Lūkini, Soviet chemist Nina Andreeva: Kawaihae, discoveries, e piʻi like a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Mākou i ka puu o ke Kumu a me ka noiʻi, ka mea hope i lilo i ke kālai'āina alakaʻi? Kēia manawa ka poʻe i oi pinepine ma mua o nā loea kālai'āina me ka hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā, a kula kiʻekiʻe 'luna o ka nui hana. Akā, i loko o nā makahiki o perestroika, he mau mea kaʻu okoa mea. A o ka poe nana i hana i ka aoao, ua kekahi pahu hopu - e lawe mai i ko lākou manaʻo i nā nā paʻi hua, hemahema i ka maikaʻi ke ola no na kanaka. Lakou i i hahai i ka pahu hopu, e Haiʻina mai i kekahi wahi "ma ka pa." Kekahi o ka poe noonoo ole kanaka o ka poe aikane, e hana i ke ao nei maikaʻi, i lilo i kumu o kekahi o ka Research Institute o ka USSR - Nina.

pōkole māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana

Andreeva Nina Aleksandrovna - Russian chemist a me ka politician Soviet a me kaʻiʻo nō o kēia Rusia. I loko nō o ka mea i ka lehulehu i ole mau ike mea ikaika, o ka wahine ua hiki ke ho ololi i ka papa o ka mōʻaukala. Kona hiʻona 78-makahiki-kahiko wahine ua loaa ia ma hope o ka puke o ka (essay) ( 'atikala Andreeva) "I hiki oleʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai i kumu." manaʻo kekahi manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni i keia kikokikona hiki e kekahi o na kumu i ka Soviet Union e hina. Akā, ka mea maoli? E ka noiʻi ana.

Kawaihae: Nina Andreeva

Okatoba 12, 1938 ma Leningrad (USSR) Ua hanau he kaikamahine, Nina. Kona makua kāne i ka mea awa hana. He make ma ke alo iloko o ka Apana o ke Kaua Honua.

Nina Andreeva loaa i kona hoʻonaʻauao mai o kona makuwahine, ka mea i hana me ke mechanic ma ka Kirov mea kanu. Ke kaua i ka wā e hiki mai chemist ole wale i kona makua kāne, akā, i ka kaikuaana a me ke kaikuahine.

Mai noho 'ana kamaliʻi, Nina Andreeva aloha' epekema. Ua ikaika a nānā aku i loko o ke kula, no laila, ua i hookoia he gula kâlâ keʻokeʻo i kona paʻaʻana. Ua loaa no iaʻu haumāna hoʻonaʻauao, he kaikamahine komo i ka Leningrad Institute o Technology, koho i ka hana kūikawā, a me kaʻoihana o ka chemist. Akā, ia mea i oi hoihoi ma ka 'epekema wale, a me ka kiʻekiʻe hoʻonaʻauao, nā mea hoʻomākaukau i ka kūikawā aʻo. Ke kaikamahine i ka manawa iʻike piʻi nui kālā pilikia. Specialization o kekahi wahine opiopio ma hope o ka puka, hoomaka ae la e hana me ka spetskeramikoy.

Nina Andreeva puka 'o ia mai ke kulanui me ka hanohano. Ma hope, he ana, ua paa ka puka paha-puka haʻawina a loaa i keʻano ma ka iiaie oaoieei sciences.

makahiki o ka hana

Ma hope o ka puka, Nina Andreeva hana ma ka Research Institute o pōaka aniani i loko o ka lāʻau kū kanaka noiʻi. Ma hope o kēia, ua aʻo mai nā haumāna o physical kemika ma ka Leningrad Institute o Technology.

I ka 1966, ua hui i ka Communist Party o ka Soviet Union, e noonoo pono ia iho ka atheist. Ma ka olelo hooholo o ka Initiative Andreeva Nina Aleksandrovna'ōnaehana, no ka i 'epekema i mau kāne aliʻi kapu mua,ʻo ia i hoʻokuʻu mai i kona' oihana. Ua Ua kipaku mai i ka pāʻina. Akā, i ka 1981, Nina Alexandrovna, a hoihoi hou ia i loko o ka wahi, a me ka wale nô ma hope o hele nana kamaaina wau PDAs (CC CPSU).

Chikin Valentin, ka luna hoʻoponopono o ka Nupepa "Soviet Rusia", i mai la i ka wā āna i kaʻohiʻana 'ike e pili ana i Andreeva mua paʻi i kona kaulana' atikala, kulanui hooko ana e hoʻolako nā kānaka moʻolelo me ka loa lei ano o nā mea a pau-manawa e hana ana i na wahine. A ao mai la, mai ka makahiki 1972 a hiki i ka makahiki 1991 Nina Andreeva.

Kau i ka palu Andreeva a me ka loli o ka noho ana

I ka hoʻomaka o ka 1988 i loko o ka nūpepa "Soviet Rusia" paʻi ka 'atikala, i ka mea i palapalaia e Nina Andreeva "au hiki oleʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai i kumu." Ekolu pule ma hope, ka mea i kākau disavowed i ka "oiaio" i loko o ka 'atikala "nā loina o ka kūkuluʻana:, ka hoʻokahuli aupuni noʻonoʻoloi a me ka hana"

Ma hope iho o kēia, i ka hoomaau ana Andreeva. Ka mea, a pau i pau ai i kana kane, Nina Alexandrovna waiho wale aku no kekahi mau naʻau ho'āhewa wale, akā, me ka mea kumu "alakaʻi" a hiki i ka wahi o ka hana.

He aha e hiki mai ana?

Ua maopopo i ka pilikia popoiwi wahi i loko o ka Andreeva ola. Akā, i ka 1989, ua poai puni i ka All-Union Society (Party) "lōkāhi", hoomalu aku ia Leninism a me Lūkini kālai'āina ideals. I ka makahiki 1991, Andreev lilo i ka alihi kaua o ka aoao "Bolshevik pola o ka CPSU"

A me ka pau ana o ka Akuma ka o ka ia makahiki, Nina i ke poo o ka hui "All-Union Communist Party." Akā, e like me mākou heroine, ka mea ana i ike ole e iini nui ana no ka mana. Ua pau hanaia e iho.

Ukali ma ka haʻi'ōlelo ma mua o nā haumāna o ke kula, i "socialism mea invincible." Ma keia hihia, he wahine politician, he alihi kaua nui, e noho ana i loko o ka uku-yoa? Iiai elima keʻena,ʻaʻole bothering i ka pilikia e pili ana i ka hana o ka maʻamau o ke ola.

pepeiaohao nui na hana

Ma ia laua a me kona hua nui kālai'āina haʻawina Nina Andreeva manawa e kākau nā puke a me ka hoolaha aku 'atikala:

1. A ohi o 368ʻaoʻao: "Nepodarennye kumu, a me ka manawa pōkole History o perestroika", 1993.
2. "Alapahi socialism mea unacceptable", 1992.
3. Collection o nā haʻi'ōlelo "No ka Bolshevism i loko o ka mea Communist neʻeʻana", 2002.
4. Famous 'atikala o ka' aoʻao 2 - "I hiki iaʻu ke haawi aku i kumu", 1988.

He aha i ka mea e olelo aku i loko o ka 'atikala kaulana?

Ma ka pūnāwai, March 13, Ua paʻiʻia Andreeva 'atikala i ka 1988, "I hiki oleʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai i kumu." Text o ka palapala o ka uwēʻana, mai ka naau o ke kumu Soviet. I ka 'atikala hoahewa i ka mea paʻi i loko o ka Media, ma a ma hope o ka hoʻomaka' ana o ka manaʻo o ka ka kūkuluʻana papahana hoomaka ae la e nema aku ana socialism a me Stalin kaʻikepili.

Andreev mai la ia, o ka papa, e like a pau Soviet kanaka, ka mea, i ka io e pili ana i ke kulekele o ke alakaʻi o ka USSR manawa, ka wā he mau luku mai ia, lawe mai reprisals ku ei kanaka (30-40s). Akā, me Nina mea nui mai ia ia mea i pono, e haawi i ko lakou inaina i ke kūkulu 'ia o nā alakaʻi kahiko like me ka a pau, e like me ka mea i hanaʻia i loko o ka Media.

Andreeva i piha ka hoomaikaiia mai o Stalin i loko o kona palapala. E like me ka mea aiiay manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē wahine hiki aku ai i ka hoʻopuni palapala i Churchill. pono ke kumu e hele aku hoʻi i ka ia aoao a me ka papa loiloi 'o Stalin ka kulekele. E like me ia Andreev, mea i olelo mai ma ka ahakanaka i ka manawa o ke kākau 'ana o ka kikokikona distorts mōʻaukala replaces kūʻiʻo.

Ka mea kākau mai nei i na kanaka e nema aku ana socialism, e adherents o ke komohana a me ka cosmopolitanism. Kākoʻo o "kua'āina socialism" i lalo i i merciless noʻonoʻo loi, mai ka Andreeva. Ma ka kakaʻina a hiki i ka 'atikala hoʻohana ke kea Gorbachev, ma i ke kulekele hākālia nō ia ma lalo o ole pretext hiki oleʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai i ka Marxist-Leninist kumu.

He aha la hoi?

I ka pau ana o Malaki 1988 i ka palapala Niny Andreevoy kūkākūkā i loko o ka Politburo ma ka manaʻo noi o Mikhail Gorbachev. Ma ka halawai , Dmitry Yazov kākoʻo kumu, e kapi ana ka hoʻokoʻikoʻi ma luna o nā pono o Stalin i ka Nui Patriotic War. lanakila hiki ole ke loaʻa allegedly me ke alihi kaua.

No ka mea, he nui noiʻi a me nā moʻolelo o ka manawa o ka helehelena o ka 'atikala a mahope kūkākūkā ke lilo ki oihana mua o ka kūkuluʻana. Akā, e like me ka mea kākau (Andreeva), ia leka i ka pane i nā hāʻina o nā haʻawina o Prohanova Aleksandra.

kane Andreeva

Ma hope o ka puka, Nina Andreeva mare i kekahi kumu o ka hookahi moku'āina ma a mea, hana. Kawaihae a me ka Outlook ma luna o ke ola o ka noho male, he mau mea i like loa.

Born VI Klyushin January 23, 1926. Ma hope o ke kula kiʻekiʻe ka Leningrad lele ana i ke kula, ua komo. I loko o ka pua o ke kūlanakauhale hana i loko o ka munitions hola lathe. I ka 1943 Klyushin hele aku la i ka mua, i kahi ona e waiho ana he Komsomol alakaʻi submachine poe. He Ua seriously hana ino iki mai i loko o ka makahiki 1944 ma ke kaua no ka Leningrad. Ma hope o haukapila ke kanaka i mālama ai i loko o ka First Tomsk mea kaua School, laila, ua lilo iho la ka luna o ka platoon i loko o ka pana. Au i ka puu o ka hoʻolilo 'ia', a mau mekala no ka aina o ka pale.

Ma hope o ka hoʻopau koa hana Klushin komo i ka Leningrad State University. Zhdanov, ka'āuna kumu o akeakamai. Ma hope o ka loaa ana o ka palapala puka, ma hope o ke kula kiʻekiʻe, hele aku la i ka hana i loko o ka Institute o Nine Technology. I ka makahiki 1971 kokua aku la oia i kona doctorate a lilo i Kumu.

Klyushin Andreeva a noho pu no ka lōʻihi ola. I October 1996, he kanaka make. Ma ka moku'āina o kona ola kino loli ana ma na aʻo nui o ka weuweu 80-ies, i ka wa a kaʻaoʻao o kana wahine, a me ka pau 'ohana i ka lele lokahi mai, mai na wahi uncomplimentary olelo. Aka wahine Andreeva mau haʻaheo o kana wahine, ua i kona ola, a me ka kākoʻo mai o ke koena o kona mau lā.

Russian (Soviet) chemist Nina Andreeva ka pilina i ka mōʻaukala o perestroika, a koe ma ka hoomanao ana o na mea he nui kanaka. Kana mau keiki palapala aʻo ma ke kula mōʻaukala haʻawina. Eia hou kekahi, he luawai-ike chemist a me kumu hoʻokumu i kona scientific hana. Akā, no ka hapanui o ka i kēia lā i ka wā'ōpiopio ia e noho i ka "granny-Ninulkoy", hookahi i kapaia o kāna mau keiki, he wahine ka mea i hiki ia lakou ke ku imua o ka'ōnaehana, e paku ana i ko lakou mau manao a me ka kivila kūlana.