaono kenekulia ma kaʻaoʻao hema o ka Perm nui māhele'āina i loko o Suksunsky District, ma ka Sylva River, noho Mari. I ia mau lā, i ka Middle Volga, ma ka manawa o ka Lepupalika o Mari El i ole i acceded ia Rusia, akā, Mari i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoneʻe i ka hema o Kama. Kēia lāhui kanaka e pili ana i ka hikina pūʻulu o ka Mari kanaka, a ma hope o ka poʻe Polenekia, ka mea i kapa ia ka Permian Mari. Me ka Poeikohoia o ko lākou mau mea ola a pau iʻaneʻi,ʻaʻole wale nō akā, i loko o ka Sverdlovsk'āina a me Bashkortostan. Kā lākou 'ōlelo' ana i ka palapala, ai 'kūmau o ka huina o ka Mari mea i okoa, i kona hele ana mai o ka Louka olelo i ka mea ala.

Ma ka Perm māhele i ka helu o ka paʻa e noho ana Mari liʻiliʻi, wale 0.2% o ka heluna kanaka, i mea e pili ana i eono a me ka hapa tausani kanaka i ka 1989. Ano, he nui emi - pono ma luna o eha tausani. Olelo hoopomaikai, ka mea noho ma Kuedinsky, Chernushinsky, October, a me Kishertsky Suksunsky District. Ka mea, i mālama i ka mooolelo o ka Mari kanaka, i hoike mai ai ia ia iho i loko o ke ano o ka lole, i loko o ka hana o ka hoomana icai ma ka hale i ka hoʻohana 'ana kā lākou' ōlelo.

Turkic kanaka

Tatars nāna i hana i ka nui pae o kahiko no ka heluna o ke Kama. I ka haule i ka Khanate o Kazan, Volga Tatars kiki e noho Hawaiian Kama. Ka nui lehulehu o ia i loko o ka muliwai Tulve, Sylva, Iren a me nā mea a pau a puni mau mea. E hui pu i ka Volga māhele 'āina a me ka Tatars o Siberia, ka poe i neʻe i nui mua ma keia aina. Perm Tatars i loa heterogeneous. Ia kenekoa noiʻi hōʻike 'kekahi mau lāhui pūʻulu: Bashkirs tulvinskie, a me ka mullinskie sylvensko-irenskie Tatar. I ka hoʻomaka o ka nineties o ka iwakalua kenekulia ola hoʻokahi haneri a me kanalima tausani, elima haneri kanaka i loko o ka Perm'āina, i mea aneane elima pakeneka o ka huina heluna kanaka. Ka mea, i noho ai ma luna he umikumamalua olelo hoopomaikai mokuna o ka māhele 'āina. Mua o nā mea a pau - i loko o nā kūlanakauhale. It Gremyachinsk, Kizel, Lysva, Chusovoy. Tatars ola no oukou kekahi i mau mea - Chernushinsky, Uinskoye, Suksun, Perm, Ohrid, October, Kungur a me Kuedinsky. Ma ka Oktyabrsky Apana, no ka laʻana, Tatars hoike no ka aneane kanakolu-ekolu pakeneka o ka heluna kanaka.

Bashkirs hele mai i kēia mau 'āina i loko o kaʻumikumamākolu kenekulia i kekahi hapa o kekahi mauʻohana, a noho ma ka Osa, a Bardymsky mau mea i hana i ka olelo hoopomaikai pūʻulu, a assimilated ka kūloko Finno-Ugric kahiko heluna kanaka' Imi. Mau mea o ka Perm'āina, kahi o ka noho Turkic kānaka i ua hookoeia mai ai ma hope o ka umikumamaono kenekulia. Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o kekahi mau lāhui kanaka ua, pili, a no ia mea, hoʻokahi wale nō Bashkir heluna kanaka increasingly hoemiia. Ma ke kakahiaka nui iwakalua kenekulia, he nui Bashkirs poho hai lāhui pono'ī. Tatar ole ma moʻomeheu a me ka'ōlelo alakai ia e hoʻohuli i ia lakou iho i ka Tatars. Helu o ka wa mamua mai, mai hōʻike i ka pololei kiʻi. ʻO i ka 1989, he kanakolu tausani kanaka ma ka helu hōʻike 'ia lakou iho Bashkirs, a me ka' ōlelo - Tatar. Ka heluna o Rusia ua hikiwawe loa emi. I ka 1989, na Bashkirs ma ka Perm māhele 'āina, he kanalima-kumamalua tausani kanaka, a me ka helu o ka makahiki 2010, hoike wale kanakolu-nā tausani.

eia hoi

Chuvash hoomaka e hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka Perm'āina i loko o ka kakahiaka iwakālua kenekulia, mai kekahi mau kulanakauhale o Chuvashia, no ka mea, ka mea i malama overcrowding me ka shortage o ka aina, a me ka nahele o ke kula mauʻu. I ka lua o ka nalu o ka poʻe Polenekia i hele ma na pakanalima. Ma ka hopena o eighties Chuvash ua aneane heʻumikumamākahi tausani, a me ka 2010 - wale eha. ʻO oi noho i loko o ka Perm māhele o na kēia kanaka Kelemānia - oi ma mua o umikumamalima tausani, eia hoi, ka mea i noho ai 'aneʻi ma ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia. I ka hoʻomaka o ka iwakalua, he ma kahi o hoʻokahi tausani me nā haneri keuʻelima a me ka deportation Mispells oi aku he kanaha tausani kanaka ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. Ka hapa nui o ka - mai ka Volga māhele 'āina. A ma hope o ke kaua, na kēia kanaka Kelemānia somehowʻoluʻolu noho i loko o kēia mau akau mau mea. Ano, o ka papa, kokoke e pau haʻalele lākou Mokuna'āina. I ka makahiki 2010, ma kahi o eono tausani lakou.

Nā Iudaio i hele mai i ke Kama, mai Belarus ma ka hapalua like-umikumamaiwa ke kenekulia, au i hāʻawi aku ma Rotehama ia uka 'aneʻi "no ka Pale o ka Mai Lepera." I ka 1864 ma Perm he Ua kokoke he kanalima ohana. Ka mea, he poe paahana, kauka, pharmacists, nā kānakaʻenehana, hoʻokani pila, a ma ka hoʻomaka o ka iwakalua kenekulia Permian ka pilina. Mua i ka 1896 ia wale nō i loko o Perm he ana o ka tausani kanaka. I 1920 - ekolu a me ka hapa tausani. I ka 1989 - elima a me ka hapalua tausani. A laila, ma hope o ka nalu o emigration i ka helu 2002 hōʻike 2,6 tausani Iudaio i loko o ka Perm māhele 'āina. ¶ A i loko o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia he mauʻaneʻi, a Caucasians. A laila, he mau, o ka papa, i kona wahi. Akā, e hiki e kahaha, a me ka hopena o 2002 helu. I hana i ka hou Diaspora - ka Caucasus a me Central Asia. Ka helu o Tajiks, no kekahi laʻana, ua mahuahua mau manawa. I ka 2002, ka Armeniansʻaneʻi, he elima tausani o Azerbaijanis - 5,8 tausani, Georgians - 1,6. Tajiks a Uzbeks -ʻelua tausani, Kazakhs -ʻaneʻane hoʻokahi tausani, a me ka papa, he uuku emi mai o ka Kyrgyz. A i ka manawa a pau o ka hanaia'na o ka Moscow nā mea pakele. Akā, hoomaka ae la ka Koreans e noho nei i loko o ka hopena o ke kenekulia umikumamaiwa, albeit ma ka liʻiliʻi mea.

Ke kulanakauhale o Perm Māhele '

Ke kapikala o ke Perm māhele o ke kulanakauhale kupanaha o Perm - he nui amo Hub me ka awa, a me ka māhū-Siberian alahao. Heluna - oi ma mua o ka miliona - 1.041.876, e like me kaʻikepili i ka 2016. Slaven kulanakauhale Nigella, loaa kona kūlana i ka 1966. Mai ka 2006 o ka piko o ka hoʻokiwikā noho. Chernushka, Aia ma ka hema o ka Perm māhele 'āina, ka home aneane kanakolu-ekolu tausani kanaka i. He he hanalima-oaio? A, ma ka hoʻouku a me ka aaioee o ka aila, ua loa maikaʻi ke kino? Ieoaeunoaa oihana puolo.

Ke kanaka ulu iki manawa a hiki i ka influx o nā kānaka eʻe'āina, e like me ka mea i Ua kekahi maoli mahuahua ana: i ka 2009, no ka laʻana, ua ka hope hoʻokahi haneri a me ka iwakalua eha ke kanaka. Noho 'aneʻi no ka umikumamalima, a me ka hapalua miliona kanaka, a aneane heʻumikumamāwalu tausani na wahine. A i ka holoʻokoʻa heluna o lauoha owiliia. Perm māhele like me ka a pau, hoi, uaʻike piʻi he kiʻekiʻe ka make ana o ke kane heluna. City mea opiopio, a me ka awelika makahiki o he kanakolu-eha makahiki. National haku mele 'ana o loa heterogeneous, kokoke pau o kēia mau nationalities ka nanaia maiʻaneʻi.

Berezniki

He ka lua o ka nui loa (ma hope o Perm) kae o ke kulanakauhale me ke kūlana o ka Apana hoʻokiwikā o nā 'āina' manaʻo nui. Where 146.626 kanaka ola. Ke maoli ulu i loko o ke kūlanakauhale a me ka io nui. Ka hōʻemiʻana heluna. Berezniki (Perm māhele) - i kekahi kūlanakauhale i loko o ka kakahiaka nineties i nalowale like ka nui me ekolu hapa haneri o kona poʻe e noho ana. Men e noho hou ma mua o nā wāhine - 56,9%. Aneane nā wāhineʻaneʻi i kahiko - 74% o ka kūpuna. I ka makahiki 2010, i ka helu, a me ka mea hōʻike i ka Lūkini ma Berezniki 92,6%. Other nationalities mea i ike, akā, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa mea.

Kuʻuna palapala o ke Kama nunui hou huikau i loko o nā makahiki aie i ekolu kumumea. Ka mua - ka halihali kūlohelohe o ka lehulehu, i ka lua o ka - Polenekia ma hope o disintegration o ka USSR, ke kolu - ke kaʻina hele ana no na kenekulia, a me keia loli ka lāhui i ike paka i (hui mare kuʻi nukeliu moʻomeheu). Just Kama i noho ai oi ma mua o hoʻokahi haneri a me ka iwakālua nationalities.