Kokika mau halelewa, i loko oʻEulopa. Kokika kuhikuhipuʻuone

Ke Kokika kuhikuhipuʻuone kaila i hānau i loko o ka waena o ka 12th kenekulia ma ka'ākau Farani. Hoʻokumu i kēia ho'āʻo pono Abbe Suter. Kona nui ka pomaikai i ke kaila i hiki i ka hapa mua o ka pela aku 13th., Hohola iho la ma ka mokuna o kēia Spain, a me ka Lepupalika Czech, Austria, a Kelemania, a me ka UK.

Me ka Kokika kuhikuhipuʻuone, he mea hiki, a ma Italy. Naʻe, i loko o kēia aupuni i ke kaila i pūnāwai ma hope, ua undergone he ikaika hou '. Ma ka pau ana o ka 14th kenekulia. International Kokika kaila maluna oʻEulopa. Nā'āina ma ka hikina o ka'āinapuniʻole, i kēia kaila ikea nui hope, a mau ae la ia a hiki i ka 16th kenekulia. Kokika i ke ao nei,ʻaʻole wale nō nona 'ano apau loa. Kēia kaila i hana i ka pono hou naauao o ka bulk haku mele 'ana a me ka hui ana o ka lewa.

Kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o? Acaeoey o Kokika

Aia He He periodization no ka hooulu ana i keia mea kupaianaha kuhikuhipuʻuone. No laila, kūlana Kokika:

- i kakahiaka nui, (12 i loko o.)
- mika uluʻana; (13 i loko o.)
- e lapalapa ana (14-15 CC.);
- lahui.

I kekahi mau mea hope i zodcheskih pāʻoihana hale oihana mua wale nō o kēia halawai kaila i hoʻohana. Oia haleʻia "Neo-Kokika" ua hoʻohana 'ia.

kuhikuhipuʻuone hiʻona

No ka mea Kokika kaila ua wehewehe aku ma vertical haku mele 'ana, he luna'? Aieao o ke kākoʻo nenoai, kahaone vault, a kuhikuhi mai la lakou e pio. Mau mea i manao ai hiʻona (ma muli o ka wahie, ma luna o ia offsets buttresses'ōnaehana) ae e kukulu hale me ka nui vaults (aie i ke alo o nā iwi aoao), a me nā pā thinner. Nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone kń i ka papakaukau hale i kukulu. Kēia. Ma muli o ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ka? Aieao. E like me ka hopena, e hou paia malama i kākoʻo hehee wale.

hiʻona

Kākoʻo ma ka kekahi mōʻaukala ke kahua kaila kuhikuhipuʻuone hale undergo kekahi loli ma manawa. A me ka Romanesque kaila nei ke kiʻekiʻe o iho i loko o ka Kokika.

He aha nō kona papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona? Aia i ehiku kiʻiona hiʻona o ka Kokika kaila:

1. kaila a predominant'ōniʻoniʻo - uliuli, ulaula a me ka melemele.
2. Na kuhikuhi mai la lakou laina ho okumu i ka lākou o nā intersecting arcs.
3. Ka huinahń kinona o ka hale i loko o hua'ōlelo o ka hoohuli ana i loko o nā kia hoaka.
4. hoʻopuehu lākou vault kūkuluʻia ma luna o? Aeia. Aka, ka mea, ua i kekahi manawa, loaʻa kekahi pahu palena. Rooms i loko o ka hale, ua lōʻihi a me ka ololi. A i 'ole ākea, ho'ākāka' ia ma ka waena Kākoʻo. Nā kaupaku i loko o kēia mau mau pono kiʻekiʻe.
5. Na kuhikuhi mai la lakou, wahi ponoi, i hoʻokuene pono, pohaku, huki i ka pio mai, e like me i kahalalo 'ia me ka iwi o ke kino holoʻokoʻa.
6. nunui-nā pōpō hoʻohaumiaʻo-aniani puka makani. Lākou mau helehelena i ia e kokoke mai paha elongated hala loa i luna.
7. Panel lāʻauʻoka puka, a kahaone hoaka pukapa.

An integral hiʻona o ke akamai o ke alo o sculptures. Mythical a pau a me ka gloomy huahelu loa pinepine hoʻonaniʻia ka pā o monasteries, na ekalesia, a cathedrals.

medieval Europa mau halelewa, He nui na hana iho la ia i loko o Kokika kaila. He He kumu hoohalike oiaio o ka hoʻololi kemikala o na kilokilo, e like me:

- kuhikuhipuʻuone;
- kiʻi kaula;
- monumental pena;
- mea noʻeau, a me ka akamai.

Ua kūkuluʻia Cathedrals ma ka Kokika kaila i loko o ke kikowaena kulanakauhale ahalike, Kīwala'ō a puni ia mau paha o yoa? iiai-ekolu hale. Kēia hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha He oi loa oiaio no ka hikinaʻEulopa a me Italy.

Ka mua kukulu o ka Kokika kaila

E like me ke kikoo o ka Abota Suger i kukulu i ka ekalesia o Sana-Denis. Ka mea, ua i ka 'ole mua i kūkuluʻia i loko o ka Kokika kaila. Me ka hana o keia Hale Pule Nui i wehe 'ia i ka nui helu o Kalaiaina i pohā a me k? Ko?. E like me ka hopena, i ka hale i kekahi graceful Look, ua i hele i kekahi e like me ka Romanesque kākela.

Kokika Hale Pule Nui ia e hali ana i kekahi mau manaʻo kukulu i alii kuhikuhi a me ka Abota Suger. He ua haawi nui ia ka hoailona, ka he kahiko ilina wahi o Palani na'lii. E like me ka wā, i ka luakini, kukulu iho la Suger, ua ana a me ka mea kupaianaha malamalama i paʻa kūhohonu loa i ka nani o ke Keena Kalaiaina. I ka rula ana i ka manawa, Louis IX, kauoha e kau Puhi iho kūkulu hou tombstones umikumamaono Palani mō'ī o ke aupuni. A pau o keia ua, e hooikaika i ka alii prestige.

St. Setepano i ka Hale Pule Nui

He nui Kokika mau halelewa, i ka aina hōʻailona o ka'āina i loko o i ka mea i kūkulu. Kēia pili i ka Hui Hale Pule Nui o St. Setepano, Aia ma Vienna. He ua noʻonoʻo i ka lahui hōʻailona o Austria.

Ua nani hale, kūkuluʻia ma luna o aneane elua kenekulia, kūkuluʻia i loko o ka naʻau o ka'Aukekulia kulanakauhale alii. Like nui Kokika medieval hale kākela, ka mea, i kona waiwai ia i loko o ka hale ma. A hiki i kēia lā, i loko o keia Hale Pule Nui e paa i kela lā o ka hoomana.

No ka mea manawa mua o ka Ekalesia Hui i olelo ia i loko o ka moʻolelo i kākau lima e pili ana i ka 1137. Ma ka 12th kenekulia. St. Setepano i ka Hale Pule Nui i ka hai paʻi o ka Romanesque kaila. Naʻe, i loko o ka 14-16 kenekulia. ka hale i radically kukulu hou ia, a lilo loa Kokika. Ua i loko o ka 17th kenekulia. ke Keena Kalaiaina o ka Hale Pule Nui iki hoʻololi. E like me ka mea, ua i memo lilo mahalo Baroque kaila.

The St. Setepano i ka Hale Pule Nui i mau hale kiaʻi. Kekahi o ia mau mea paʻa hapa, - North. Kona kiʻekiʻe, he 68 m + alua halekiai -. South. Ua punohu ma luna o ka honua ma ka 136 mika, a mai ka oa ?? me ka nani loa hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ole wale Vienna, akā, i kona nā wahi. Ma ka North Tower o ka nui loa bele i loko o ke aupuni. Ua kaupaona 21 tons, a ke anawaena - ekolu mika. Ka bele ka uku wale ma luna o ka aiiia, i hou aku 11 manawa o ka makahiki.

Chartres Hale Pule Nui

Kokika holoholona a haʻalele i ka hohonu manaʻo i loko o ka naʻau o kela ano kanaka. Ua loli ai i kā lākou kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikai aku i ka lani lehulehu hale kiaʻi, a kuhikuhi mai la lakou hoaka. Eia hou, na mau halelewa, i loko o ka Kokika kaila ka'āina no. No laila, Chartres Hale Pule Nui, Aia ma Farani, i ka lōʻihi o ka 130 m. Me kela mea keia mea i koho viewpoint pakaua kiai hou. A ka mea, 'o nā mea a pau i ke aloha a hiki i ka āiwaiwa manao o ka mea helehelena.

Akä naÿe i ka Romanesque ekalesia, ua i ka mea a me ka mōakāka i nanaia palapala, i ka wa a nana aku la au, mai Chartres Hale Pule Nui mea i ka nele o nā pā. Gallery, hoaka, hale kiaʻi, nunui puka makani, kahua lehulehu me arcades i ka loa-pau holoholona hihiu o ka openwork 'ano apau loa. Like a pau Kokika holoholona, Chartres Hale Pule Nui ua literally noho ma ka nui o okoa sculptures. Kekahi mau kiʻi i loko o ka luakini, ma laila nō ma kahi o umi tausani. Mau oeeo mea ole wale portals a me nā keʻena ma luna. Ka mea, hiki ke 'ike ma luna o nā eaves, a me ka hale ma luna o ka ʻoni iho staircases a me downspouts, i hooluolu mai ia, a ma lalo o ka hoaka o ka Chapel. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka Kokika mau halelewa, no ka malihini, ua ike ole a me ka 'Elima.

Notre Dame

Ka Kokika kaila o medieval holoholona, a ua hoʻohana i loko o ka nunui luakini, nona ka kūkulu hoomaka ma ka 1163 o ka hookumu ana pohaku o ka Hale Pule Nui o Notre Dame, ua hookumuia oia e Louis VII a me ka Pope Alexander III. ? Ieoaeunoai mau ae la ia no ka luna o ke kenekulia. I ka Ia manawa, ka mea kiʻekiʻe o hele, mai ka hikina a hiki i ke komohana loa o ka hale. E like me ka palapala kumumanao, i ka Hale Pule Nui i manao iho e no a pau i ka heluna kanaka o Paris, ma ka hoʻomaka o ke kūkulu o ka 10 000 poʻe e noho ana. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka hana ana o ka luakini kulanakauhale ua ulu nui manawa ma ia ia mea,ʻaʻole e hiki ke hoʻokō i kona manao.

Ka loko wa o ka luakini i keia pohaku aupuni slender maoli kia a i interconnected kuhikuhi mai la lakou hoaka. Kalaiaina He He maoli aupuni o vertical laina, imua i ai i ka lani. Nā pōpō aniani, hookomoia ma ka haka ai o hoʻohaumiaʻo aniani hoʻolei aku Map, a, kaikoo ka nui mau kii o nā koa a me nā kahu, a me na wahine, na keiki, na kanaka a me na'lii. Pā i loko o keia luakini mea,ʻaʻole i nā mea a pau. Aka, ka mea, kukulu iho la i kapiliia iloko olaila o kolamu e pili ana ma ka hoaka. E hoopiha i kēia manao lancet puka makani, a mea like i ka nunui i pena kakini huahelu. Map mea nunui-i nā pōpō hoʻohaumiaʻo aniani puka makani e like nunui gems. Ma keia mea, he kekahi mystical leo i ka haʻina ke kanaka ma luna o ka haipule haipule naʻau i loko.

Cologne Hale Pule Nui

Ke kukulu ana i keia Kiure 'ole o ka Kokika kaila i hoomaka ma ka 1248 Hale Pule Nui maopopo malamalama hale kiaʻi o ke komohana mea helehelena me ka nū'ōlelo hale, e like me ka leo hone pāʻoihana i nā mea a pau i ke kukulu lāliʻi, a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe o ka nave.

Kēia luakini o ka loa - i ka loa a me ka kaulana recognizable a pau ma luna o ka Honua. E nānā i ke kupaianaha kia o Kokika kuhikuhipuʻuone, a ma kona kiekie o ke kolu o ka lani kiekie loa i waena o nā cathedrals a pau o ke ao nei, a pau eager iauaeoia oo? Ecia 'ana Germany.

Palazzo Ducale

Kēia Hale Pule Nui He He aa laʻana o Venetian Kokika kuhikuhipuʻuone, i ua ole ike mall hiʻona a me ka Nani Loa hopena o kēia mea kupaianaha kaila. Ka mea helehelena o ka luakini o loa hana i loko o kona haku mele 'ana. A moʻo o keʻokeʻo kinikini kolamu hoopuniia ae la i ka haahaa pae o ka hale käkela. Monumental hale visually pushes mau kolamu i loko o ka lepo. Ka lua o ka papahele ua hanaʻia ma kekahi ana hamama loggia. Ua ua pili i ka keel hoaka a me ka lehulehu lahilahi kolamu. Kēia kahua Ua wehewehe aku o ka lokomaikai a me ka nanea ana. No hoi e pii ai i ke kolu o ka papahele, a pink pā pōhaku a i hoʻomano kaulike puka makani. Kēia hapa o ka mea helehelena ua hoʻonaniʻia me geometric manao ma keʻokeʻo. Ka holoʻokoʻa ka halealii catches i ka maka o kona sonority Nani Loa pāʻoihana. Ua hiehie i ka nani o Byzantium me ka naita ma ka hoihoi.