Male chromosomes. Ma ka Y-chromosome mea e loli ai a me ka mea kuleana ia mea?

Ke kumuhana o aaiaoe noiʻi - kaʻike manaʻo o nā kūpuna a me ka oko a. 'Amelika nä känaka' epekema T-X. Morgan i hana i ka chromosome pähola 'ana o nā kūpuna mai, ka hooiaio ana i kela a me keia? Ueo hiki i emi iho i kekahi mau karyotypes i kekahi mauʻano o nā chromosomes like somatic a me ka germ. Recent poe i hookaawale mau oko i kane a me ka wahine. Ma keia 'atikala, mākou e nānā ana i ka' ole, he kane a me ka wahine chromosomes, a pehea e oko mawaena o lakou iho.

He aha mea he karyotype?

Kēlā me kēia aeea i loaʻa kāna mau 'ōlelo ua wehewehe aku ma ka kekahi nui o chromosomes. Ua ua kapaʻia he karyotype. Ma kekahi laha 'i ke alo o mall huahelu o nā kūpuna mai ka pololei kekahi, e like me kanaka karyotype o 46 chromosomes ma chimpanzees - 48 crayfish - 112. ko lakou' ole, nui, 'ano okoa mai na kanaka a pau i okoa taxonomic taxa. Ua kapaia diploid ka helu ana o chromosomes i loko o ka halepaahao o ke kino. He typical no somatic nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa. Inā i ka hopena o mutations karyotype loli (e laʻa me, i loko o nā mea maʻi me Klinefelter maʻi pale helu o chromosomes 47, 48), ua hoemiia mau kanaka fertility, a ma ka hapanui hihia fruitless. Other hereditary maʻi pili i ke keka chromosomes - Turner maʻi pale-Shereshevscky. Ua lŘlŘ i loko o nā wāhine, ka poe i ole ma o ka karyotype 46, a me 45 chromosomes. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i loko o ka moe hui i mea e ike mau X chromosomes, akā, wale hoʻokahi. Phenotypically hoikeia ma ka underdevelopment o na gonads, poorly hoakaka kiʻekiʻe moe 'ano a me ka infertility.

Somatic a me ka anal chromosomes

Ka mea, oko nā ma ka palapala, a me ka lākou o nā'ōewe i loko o ia mau mea. Kanaka kāne chromosomes a me mammalian i komo i loko o ka heterogametic ke keka mau XY, hoʻolako 'ana o nā iniiaiie a me ka haumāna kāne anal ano. I kane, moe manu mau maupaʻa mau'ālike ZZ kane chromosomes kapaia homogametic. Akä naÿe i ka chromosomes e ho oholo i ka wahine o ka meaola, hereditary 'ole karyotype i'ālike na ka kane a me ka wahine. Ka mea, i kapaʻia autosomes. Ma ka kanaka karyotype o 22 hui. Male a me ka wahine ke keka chromosomes kuahene 23 ka mau, nolaila, hiki e na poe o ka karyotype o ke kanaka e like me ka mea mau haʻilula: 22 hui o autosomes + XY, a me na wahine - 22 hui o autosomes + XX.

meiosis

Ho okumu ana o germ keena - gametes, a ua hana i ka confluence o ka zygote ia lŘlŘ i loko o nā gonads: testes a me ovaries. Mau nā'aʻaʻa i meiosis - i ke kaʻina hana o ka halepaahao mahele, kūpono ana ma ke kahua o ka gametes i loaʻa ka haploid 'ia paha o nā chromosomes. Oogenesis ovarian oocyte maturation hiki aku ai i hoʻokahi wale nō? Ueo: X + 22 autosomes a me maturation o spermatogenesis gomet hoʻolako mau ano o ka 22 autosomes a X + 22 autosomes + Y. I kānaka i ka pēpē i ka wahine me ka nānā 'ana i ka manawa o ke kuʻi nukeliu o sperm a me ka hua nuclei a me ka hilinaʻi nui mai o ka sperm karyotype.

Chromosome a me keʻano papa hana o ka wahine paa

Mākou Ua noonoo ae nei i ka wahi i a he mea keka hoʻoholo i loko o kānaka - ma ka manawa o ka fertilization, a me ka mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o nā chromosomes o ka sperm. Ma nā holoholona i nā sexes oko i loko o ka helu ana o chromosomes. No ka laʻana, meaola ilo, nā mea kolo, na uhini ma diploid kane, he mea hoʻokahi wale nō chromosome o kekahi mau o ke keka, oiai wahine - a elua. Penei, ka meaola ilo haploid kau o chromosomes kāne atsirokantusa hiki ke hoikeia ma na nā papakuhikuhi: 0 + 5 chromosomes a chromosome 5 + m, a me na wahine i ka hua, hoʻokahi wale nō lākou o nā chromosomes 5 + m.

He aha e loli ai i ka 'īnea i dimorphism?

Ma waho aʻeo ia chromosomal loaʻa nō nāʻaoʻao o ka hoomaopopo ana i ka wahine. Kekahi invertebrates - rotifers, polychaetes - keka ua manao mua o ka hoʻokuʻi pū o gametes - fertilization, ma i ke kane a me ka wahine chromosomes kuahene he homologous paʻa. Wahine meaola polychaete - dinofilyusa ma oogenesis e lilo mauʻano o ka hua. Ka mua - ka meaʻuʻuku, Hune yolk - nā kāne a pau hoʻomōhala. Kekahi poe - nui, a me ka nui lako hou o ka mahuaola - e hoʻohana no ka hooulu ana o ka wahine. I ka meli nalo meli - ka helu o nā mea kolo Hymenoptera - wahine paka mau ano o ka hua: diploid a me ka haploid. Mai unfertilized hua hoʻomōhala i loko o kane - na drones, a me ka fertilized - wahine i hana nalo meli.

Hormones a me kā lākou mau kanawai ma luna o ke kahua o ka hoohanau

Ma kānaka, kane glands - testes - paka i ka ke keka hormones testosterone moʻo. Ka mea, he aha ka mea aʻelua i ka hooulu ana o iniiaiie anal ano (anatomical 'ole o na, a mawaho wahine nā loko), a me ka pakahi physiology. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka testosterone i hana kiʻekiʻe 'īnea i ano - i ka' ole o ka iwi, ka oi aku na huahelu, i ke kino kino lauoho, leo, me ka 'ole o ka larynx. Ka wahine ka ke kino ovaries paka ole wale ka reproductive keena, akā, i hormones, like gland secretions hui. Sex hormones e like me estradiol, progesterone, estrogen, he hoʻonui i ka ulu ana o mawaho a me na wahine, kino lauoho hoi o ka makana o ka wahine type, hooponopono i ke kahe ana o ka menstrual kalapona a me ka hāpai keiki. Kekahi vertebrates, ka iʻa, annelids a me amphibians biologically hana waiwai i lawe ia e na gonads, ikaika ho ololi i ka hooulu ana o iniiaiie a me ka kiʻekiʻe moe ano, a me ke ano o ka chromosomes ma keia hihia aʻole 'oe i ka nui o ka hopena ma luna o ke kahua o ka wahine. No ka laʻana, ka larvae o meaola polychaete - Bonelli - ma lalo o ka aoao o ka wahine hormones oki i ka ulu (nui 1-3 mm) i dwarf kane. Ka mea, e noho i loko o ka wahine'āpana o ka wahine, ka poe i he kino lōʻihi o ka mai i 1 mika. I ka iʻa-cleaners pihaʻi me keia kane e harems o kekahi mau wahine. Wahine, koe nae na ovaries, i ka lā mua o ka testes. A hiki i ke kane make, kekahi o ka kļhäpai hoʻonani o ka wahine lawe ma luna o kona kuleana pili i (i loko o kona kino, hoʻomaka i ka 'Imi hoʻomōhala kane gonads e paka ke keka hormones).

anal hooponopono

I kanaka aaiaoe?, Ka mea, ua lawe mai ia ma nā lula o: ka mea mua Ho'ākāka 'o ka pilina o rudimentary gonads, mai ka secretion o testosterone a me MIS hōmona. Hōʻike i ka lua o ka rula o kaʻano nui a Mānoa hoʻokani ma ka Y-chromosome. Male anal, a pau kona AYEIE anatomical a physiological symptoms hoʻomōhala ma lalo o ka aoao o nā'ōewe aia i loko o ka Y-chromosome. Interrelationship a kaukaʻi o nā na rula o kanaka aaiaoe? Ua kapaia ka loina o ka ulu ana: ma ka embryo, i mea bisexual (ka mea, i na kumu o ka wahine glands - Mullerian leki uea a kane gonads - Wolffian leki uea) differentiation o ka embryonic gonad hilinaʻi nui ma ke alo paha kaawale i loko o ka karyotype Y chromosome.

Aaiaoe 'ike i loko o ka Y-chromosome

Haʻawina geneticists, pakahi aku la ia T-X. Morgan, ka mea i loaʻa i loko o kānaka a me nā mammals, ka'ōewe 'ole o ka X a me Y chromosomes mea i ka ia. Male chromosomes i loko o ka hopena i alleles kekahi makana ma ka X chromosome. Eia naʻe, i loko o kā lākou'ōewe auau poe SRY'ōewe ke kaōhiʻana spermatogenesis, e alakai ana i ke kahua o ke kane ke keka. Hereditary kāna hana o keia'ōewe i loko o ka embryo hele aku ai a hiki i ka hooulu ana o ka aaiaoe maʻi - Suayra maʻi pale. E like me ka hopena, i ka wahine ulu mai ia i embryo he XY karyotype moe paʻa 'ole wale kekahi hapa o Y-chromosome i loaʻa i ka'ōewe locus. Ua haʻalele no ke kūpono 'ana o nā gonads. E hoomanawanui i na wahine ka mea,ʻaʻole differentiated kiʻekiʻe moe ano, a me ka mea i infertile.

Y-chromosome a aaiaoe maʻi

I hoʻomaopopo mua, ke kane chromosomeʻokoʻa mai ka X-chromosome like me ka nui (ia mea uuku) a me ka palapala (he makau type). Hoi kekahi poe kanaka no ia, a me ka ho'ākāka 'ia paha o nā'ōewe. No ka laʻana, he mutation o kekahi o na nā'ōewe i loko o ka chromosome e phenotypically hoike mai ai iaʻano o ka lohi loa lauoho pūʻolo ma ka earlobe. Kēia hiʻona He ano kanaka wale no. Ua ua ike hereditary maʻi, kena ae la ia e ka chromosomal mutation e like Klinefelter maʻi pale. Ke kanaka maʻi i loko o ka karyotype keu wahine a kane chromosomes: XXY paha HHUU. I ka papa kuhikuhiE PalekanaEND_LINK hiʻona o ka pathological ulu o ka mammary glands, osteoporosis, infertility. Ka maʻi He nō, he pono ole. I loko o kēlā 500 keiki kāne 1 'Isaaka.

E hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ua hoailona oukou ia ia i loko o kānaka i loko o nā mammals, ua paa ka manao o ka wahine o ka meaola i ka manawa o ka fertilization, ma muli o ia i kekahi me ka hui pu ana o ka zygote X a me Y keka chromosomes.