Ke Nine Inch waiwai o ka tungsten. 'Ano a me ka noi o ka tungsten

Tungsten - mea he Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, a no ia Group VI. I maoli tungsten ia lŘlŘ like me ka läÿau, he elima isotopes. Ma kaʻike mau ano, a ma lalo oʻike mau rula, ia mea he paa metala kala-oho waihoʻoluʻu. Ua kekahi mea i ka loa refractory o nā mea a pau ke hooheheeia.

Walaʻauʻana waiwai o ka tungsten

Tungsten - he mea hiki ke hooheheeia ka mea kupaianaha physical a me ka Nine Inch waiwai. Ma aneane pau loa na lala o ke kālā no? Iecaianoaaiiuo ua hoʻohana tungsten. Ka haʻilula ana ka mea ua olelo ia e like me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia'okesaside designations - Auwe _3. Tungsten o ka loa refractory metala. Ua Ua ea ae ia wale seaborgium hiki e hiki hou tugoplavok. Akā, e like me ka lōʻihi me ka mea hiki ole ke hoʻike, me seaborgium i he loa pōkole wā e ola ana.

He mea hiki ke hooheheeia i ka ho'ākāka 'ia i ke kino a me ka Nine Inch waiwai. Tungsten i ka pa apŘ o 19300 kg / ka m ^3, kona mahele heheʻe i ka mahana o 3410 ° C. Ma keia aiao ia mea kekona wale i ka kalapona - graphite paha daimana. I maoli tungsten ia lŘlŘ me elima lio isotopes. Lākou nuipa helu ma ka laulā, mai 180 i ka 186. Tungsten i ka valence o 6 minuke, a me nā hui ia paha e 0, 2, 3, 4 a me ka 5. ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia kekahi i kekahi i lawa ke kiekie kiʻekiʻe o thermal conductivity. No ka tungsten, i ka huahelu o 163 W / (m * DEG). E like me ka hiki i keia waiwai,ʻo ia aku i hui ia me Aluminum oka a pau. Mass tungsten aie i kona pa apŘ i mea like i 19kg / m + ^3. Ke degere o ka'okesaside o tungsten papa koa mai +2 i +6. mea hiki ke hooheheeia heʻakika waiwai, a ma lalo i loko o ka lani kiekie loa degere o kona'okesaside - walaʻauʻana.

Ke'ōlelo mai oka a pau o lalo, tungsten hui i manaoia lolelua. Ka loa hoʻopale mea i huiʻia me keʻano o ka eono. Ka mea, ho'āʻo i ka loa a me ka ano Nine Inch waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Tungsten mālama i ka haiia kuahene eiiieaenu. Akā, i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia tungsten mea IeAUPIIe, IAa IO loa hoʻopale. Ua hoʻomaka ka pāʻani aku me ka o oxygen i ka wela o ka +400 ° C. wale Ke aniani puka olu oia o ka tungsten pili i ke kino-e pili ana cubic type.

AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me nā Nine Inch

Inā tungsten ua kawili pu ia me ka fluorine maloo, ka hui hiki ke loaa ma lalo o ka inoa "hexafluoride", a heheʻe i ka wela o ka 2,5 ° C a me ka maʻi hēhē ma 19,5 ° C. A like mea ua loaa, i ka wa o ka hui ana o tungsten me ka chlorine. Akā, no kēia naoh ponoʻano kiʻekiʻe wela - ma kahi o 600 ° C. Naʻe, i ka waiwai a hoopuni ia kaua ke pale luku hana o ka wai, a kokoke e hookauwa i ka hoʻololi 'ana i loko o ke anu. Tungsten -'ōlinolino, i mea ole me ka o oxygen naoh produces noho male 'ana i loko o alkalis. Naʻe, ka mea, ua hoopuni ia ka pono i loko o ka läÿau, o HNO ₃ a me HF. Ka hapa nui o ka nui Nine Inch i huiʻia o ka tungsten - o kona trioxide Auwe _3, H ₂ Auwe ₄ - tungsticʻakika a me kona nā mea loaʻa - tungstates paʻakai.

Kekahi e noonoo i kekahi o ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka tungsten mai naoh nā helu kaulike. No ka laʻana, ka haʻilula Auwe ₃ + 3H ₂ = W + 3H ₂ O. It Ua loaʻa hou mai tungsten metala'okesaside hoike mai ai ia kona waiwai e pāʻani aku me ka hydrogen. Kēia helu kaulike Hōʻike 'i ke kaʻina hana o ka loaa ana ia mai tungsten trioxide. Ma hope haʻilula Kû ke ano o ka waiwai, me tungsten mea hiki insolubility i loko o nāʻakika: W + 2HNO3 + 6HF = WF6 + 2NO + 4H2O. Kekahi o ka waiwai loa kupaianaha i loaʻa ka tungsten carbonyl noʻonoʻo. Mau mea, a loaa anuanu ultrathin ka penaʻana o ke gula tungsten.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Tungsten - he mea hiki ke hooheheeia e loaʻa kona inoa, mai ka Lakina 'ōlelo. I unuhi 'ia' o ia hoʻi "'īlio hae ka apeape". Ua hana ka inoa iʻikeʻia ma muli o ia i ka hana ana i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. E hele pū ana i kaʻu mau mea e hoohehee ai piuta, tungsten, ke tina ālai ia koho. No ka mea, no ka mea, i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka smelting slag hana wale. He mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua olelo mai ia ia, "e ai i ke tina e like me ka iliohae eʻai ana i ka hipa." He nui ke kahaha o ka poe i loaa i ka Nine Inch hehee ai tungsten?

Kēia scientific Kaka ia i ka poʻe i loko o nā wahi ma kekahi kānakaʻepekema, kū kaʻawale o kekahi i kekahi. I ka 1781 i ka chemist Scheele o Kuekene loaaʻi ka ai-kapaia "kaumaha pohaku", e mālama nei ia mea me ka nitricʻakika a me ka scheelite. I ka 1783, na hoahanau chemists mai Spain, Eluard inoa i hai mai i ka loaʻa mai o ka hou hehee ai. More kaʻoi loa, ua ua wehe ka mea, tungsten'okesaside mea hoʻoheheʻe ma ka ammonia.

Na oka a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia

Currently maopopo hookahi-pae a me ka nunui-pae tungsten oka a pau. Ka mea, aia no iloko olaila i kekahi a oi na oihana mua. Loa ike i huiia - mea he oka a pau o ka tungsten a me ka molybdenum. Pepa molybdenum tungsten haawi ana i ka ikaika ma lalo o hoʻopilikia. ¶ A i loko o ka waeʻano o hookahi-pae tungsten oka a pau i huiʻia me ka titanium, hafnium, zirconium. Ke plasticity nui o ka tungsten i pili rhenium. Eia naʻe, ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa pili i ka oka a - he 'ano manawa-e hoopau ana kaʻina, like Rhenium ka loa paakiki e loaaʻi.

Mai tungsten o kekahi o ka loa refractory mea, i ka loaa ana tungsten oka a - i ka maʻalahi hana. A pau keia metala ua pono e hoomaka ana i ka paila, 'ē aʻe ka mea, ua hele i loko o ke kinowai a me ke kinoea moku'āina. Akā, i hiki ke loaa oka a ma ka mea o ka electrolysis kēia kānakaʻepekema. Oka a pau i loaʻa ka tungsten, nikala a me ka cobalt, e hoʻohana no ana i ka aiiay, ahu iho ma fragile mea.

Ma kēia metallurgy hana i hoomakaukau oka a me ka hoʻohana 'tungsten ka pauka. E ho okumu i ka mea e pono kūikawā keia, a me ka hanaia'na o ka holo kaiapuni. No ka mea, i kekahi mauʻano o ka tungsten AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me nā kumu mua steelmakers makemake oka a mai e hana i kekahi mau-pae ano, a me ka hoʻohana 'ana i 3, 4 a oi eiiiiiaiou. Mau oka a pau i ka oi aku mau nō, akā, me ka maopopo kaʻaeʻana nā papakuhikuhi. Ma ka iki haiahū kūmau pakeneka oka a eiiiiiaiou ke huli brittle, a unusable.

Tungsten - hehee ai, a ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke akamai

Mai keia metala i filament maʻamau pu u kukui. Nō hoʻi, X-Ray şarkı i hoʻomākaukauʻia ec i ka holo kapuahi e e hoʻohana i loa kiʻekiʻe mahana. Steel, i ka loaʻa o tungsten mea he kiʻekiʻe loa kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika. Na oka a pau i hoohana ia no ka hana ana o na mea paahana, i loko o nā wahi: no kaʻeli, lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hana 'enekinia.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE pomaikai o ka hui, a me ka tungsten kila - e mae wale ia'ku unlikelihood poino. Ka hale kaulana loa i loko o ka tungsten oka a ua kapaia "ka loaa." I keia hehee ai ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka Nine Inch oihana puolo. A me kona hou i hana HW pigments. No hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kēia kahua loaa tungsten'okesaside 6. Ua ua hoʻohana' ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o tungsten carbides a me halides. Kekahi inoa no keia mea - tungsten trioxide. 6 Tungsten'okesaside ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka melemele pigment i pena no ka pālolo, a me nā huahana aniani.

He aha e kaumaha ke hooheheeia?

All tungsten-muli oka a pau a i ke kiʻekiʻe nuʻa inideka, i kapaʻia kaumaha. Ka mea, i hua mai la wale ma na ki ina hana like o ka pauka metallurgy. Tungsten mea mau i ke kumu no ka kaumaha oka a pau, ai ka maʻiʻo hiki e mai i ka 98%. I keia mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua hou i ka mea kaumaha ke hooheheeia nikala, ke keleawe a me ka hao. Naʻe, ka mea hiki ke komo a me ka chrome, ke kālā, cobalt, molybdenum. Ka nui hiʻona loaa? Aiaiiuie noho oka a (tungsten - nikala - hao) a me ka XIP (tungsten - nikala - keleawe). A nui kiʻekiʻe o ka pa apŘ o kēia mau oka a leie aku ia i ka hoʻokemu mea pepehi gamma pāhawewe. O kēia mau flywheels i i ka huila, pou hui 'ana, rotors no gyroscope.

tungsten carbide

Kahi o ka hapalua o ka tungsten hoʻohana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo o mau nō ke hooheheeia, pakahi aku la ia tungsten carbide, a i ka mahele heheʻe i ka mahana o ka 2770 C. Tungsten carbide mea he Nine Inch hui, a iloko ona i kakauia he like ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma a me tungsten. Keia oka a loaʻa kekahi Nine Inch waiwai. Tungsten haawi ia i ka ikaika e like me ia ia aku i keia anakahi kila pāpālua.

Tungsten carbide ua hoʻohana nui ma ka hana. No ka mea, ua ua hanaʻia ana mea e e loa hoʻopale i ka kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka abrasion. Hoi kekahi poe kanaka no ka mea, o keia hehee ai ua i:

• Mokulele māhele, kaʻa kiko'ī.
• Details no spaceships.
• Lapaʻau, aʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau mea paahana, a i hoʻohana ma abdominalʻoki kino. Oia hana i oi pipiʻi ma muaʻike mau 'inikua kila, akā, ka mea, ua oi hoʻomāhuahua ai.
• Jewelry, o ka oi akuʻano kaua apo. Oia hiʻona tungsten ua hoʻopili i kona ikaika, no ka mea mare hui i nô kêia ikaika ka pili ma, e like me kona helehelena. Hiʻona anaiia tungsten i loko o ka palapala e like me ia ia no ka lōʻihi loa manawa e mālama ana aniani, ka lā'ī helehelena.
• Kala no ka mea poepoe-wahi mńka hana maʻamau.

Lanakila '- tungsten oka a

Ka hola i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o na 1920s, ua hoomaka iho nei na aina i lawe oka a no ke kalai i na mea paahana, a ua makaukau makou, mai tungsten carbide a me ka cobalt mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Ma Germany, e like me ka oka a kapa Vidya, i loko o ka United States - Karbolit. Ma ka Soviet Union, e like me ka oka a ua kapaia "ka loaa." Mau oka a ua maikaʻi no ka iapaau ana o ka nou ana la o hao huahana. Lanakila mea he pālolo-metala oka a me ka pae like kiʻekiʻe o ka maluhia. Ua ua i loko o ka palapala o ka papa o kekahi mau kinona a me ka nui like 'ole.

Pobedita manufacturing kaʻina mea like penei: lawe i ka tungsten carbide pauka, he lepo lā o ka nikala a cobalt, a me na mea a pau i hui pū me ka ikaika loa o Paulo ma ka kūikawā ka hopena he. Ka ikaika loa o Paulo pń pela malalo i ka hou ka wela lapaau. Ua haawi He nui paakiki oka a pau. Mau papa ka mea,ʻaʻole wale nō ia no ka ana o ka nou ana la o ka hao, akā, no hoi no ka hana o kaʻepekema mea paahana. Papa o ka pobedita soldered iʻeli lako a me ka hoʻohana 'ke keleawe.

Prevalence o tungsten ma ka 'ano

Kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia He mea uuku hohola i loko o ke kaiapuni. Ma hope iho o nā kumu a pau 57 ia i wahi, a mea e noho ana me Clark tungsten. Nō hoʻi, i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia o nā minelala hao - scheelite a me ka wolframite. Tungsten E neʻe i loko o groundwater a me ion pono'ī paha ma ke ano o ia wahi i huiʻia. Akā, no ka nui loa lehulehu mea negligible ma groundwater. He He mau-haneri, o ka mg / k, a kokoke aʻole e hoʻololi i kā lākou Nine Inch waiwai. Tungsten hiki ke hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka wai maoli kino mai wastewater mea kanu a me nā hale hana.

Ke kanawai ma ka mea kanaka kino

Tungsten i hui 'ana me ka wai a me ka ai aneane hele mai. Aia paha ia i ka pilikia o ka inhalation o tungsten (particles) a me ka lewa i loko o ka wahiʻoihana. Eia naʻe, hoʻowahāwahā no a hiki i ka waeʻano o ka mea kaumaha i eliiaʻi, tungsten mea ole-ʻawahia. Tungsten kaʻapu kōheoheo ana wale i loko o ka poe i pili i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o tungsten. Ke degere o ka metala ole ma ke kino hiki e okoa. No ka laʻana, tungsten pauka, tungsten carbide, a me na mea o ka waiwai a me anhydrite tungsticʻakika, hiki i akemāmā ka pōʻino. Kona papa kuhikuhiE symptoms - malaise, kuni. More loa symptoms e ala mai ka wāʻapu kōheoheo tungsten oka a pau. Kēia ia lŘlŘ ma inhalation o ka lepo oka a pau, a hiki aku i ka bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis.

Mea hao tungsten, haule i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, ua ole ke kemu i loko o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi, a i nā hōʻike. E ho i ka nui pilikia tungsten i huiʻia no e wailana. Ka mea, i waihoia ma ka spleen, iwi a me ka ili. Hooloihi ae i waiū o ka tungsten i huiʻia ke'ākoʻakoʻa symptoms e like me brittle kui, ili kaha onionio, nāʻano likeʻole o ka dermatitis.

Laau o ka tungsten i loko o kekahi mau aina

Ka nui loa tungsten kumu waiwai i loko o Rusia, Canada a me China. ʻepekema wńnana i loko o ka wahi lulu ?? eoi? Ke aupuni 'ma kahi o 943 tausani na tona o keia metala. Inā mākou e manaʻo i kēia mau koho, ka mea uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o ke koe nō ke aupuni 'o Hawaiian Siberia, a me kaʻAʻole loa East. Loa uuku ua ike kumu waiwai hapa - ia mea wale nō ma kahi o 7%.

Ma ka helu o ka ai hoʻokomo kālā o ka tungsten Rusia ka lua wale ke China. Ka hapa nui o ia i ke aupuni 'o mau mea o Kabardino-Balkaria a me Buryatia. Akā, i loko o kēia mau kula i hua mai la i ke gula maikai tungsten a me kona mea e hoohehee ai no hoi i loaʻa ka molybdenum, ke gula, bismuth, tellurium, scandium, a me nā waiwai. Elua hapakolu o ka buke o ke kūpono tungsten kaupaona i nā kumu encased ma refractory i eliia, kahi i ka papa kuhikuhiE volframosoderzhaschim mea pōhaku mea scheelite. Ke kaʻana like 'ana legkoobogatimyh na mea i eliia hoike no wale i ka hapakolu o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie. Ano o ka tungsten hua mai la i loko o Rusia mea haʻahaʻa ma mua o kahi e. I eliia iloko o ka nui pakeneka o ka tungsten trioxide. Ma Rusia, loa mau metala alluvial hoʻokomo kālā. Tungsten one iʻilihune kona mea e like me ka hailona o oxides no hoi.

Tungsten i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai

hoomaka Laulā tungsten? iecaianoaaiiuo e ulu mai ma kahi o 2009, ka wā aʻu i hoomaka ai e hoʻopaʻa i hawaiian hana. Ka nui loa ka hoʻohua o ka tungsten o China. No ka laʻana, i ka 2013 i ke kaʻana like 'ana o manufacturing ma keia aina hoike no ka 81% o ka honua lako. About 12% o ka koi no ka tungsten pili me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka ho'ā nā fixtures. E like me ka poe akamai, e e hoemiia ka hoʻohana 'ana o tungsten i loko o kēia wahi i lapaau me alakaʻi a me ka kukui hāweo kukui i loko o ka wahi lulu i hoʻolilo' ia a me ka wahiʻoihana.

Ua Ua manaoio ia ma laila e ulu koi no ka tungsten i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka uila lako a pan. High Wear ia'ku o tungsten a me kona hiki, e malama uila e keia i ka loa e pono metala no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke anakahi uila regulators. Eia naʻe, ma ka hua'ōlelo o ke koi nei nō loa ai uuku, a me ka mea, ua oaeuiinoe i ka 2018 ia, e ulu ma wale 2%. Eia naʻe, e like me kaʻepekema wńnana i loko o ka wā e hiki mai kokoke e hiki mai, a mahuahua nui koi no ka lepo pipili no hoi carbide. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka ulu ana o kaʻa? Iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o ka US, China, 'Eulopa, a me ka ulu i loko o ka hoʻouku oihana puolo. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka 2018, e hoomahuahua i koi no ka tungsten e 3,6%.