Ke kaupalenaʻana ololi e pōʻino oihana o ka meaola: malamalama, ka wai, ke ana wela

He oiaio, i kekahi 'kela mea keia mea o mākou i mea kanu o ka ia? Ueo e thriving i loko o ka ulu lāʻau, akā, ma ka hamama hakahaka manao ino. A i 'ole, no ka laʻana, kekahi laha' o mammals i ka nui heluna kanaka, oiai na mea e ae i oi i kaupalena 'ia ka wā seemingly'ālike ana. A pau ke ola ma ka Honua Hehe nonoi aku nei kona mau kānāwai a me ka hooponopono ana. Lākou like hoʻi hapaʻumi me ka kālaikaiaola. Kekahi o na kumu o māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana - Liebig palena iki kānāwai (ke kaupalenaʻana ololi).

Ke kaupalenaʻana ? Aneie ololi: He aha ka mea?

German chemist a me ka hoʻokumu o ka mahiʻai kemika, Kumu Iouseto kona inoa av Liebig, i na mea he nui discoveries. Kekahi o ka loa kaulana, a ike - i ka loaʻa o ke kumu kanawai o kālaikaiaola: ka ke kaupalenaʻana ololi. Ua Ua ua kālaiʻia i loko o 1840, a me ka hope inā a generalized Shelford. Ke kānāwai hākālia nō i kekahi meaola e ola ana i ka loa nui he ololi e pili kēia deviates mai kona kaʻoi loa cia. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ke ola ana o ka holoholona, a me ka mea kanu hilinaʻi nui ma ka oolea (palena iki 'ole i kā mākou) o kekahi kulana. i loaʻa kanaka ma kona ola me keʻano o ke kaupalenaʻana aʻe.

"Barela Liebig"

Ke kaupalenaʻana ololi e pōʻino oihana o ka meaola, i e okoa. Ua kālaiʻia ke kānāwai nō hoʻomano hoʻohana i ka mahiai. Yu.Libih loaʻa i kanu productivity hilinaʻi nui kuhikuhi ma luna o ka mea pōhaku waiwai (nutrient), ka loa weakly hoikeia i loko o ka lepo. No ka laʻana, ina ka naikokene i loko o ka lepo wale 10% o ka koi ana, a me ka phosphorus - 20%, i ka ololi ke kaupalenaʻana i ka hooulu ana o ka maʻamau, - i ka nele o ka lala mua. No laila, i ka lepo e initially e naikokene mea hoʻomomona. ʻO kā mākou waiwai a me ka mōakāka loa kānāwai, ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka ai-kapaia "ka pahu Liebig" (kiʻi ma luna). Kona Mānoa, he wahi i ka wā e hoʻopiha ana i ka ipu i ka wai hoʻomaka e hālanaʻia, ma ka shortest papa, a me ka mea nui i ka lōʻihi o ke koena i hana ole.

ka wai

Kēia ololi o ka loa, ua koi ikaika a me ka nui ma mua o ka mea 'ē aʻe. Wai - i ke kumu o ke ola, e like me ka pāʻani kūlana nui i loko o ke ola ana o ka hookahi halepaahao, a pau meaola. Malama ana i kona mea ma ka akau kiʻekiʻe - kekahi o na kumu nui physiological mana o kekahi mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Wai me he ololi ke kaupalenaʻana i ka hiki e ola, ma muli o ia ka haoʻa puunaue ana o ka wai ma ka Honua ka ili honua ma ka makahiki. Ma evolution, ua hakuloli nui meaola i ka ka hoʻokele waiwai 'ana o ka wai,' ike i ka maloo wa moe ko a quiescent. Loa ikaika keia ololi ua hoikeia ma na wahi nahele no hoi, a kalaka nui-na waonahele, kahi ia o loa hiki ole no ia, a me nā hana flora a me? Aaoa.

malamalama

Ka mea e hoʻopā ai pāhawewe lā i loko o ka palapala o ka malamalama hoʻolako a pau i ka nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke ao nei. Meaola nui kona ke kōā nalu, lōʻihi like 'ole o ka waiū, i ka nui o ka pāhawewe. Kaumaha ma muli o kēia mau nā hoailona mea i ka hoʻololiʻana o ka meaola i? Aneie ana. E like me ka ololi e oʻokeʻa loa i ke ola ana, ia mea pakahi aku la ia ikaika i loko o ka deepwater. No ka laʻana, kanu ma ka hohonu o ka 200 m + hou ka launa pū. Together me ke kau iho keia "hana" a ma ka liʻiliʻi mau ke kaupalenaʻana kumumea: ka manaʻo koikoi a me ka oxygen lehulehu. Ua hiki ke loan Tropical rainforests o South America, e like me ka mea maikaʻi no ke ola o ka ?? eoi? Ee.

Ambient mehana

O i ike ole ia mea a pau i ka physiological keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke kino, hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mea mawaho a me na ana wela. Me ka hapanui o na? Ueo hakuloli i kekahi 'ano haiki huahelu (15-30 ° C). Pakahi aku la ia ikaika kaukaʻi i hoike ma ka meaola i mea ole hiki ke kū kaʻawale malama i ka ikaika kino wela, no ka laʻana, mea kolo (kolo). Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka evolution i hana i ka lākou o ka mea e ae, e lanakila i ka i kaupalena 'ololi. Penei, omoāea o ka wai ma wela e pale aku ua hoʻokāʻoi overheating o na mea kanu ma ka stomata, na holoholona - ma kaʻili, a me ka ÷ naehana hanu nenoaia, e like me ke 'ano' ano (hūnāʻia i loko o malumalu, lua, etc.).

contaminants

I ka waiwai o ke kanaka ololi e ole e underestimated. Ka hope mau kenekulia i kekahi kanaka koho ma ka kokololioʻanoʻenehana holomua, ka kokololio kūpono 'ana o ka hana. Ua alakai aku ai i ka mea e hoʻomehana honua i loko o ka wai kino, aina a me ka lewa ua māhuahua ma kekahi mau manawa. Maopopo iaʻu ka mea ololi mokuna o kekahi a me kekahi palapala, he mea hiki wale nō ma hope o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana i. Kēia kahua wehewehe i ka mea ana i ke 'ano o ke kanaka wahi a wahi ua hoʻololi'ō aku iaia. Meaola ke hakuloli a me ka loli, kekahi i UAIAaIN e'ē aʻe.

I keia - ka papa aʻe ke kaupalenaʻana ola. Ma waho mau, loaʻa nō i ka mea wale ole i ka heluna o na mea he nui 'ē aʻe. Kēlā me kēia? Ueo a me kanaka kūikawā, no laila, i nā kumumea ke kaupalenaʻana e ia i ka loa like. No ka laʻana, no ka trout nui pakeneka o ka o oxygen mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai no na mea kanu - ka qualitative a laupaʻi haku mele 'ana o nā mea kolo pollinating etc.

All ola meaola i kekahi mau mokuna o ke ahonui i kekahi a me kekahi ke kaupalenaʻana ololi. Kekahi mau mea, he akea lawa, oiai na mea e ae - ololi. Ke kaumaha ma muli o kēia aiao a hoomaopopo eurybionts stenobiont. First hiki ke tolerate nui ikaika hawewe oscillations o okoa ke kaupalenaʻana aʻe. No ka laʻana, maʻamau ilio hihiu noho kaiāulu mai hehi i-tundra, na iliohae, etc. Stenobiont, ma ka Akä, e hiki ke pale loa haiki fluctuations, e loaʻa kokoke pau mea kanu rainforest.