Mea e pono ai ha awina - He aha ka mea? Science, hana kūikawā

I ke kakahiaka nui 21 la kenekulia, he nui ka helu ana o ka lehulehu ākea Hana me kumuhana o ka noiʻi, aʻo, a me ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ia' ana o na keiki me ka i kaupalena 'kūpono o ka noʻonoʻo' ana. He o kekahi mea e Pilikanaka o ka noho hope. He aha ka mea? 'O kēia kekahi o nā lālā o Defectology, i Pilikanaka kumuhana o ko lakou hoomakaukau ana no ke ola o mentally retarded kanaka a me ka helu kuhi henua kumuhana o ko lākou hou hoʻopulapula.

Mōʻaukala o ke kaiāulu ka heluia, e dementia

Ma kēia 'epekema aohe mea i' ike e pili ana i ka oihana e ku e'āno'ē kanaka i loko o primitive ohana. Naʻe, ka mea mea no kekahi i ike mea i mau lala o ke kaiāulu, ka poe i hiki ke komo i loko o noho ai, a pepehi iho la lakou ia lakou iho paha i make.

Oe ke ole i kapa aku ai i ka humane ke kaiāulu kanaka, i ka heluia, a hiki i ka nāwaliwali-hoonaaukiekie oe,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ka wā kahiko, akā, i loko o ka Middle Ages. Ma na kanaka i nana aku la au e like me ka nele kanaka rula a me ka make, nolaila, aole ia e pono ke aloha a me ka kōkua. Society ho'āʻo e hoʻopale ai ia lakou iho, mai ka poe nona ka hana ua oi a emi hana ino aku kona pono.

Ka popoiwi wahi i pili i ka dementia i ka PalaniʻOiʻenehana (1786-1793 GG.). Kēia hanana ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka hou mōʻaukala milestone i loko o ka ulu ana o ka mea a pau lehulehu. Eia hou, ua kipi ua i kekahi, alahula mau hopena ma luna o ka ulu ana o na sciences i loko o kekahi mau kihapai o ka ike. I ka makahiki 1793, ua paʻi he Kuahaua o PONO KĪVILA, ma ka i, e like me ka kekahi mau kanawai, i mai la i ka lehulehu kōkua ilihune kanaka e e manao like i kekahi kapu hana. Ma keia hihia, ka mea, ua manaoia,ʻaʻole e like me ka manawalea a me ke aloha, akā, me he hana o ka moku'āina.

Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 19th ke kenekulia, me ka pilikia o ka dementia i maopopo huʻi. Kēia manawa ua wehewehe aku ma ka kokololio kūpono 'ana o ka hana, mahuahua ka hanaʻino o ka hana, a me kaʻiʻo mea hōʻemi i loko o kā lākou mau ana ola. A pau ia i alakaʻi ai i ka ulu ana i loko o ka helu o'āno'ē keiki. I mea no ke aha la i loko o ka dementia study i laweʻia i loko o no, ao ke ano o ka psycho-kumu kiʻina aʻo a me ka lapaʻau ano. All hana i lawe mai i ka hoʻoholumua i ka ka manaʻolana 'ia o? Acaeoey o ka intellect nawaliwali-manao kanaka.

Hoomau ana i loko o kēia wahi ka pilina i ka kokololio flowering o na sciences maoli. Kēia ka pilina i ka muli i ka hopena o 19th - i kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, ke mau Maui i loko o ka naauao o ka pā like me ka ano o ka dementia. ua kia lākou mau 'elele kā lākou mau hana ma luna o ka huli i na kumu a me ka lapaʻau study o ka pathology, like hoʻi me aʻo o mentally retarded keiki. Penei, nā haʻawinaʻiʻo no ka hooulu ana o ka pomaikai ha awina i ma ka psychiatrists me B. Weigand, Serbskii VI Yakovenko a me na mea e ae.

Pilina me ka dementia ma Rus

Malama no ka mea ilihune a me ka lapuwale i loko o mākou'āina i loko o nā lā kahiko i ka mea mua, e hōʻike i ka Orthodox Church. Kēia Ua hōʻikeʻia e nā palapala kūhelu ka launa pū hoʻi mai 10th ke kenekulia.

I ka wä kahiko Rus 'kanaka noonoo mentally retarded kanaka oluolu i ke Akua, a me ka poe a puni ia i ka aura o ka pohihihi a me ka kapu. Eia naʻe, naaupo, hele hewa nā alanui o ka aina, kena ae la i kekahi wahi lihi iki o ka hewa. Ka mea, i ka nui helu o ka hoohihia a me ka puhi hale. I ka mea kumu ka mea, ua pono e kaʻawale ia mai kaiāulu. Ka mua keia kula wehe i loko o Riga, Dr. Friedrich Plyats. Ua ua i ka 'inikua-kumu kiʻina aʻo kula no ka mentally retarded a me ka poino mai ke kāʻili' ana. Ia i mālama aku i keia kula a hiki i 1941.

Events ma o ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka aʻo o'āno'ē keiki i lawe mai i loko o Rusia, a koa ma lalo nei me ke kōkua o kūikawā kula.

Correctional kona mōʻaukala i lawe i ka hou huli i loko o ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19th, ua loaa he mana impetus i kona kūpono 'ana ma o ka hana ana o psychiatrists I. G. Ignatevoy a me P. I. Kovalevskogo. Naʻe, ka mea pinepine kuhikuhi i ka nele o nā kumu o ka lehulehu kulanui no ka hooulu ana o mentally retarded keiki. A laila, E. K. Gracheva, hoʻoili ma ka noiʻi i loko o ka mahinaʻai o'āno'ē keiki aʻo a me ka hoʻonaʻauao, e kuhikuhi ana i ka pōʻino i ka lehulehu, e kāpae'ōlelo ua kōkua.

Soviet kahua o ko mākou moku'āina o ka ulu ana i kekahi e pili ana differentiated pukapuka o kūikawā kulanui. Ka mea, ua hamama i ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ia' ana o na keiki a haʻahaʻa akamai.

Mea e pono ai ha awina - 'epekema, a ma Soviet manawa i hou ulu hoomaikai aku i ke kahua hana o IG Eremenko, IP Lauzhikasa, IA Groshenkova, M. N. Perova a me na mea he nui' ē aʻe noiʻi.

I ka lā, i kēia hahau ua aʻo i loko o ka Institute o Correctional nā kiʻina aʻo o kiʻina aʻo Sciences o ka Russian Hui. Hoikehonua, mea e pono ai ha awina - He aha ka mea? Kēia kuhikuhi, këia lauana a me nā hiʻona i loko o ka ulu ana o ka mentally retarded keiki, i hoike mai ai ia lakou iho i loko o ka hoʻonaʻauao kaʻina. Research a me ka hooulu ana i loko o kēia wahi ua lawe mai kēia kānakaʻepekema oligophrenopedagogs. Ma ke kumu o kā lākou hana, e hana i kekahi mau mea hoʻololi i ka'ōnaehana,ʻaʻole kūikawā wale, akā, i mau hoʻonaʻauao.

Palapala a me nā sciences

OligophrenopedagogicsʻAʻole hiki ke ola a me ka ulu me ka helu o nā kumuhana, a i conditionally subdivided i ālai 'ekolu. Kēia 'inikua' epekema, manaʻoʻike a me ka kiʻina aʻo. He aha mea i ka manaʻo nui o kēia mau mea no ka ha awina pomaikai?

Like no ka 'inikua sciences, a me kā lākou kōkua, nä känaka' epekema i hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka pilikia o mentally retarded keiki, e hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka liluwelo kumu o ka mai a me ka ano o ka loli ana i hanaia i loko o ka hoʻomanawanui ka kino. Ma keia Module oe e loaʻa: ka physiology a me ka'anatomia, neurology a me ka neuroscience, psychiatry a me ka psychopathology, pediatrics a me aaiaoe?. Mau no ka hoʻopaʻi 'ae kānakaʻepekema, e maopopo i nā hiʻona i ua retarded ke kūpono' ana o ke keiki, a leie aku oe i ka pono hoʻomōhala i ka'ōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao.

Me ka oi aku o ka mea e pono ai ha awina pili loa aku? kanakaʻike manaʻo (mau, kūikawā a me nā kiʻina aʻo) - i ka hahau i ka haʻawina 'ē aʻe nui loa no ka ha awina pomaikai. Ka mea, ae oe e kuhikuhi i kumu hoohalike i mea loaʻa na keiki me ka 'imi naʻauao ke kino kīnā. Pū me lākou kōkua-oligophrenopedagogsʻepekema kiʻi i ka manaʻo o ka noʻonoʻo 'keʻano o ka hanaʻana lawe wahi i loko o ia nā mea maʻi. He mau hiʻohiʻona nō noiʻi e hoapono ia ia i loko o ka hana pono 'ana i kūpono a me epekema.

I ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ia' ana o na keiki me ka 'imi naʻauao ke kino kīnā i ka weliweli kōkua nā kiʻina aʻo. Ua hahau apono 'e hoakaka i ka i Kekahi Mau' o nā kumu, a me ka Pahuhopu maʻiʻo o ke aʻo kaʻina hana o mentally retarded nā haumāna. Ma keia nā kiʻina aʻo o ka aie mea, kiʻina hana a me nā 'ana i kūpono e e nooaai? Kēia waeʻano o nā haumāna. Ma keia aeie ninoieo o kekahi mau sciences. I waena o ia mea, he pono ole, ka nohona a me ka hana i nā kiʻina aʻo, a didactics o ka hoʻonaʻauao hana.

O kekahi mau manaʻo no ka hoʻopaʻi '

No laila,ʻo kēia mea e pono ai ha awina - He aha ka mea? He He 'epekema, a hoʻomōhala i ka hoʻonaʻauao Mea Maluna, a hiki i ka manawa e ole wale ke kanaka, akā, i ka differentiated kokoke i na keiki me ka haʻahaʻa akamai. Eia hou, i ka hahau pili i nā kiʻina hana a me nā loina o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ia' ana o nā haumāna, ka maʻiʻo o kā lākou hana aʻo, a mau ka naauao. E like me nā ano o ka mea e pono ai ha awina like me ka 'epekema, a pili i nā koi o ka hahau, e ho okumu i nenoai a me nā hale e like kula i hoʻohana' ia ma kūikawā hoʻonaʻauao kulanui.

walaʻauʻana me nā loina

I ka mea noi e pili ana i ka ha awina e pono ai - He aha ka mea maikai, e ike i keia hahau i ka ia kumu e like me ia o nā kiʻina aʻo. Ua hoi discusses ka nui hoʻomanaʻo o ka ha awina, na kumu o ke aʻo 'ana, a no laila, ma luna o. D. wale ma ka Akä naÿe i nā kiʻina aʻo, keia scientific kahua eʻimi ana i ka hana ana me mentally retarded keiki ma muli o kā lākou mau hiʻona. I ka Ia manawa i nā loina o ka pomaikai haʻawina, e like me aʻo a me ka hoʻonaʻauao,? Acaeoey a me ka ho okumu ana o ke kanaka, i ka mea ia ano like i loko o ka mau kiʻina aʻo.

kumu o ki ina hana like

Epekema oligophrenopedagogs i loko o ka hana i lawe mai:

• noiʻi;
• hoʻomakākiu;
• palapala ninaninau;
• like ana o na keiki i ka hana;
• ho okolohua;
• like o nā moʻolelo o ka manaʻoʻike a me ka kiʻina aʻo ano.

A pau kēia mau ki ina hana like o ka mea e pono ai ha awina like me ka 'epekema. E mākou huli ia i loko o au mamuli.

I ka hoʻokō 'loina i purposeful study o ke kumu kiʻina aʻo kŰia. E like me ka hopena, i ke kanaka noiʻi o ke launa mai factual mea. Kilo poses he mau 'manao, i kona mau hana nui loa ia, e like me ke kiʻi. I loko o kona hooko Hola Pūnaewele (mooolelo) e malamaia no.

Pinepine i ka hana o nā kānakaʻepekema i ka nānā 'ana ma ka noiʻi' ana i mālamaʻia e ia, kekahi o nā kiʻina hana i mea i kamailio. Ua apono 'oe e kiʻi i ka' ike pono a me ka möakäka hou mea iʻaʻole maopopo lawa ia ka hoʻohana 'ē aʻe ano o ka noho hope. Kūkākūkā Ua paʻa ma luna o ka hoʻoholo ma mua kumumanao.

Paka i ka papakaukau ohi o ka 'ike e leie akuʻepekema e ana manaʻo. Iloko o ke anaina i nā nā haka pane i kākau ana i nä nïnau.

No emi waiwai mea noiʻi i loko o nā kaʻina hana o këia nā huahana i na keiki me ka 'imi naʻauao ke kino kīnā. Kēia mau huahana nā keʻano o ke akamai, a me Nails Puke Memo me ka hooponopono ana o ka hana a me ka hana i loko o kekahi mau ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana.

Correctional kēia hana ma muli o ke ao o ka palapala likeʻole o psycho-kumu kiʻina aʻo ano. Kēia 'inikua mooolelo a me pilikino AEIU o nā keiki, kā lākou diaries, me Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke, ka hoʻonaʻauao' ano, a no laila, ma luna, D. me ke kōkua o kēia papa hana, e loaa Pahuhopuʻikepili e hoike ana i ka hana o ka hui ana o ka hoʻonaʻauao kaʻina.

A kūlana kūikawā Ua pâʻani 'o ia ma ka hoʻokolohua i loko o nā haʻawina. He He pela hoʻonohonoho hoʻokipa ma, he iaoia paha ka maʻiʻo o ka hana. Ke kumu o keia papa hana mea e hooholo i ka laulā o ke ao ana hoʻonaʻauao kaʻina. I ka ho okolohua ninoieo o na kēia mau kapuwai.

• i kaʻimi naʻauao hoʻomanaʻo o ka pilikia, i ka wehewehena o nā Pahuhopu, ke kanaka a me ka mea o ka noiʻi,? acaeoey hana a me ka hypothesizing;
• methodological Aey? acaeoey o ka noiʻi kāu kiʻina hana a me ka hopena o ka hou aaioee i kūpono;
• lawe mai o ka ho okolohua i loko o ke kino o ka polokalamu hoʻokō ', he moʻo o ka hana, a no laila, ma luna a pela aku..;
• mākau qualitative a laupaʻi Ka Ikepili o ka loaʻa ikepili, ka hoʻomanaʻo o ka hopena, a huki i mea hiki koi.

Hana me mentally retarded keiki

Aia ka ia i ka hooiaio - "pomaikai hope". Ua Ua loaa ka poʻe i hope ao a me ka hoʻonaʻauao keiki me ka 'imi naʻauao ke kino kīnā. Naʻe, ka mea e e kaʻikaʻiʻia ma ka manao ana o ka hooiaio i ka helu o kekahi hiʻona. No laila, i ka hana o ka oligophrenopedagogs mai nā 'ole wale na kau a me kā lākou mau haumana i ka mea e assimilate ia i ka ukana o ka ike kula. Kēia hoʻomalu ka haʻaheo lāhui keiki a me nā mākau i pono ai no ka wā e hiki mai kuokoa ola. Wale maluna oʻana hooko ana i keia hana, he keiki me ke kino kīnā, e e hiki i ka hui i ka piʻi like a me nā loina o ke ao nei.

Oligophrenopedagogics - hana pahuna ole wale no na keiki akā, i ko lākou mau mākua, ka mea i hoi i ka pono o ke aʻo ana i ka palapala hōʻoia no 'oihana. Ke kumu uku o correctional hoʻonaʻauao mea iki kiʻekiʻe ma mua ia o kona nā hoapili i loko o ke kula. A ka mea, 'o ka pōkole e hana ana i ka lā. Eia hou kekahi, oligophrenopedagogs hana me ka pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā keiki (8 i ka 12 kanaka).

Nā haumāna e mālama i ka mahalo i ka maikai o kona kumu, a aloha ia. Eia naʻe, e hana ana me na keiki me ka haʻahaʻa manao, ka ikaika mea,ʻaʻole no ka kela mea keia mea. Oia kekahi kumu pono e optimistic. Me keia ano, e lilo i ano o ka hana a me ka poe e pono kūikawā kōkua. Manaoio i ke keiki a me kanaka aloha - kēia mau mea i ka hana ole i ka mea e ole e holopono ana,ʻaʻohe kumu kiʻina hana.

Kēia hoʻomalu e ike i loko o nā haumāna i ia kakouv hanana kanaka, a hana no ia. Ae, ua ha awina ua pili me kaʻiʻo mea naʻau a me kekahi manawa physical exertion. Eia naʻe, ka ike ana i ke keiki i nā, pani ma ka anu u, loaʻa iā ia nā hou successes - ia mea he maoli olioli no kekahi kumu.

wahiʻoihana

Oligophrenopedagogs pū me kā lākou mau keiki ma kindergartens a me nā kula no nā keiki me ka 'imi naʻauao kino kīnā. Jobs ia hoʻomalu mea i keʻano o ka hoʻopulapulaʻana a me ka pilina-oaio? A. Koi ma kaʻoihana kahuna, a me kekahi mau kula kiʻekiʻe a me Ho 'Oponopono, a ua hamama papa no nā keiki me ka noʻonoʻo retardation. Pili kēia oligophrenopedagogs kōkua pediatrician-neuropsychiatrist. He oi loa oiaio o ka luna 'hihia, me kaʻike, a pathologies o ka psyche o ke keiki.

kumu o kona mea e like

hiki ole Oligophrenopedagogs hana me ke aloha a me ke aloha o ke keiki. Eia hou kekahi, ua pono ia hoʻomalu ikaika a me ke kuleana, perseverance, a me ka hiki i kaʻai i kekahi mea, a hiki i ka nīnūnē holomua o ko lākou mau papa. An nui ano no ia i kekahiʻoihana o ka makemake i loaʻa hou ike. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, 'epekema ua mau neʻe i mua, a me ke kumu pono e ae mai ke aʻo a me ka pili' ike loea hou a me nā 'ana i kūpono? Aaei e ia. E loaʻa hou ike, e hiki ke lawe papa ma ka mea e pono ai hope. Kēia, e hoʻoikaika i na nā mākau, a aʻo e pili ana hou Aey? Acaeoey o ka noiʻi i loko o kēia kahua.

onui ana ka ike

Kumu hana me mentally retarded keiki e ike i ka physiology o lākou? Ueony aʻe 'ana, corrective ano noho ai, a e hiki e loiloi i ka hopena o kana hana. A me keia pono kūpono aʻo o ka noho hope. E hana i kēia, e ke komo i ka Moscow State kumu kiʻina aʻo University. Kēia kulanui i defectology kumu Loko Ka hoʻomalu i loko o kēia wahi. Profile aʻo ka hope pomaikai.

Makemake e loaa i kaʻoihana a ka'āuna ka Moscow City kumu kiʻina aʻo University. Potemkin. Correctional Education ma ka'Āuna Kumu o Special Education i nā mea a pau ke aikane, e kuhikihi ana i ko lakou ola me keia pilikia hooiaio ana. Aia o kekahi Kauhalenui kulanui i prepares palapala hōʻoia no nā limahana ma keia kahua. Keia Moscow State aloha kekahi i kekahi kula nui. Sholokhov. Ma keia hoʻonaʻauao kula i defectology'āuna kumu, i Loko Ka hoʻomalu ma ke ala e hiki aku, ua noʻonoʻo.

Loaʻa oligophrenopedagogsʻoihana hiki ia i loko o kekahi'ē aʻe kiekie hoʻonaʻauao kulanui o Rusia.