Membranes - He aha ka keia? Liluwelo membranes: 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo

Nature Ua hana nui meaola a me aeee, akā, ma muli naʻe o keia, ka hapanui o ka 'ole a me ka mana o liluwelo membranes i ka ia, e leie aku e noonoo i ko lakou' ole a me ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina lākou ki waiwai ole IeIIeYOA i kekahi mauʻano o ka halepaahao.

He aha mea heʻili lahilahi?

Membranes - he aiiay hehee ai, i mea he integral ke keʻena o na keena o na meaola ola.

Mall a ooieoeiiaeuiiai paʻa o nā meaola e noho ana ma luna o ka Honua o ka halepaahao. Nui oihana ka mea, ua inseparably e pili ana i ke kaiapuni, me ka i ia kūkaʻi ka ikehu a me ka 'ike, mea. Penei, ka'aiaola ikehu pono ai no ka functioning o aeee, hele mai mawaho, a ua hoolilo ia ma luna o ka manaʻo o kona hana likeʻole.

Ka 'ole o ka' ole o ka simplest pa alima o ka meaola ola: o kaʻili lahilahi aeea nucleus, organelles, heʻano o inclusions. Ua Ua hoʻopuniʻia o kaʻili lahilahi, i ua aia maloko o ka nucleus a me nā mea a pau organelles. Ua mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, endoplasmic reticulum. Kēlā me kēia hehee ai i kona mau mallʻili lahilahi.

Kūlana ma aeea ha awina

Liluweloʻili lahilahi Radio he kūlanaʻAha i loko o ka 'ole a me ka hana ana o kula haʻahaʻaa ola nenoaiu. Once ka halepaahao ua puni i ka aiiay wahi, ka mea hiki rightfully ke kapa i ke kino. Oia ke kaʻina hana like pūnao, ua lawe mai no hoi i ke aloha a hiki i kaʻili lahilahi. Inā ka mall manao pono o kona wāwahiʻia, ua hiki aku i ka loli ma ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai moku'āina o ka meaola like me ka a pau.

Ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi a me kona oihana

Ua hoʻokaʻawale i ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao, mai ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia a no ka iwi. aeeaʻili lahilahi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo pono hooko ana o kekahi oihana, ka specificity o ka halepaahao-aeea hui 'ana a me ka'ōnaehana paleʻea hoikeana Kākoʻo transmembrane uilaʻia like. Ua i receptors hiki ke ike Nine Inch mau lepa a - hormones, neurotransmitters a me nā biologically hana eiiiiiaiou. Mau receptors nō e kūʻai nō ia me kekahi waiwai - hoʻololi i ka metabolic hana o ka halepaahao.

ʻili lahilahi kuleana pili i:

1. kaʻeleu amo o ka waiwai.

2. OE hoolilo o ka waiwai:

2.1. Maholahune poe noonoo ole.

2.2. Hoolilo ma ka ili.

2.3. Amo lawe mai ma maholahune o ka lawe pu me kaʻili lahilahi i nā puke a ma ka mea o ka EYI ma ka mika konohiki hakakino kaula hoolilo hope paha.

3. Ka hoolilo ana o non-electrolytes ma na mea a kōkua ai i nā maholahune.

4.ʻeleu amo o ka Ion.

Ka 'ole o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi

Eiiiiiaiou o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi - lipids a me nā polokina.

Lipids: phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol a me ka phosphatidylserine, glycolipids. I ka nui o ka lipid o 40-90%.

Nā polokina:ʻike ākea, noniakahi (glycoproteins), spectrin, actin cytoskeleton.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mall hehee ai - papalua ahu iho la ka phospholipid nā lātoma.

Roofingʻili lahilahi: ho'ākāka 'ana a me ka typology

Kekahi mau 'ikepili helu. Ma ka palena o ka Russian Hui like me kaʻili lahilahi roofing mea ua hoʻohana 'ole ai i ka wā kahiko. I Kekahi Mau umekaumaha o kaʻili lahilahi roofing o ka huina pahee kaupaku slab mea wale 1.5%. More laha ma Rusia, a loaa i ka bituminous roofing mastic. Akā, ma ka Western 'Eulopa, i ka puu o kaʻili lahilahi puhi hoike no ka 87%. Ke koena unuhi Ua palpable.

Nō kāu, i kaʻili lahilahi like me ka iniiaiie mea i loko o ka palena o ka hale mea maikaʻi no ka palahalaha puhi. No ka loaa he nui hene ua hoʻomākaukau i ka uuku loa.

? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me kuai ana o kaʻili lahilahi puhi ma luna o ka wahi lulu kuai i ka maikaʻi ulu au. No ke aha? Ke kumu, ua oi aku ike:

• Ke hana ola o ma kahi o 60 makahiki. Hoi i noonoo ai i ka wale ana o ka palapala hoʻokō au, a ua hoʻonohoʻia ka Hookah, i ke 20 makahiki.
• Easy mea hoʻonoho. No ka nane, i ka mea hoʻonoho o anoaeuoiauo roofing i 1.5 mau manawa hou ma mua o ka mea hoʻonoho o kaʻili lahilahi ano.
• Hoopau i ka malama a me ka hoʻoponopono hana.

Roofingʻili lahilahi mānoanoa paha e 0.8-2 mm o a me ka awelika ke kaupaonaʻana o kekahi huinahalike mika o 1,3 kg.

Waiwai roofing membranes:

• elasticity;
• ka ikaika;
• ia'ku i ka UV kukuna a me ka 'ē aʻe me Media, aggressor;
• hau paa;
• ke ahi ea.

I kaʻili lahilahi kaupaku mea o ka ekolu ano. I ka papa kuhikuhiE Mea Maluna hiʻona - palapala pīlali mea aha ke kumu lole. No laila, roofing membranes i:

• EPDM. Membranes pili ana i ka pae ana o EPDM, i ke kanaka ma muli o polymerized'etolina-propylene-diene-lātoma, a oi wale, kemikala laholio. Pono: kiʻekiʻe ikaika, elasticity, wai ia'ku,? Aneie friendliness, haʻahaʻa kāki. Keakea: lina enehana hui Pūnaewele Puni Honua ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi kūikawā kāʻei, ka ikaika haʻahaʻa o ka hui. Laulā: Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka waterproofing mea no tunnel palaoa, wai kumu, pūnaewele o ka wao akua, ma kona ano maoli a me kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni wai Reservoir, a pela aku ...
• PVCʻili lahilahi. Kēia iwi, ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o a me ke kumu pono hana a ua hoʻohana Tewetewe koloriside. Pono: UV ia'ku, ke ahi ia'ku, nui ke kala huahelu o kaʻili lahilahi lole. Keakea: haʻahaʻa pae o ka ia'ku i bituminous nā, mea kāhinu, nā'uheheʻe; kī ana nā palapala 'ona; lau waihoʻoluʻu mae me ka manawa.
• TPO. I mai thermoplastic olefin. Ua hiki e ka ikaika a me ka unreinforced. Ka mea mua i hoʻolako pono me ka hei o ka polyester paha o Minvielle i lole. Pono: environmentally aloha, mau nō, kiʻekiʻe elasticity, wela ia'ku (i nā kiʻekiʻe a me ka haahaa mahana), pūnāwelewele welds nakaka. Keakea: kiʻekiʻe kuai waeʻano, o ka nele o Manufacturers i loko o ka wahi lulu kuai.

I kaʻili lahilahi Ua piliʻike: ano, hiʻona a me ka pomaikai

Hoʻokinoʻili lahilahi - mea he HOU i loko o ka hana market. Oia kaʻili lahilahi hoʻohana like me ka waterproofing mea.

Ka waiwai hoʻohana i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie - polyethylene. Hope nei no mau hoailona ia mea: kiʻekiʻe-pa apŘ polyethylene (LDPE) a me ka kiʻekiʻe nuʻa polyethylene (HDPE).

Kōmike 'ano o kaʻili lahilahi o LDPE a me ka HDPE

anakahi	JHA	HDPE
Tensile ikaika (MPa)	13	23
Tensile elongation (%)	400	100
Nuʻa (kg / cu. M)	917-930	948-952
Compressive ikaika (MPa)	12	20-36
Hopena ikaika (notched) (kJ / sq. M)	-	2-50
Flexural Modulus (MPa)	140-250	600-850
Paakiki (MPa)	14-25	45-59
Pae'ōnaehana mahana (? C)	-60 e +80	-60 e +80
Kela la i keia uku o ka wai omo (%)	0,01	0,01

Ka hoʻokino diaphragm o ke kiʻekiʻe puʻe polyethylene mai he mau 'ili - puha pimples. Ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau hale e ĸokoĸa ana nä pane mai ka 7 a hiki i 20 mm o. Ka loko ili o kaʻili lahilahi Ua palahalaha. He mau hiʻohiʻona nō pilikia-noa anuenue o ka hale i nā puke.

Hoʻololi i ke kinona o ka haʻawina kanaka o kaʻili lahilahi mea hiki, no ka puʻe ma luna o kona wahi holoʻokoʻa ua kōā kaulike haawi aie i ke alo o ka mea ia nā wānana waiwai. Geomembrane hiki ke hoʻohana i hoʻokomo ea hoʻokaʻawale. Ma keia hihia i hoʻolako me ka kūkaʻi o ka wela i loko o ka hale.

Pono o ka piliʻike membranes:

• mahuahua ikaika;
• thermal kumupaʻa;
• Nine Inch kumupaʻa a liluwelo ole;
• lōʻihi ola (50 makahiki);
• Oluolu e? Ac a me ka malama;
• kupono uku.

Hoʻokino membranes mea o ka ekolu ano.

• me ka hookahi ahu iho la ka lole;
• elua-Ply pūnaewele = + nōkahea geotextileʻili lahilahi;
• me ka ekolu-ahu iho pūnaewele pahee ili = + + nōkahea geotextileʻili lahilahi.

Monolayer hoʻokinoʻili lahilahi ua hoʻohana 'ia e hoʻopale ai i ka iniiaiie kūpono,ʻaha kanaka a me ka disassembly o ka hoomakaukau ana pōhaku puna paia me ka ona mau. A mau-, ahu iho aiiay lako a hoʻohana i ka manawa o ka mea kokoke-pa nōkahea. Oia o ekolu papa e pili ana ma ka honua, i mea amenable i ka hau paa kaʻikaʻiʻia, i ka lepo a me ka groundwater, Aia hohonu.

Mau mea o ka pono o ka nōkahea membranes

Piliʻikeʻili lahilahi loaa kona palapala noi i loko o ka i kēia mau mea:

1. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hale ilalo waterproofing. Ua 'oi aku ike loea ka palekana i ka kŘpuna hopena o groundwater, mea kanu aa nenoai, subsidence, pōʻino a me mechanical type.
2. Wall nōkahea kumu. Neutralizes i ka hopena o ka groundwater, kimu ma ferrying ia i ka nōkahea nenoaiu.
3. Papamoe nōkahea? Aieeeua type - ka palekana i ka deformation ma muli o ke mall hiʻona.
4. Analog hoʻomākaukau pōhaku puna. Hoʻohana i ka hihia o ka hana ana i na hana ma ka kukulu ana o na hale i loko o ka wahi o ka haʻahaʻa groundwater, i loko o ia mau manawa, kahi i papamoe waterproofing e hoʻopale ai i ka capillary ona mau. I piliʻikeʻili lahilahi kuleana pili i ka loaʻa o nontransmission lepo pipili no grout i loko o ka lepo.
5. Hoʻokomo ea pa surfaces o kiʻekiʻe humidity. Ua hiki ke hoʻouka kekahi a elua ma ka loko, a ma luna o ka mawaho o na pa. Ma ka hihia mua, ea holo ua ho'ā 'ia paha, oiai i ka lua o ka hoʻolako kaʻoi loa humidity a me ka wela.
6. Hoʻohana 'ia hahana roofing.

Superdiffuzionnayaʻili lahilahi

Superdiffuzionnayaʻili lahilahi mea o ka hou hanauna, nona ka papa kuhikuhiE manao - ka 'ohana ka palekana o ke kumu o ka hale' ole o ka makaniʻike manaʻo, ka ua, mahu.

Hana o aiiay mea ua muli ma ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka ole-ulana kumuhana, anuanu kiʻekiʻe ma Hawaiʻi olona. Ma ka lulu popilikia kuai hanohano ekolu-, ahu iho a me ka eha-, ahu ihoʻili lahilahi. Reviews 'Oihana a me nā mea kūʻai mai hōʻoia i ka oi mau papa ka ke kumu o ka manao, i ka mea i oi aku kona aiiay papa, a pela i ka mea kiekie oia ka ikehu ka hoʻokōʻana o ka pā e like me ka a pau.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka hale, kona mea i manao ai hiʻona, aniau, Manufacturers paipai aku, e haawi aku ana kāu mau koho i kekahi a me kekahi ano o ka maholahune membranes. Pela, D. ka mea, nei no ka kukulu iho la i hale o ka luna 'a me ka poe noonoo ole? Ieoaeunoaa iauaeoia no kukulu iho la i hale kikokiko i me ka palena iki haiahū kūmau, a hiki i ka rebated uhi puhi, a laila, ma luna o.

Superdiffuzionnayaʻili lahilahi kau 'ana ma luna o ka hō'īpale, ahu iho o ka mea papa hele papa. Koi hoʻokomo ea nahā i laila. Material ua pili māhele paha kila nā kui. Nā kihi o ka maholahune a lahilahi i hui ka piʻiʻana lola. Mea hoʻonoho hana pono e lawe mai, a hiki ma lalo loa rula: i ka frosty kakahiaka, me nā pā maila ikaika o ka makani, a pela aku ...

Eia kekahi, i ke kumuhana ka penaʻana hiki ke hoʻohana i ka? Aiaiiuie kaupaku uhi.

PVCʻili lahilahi: ke 'ano a me ka manao

TFC membranes - he mea no ka hale, i ka Tewetewe koloriside a me ka laholio waiwai. Kēia kēia roofingʻia loa auou caiaiai anoaeuoiauo lole wili analogs me ka nui drawback - i ka pono no ka pololei, a me ka mālama 'ana i ka hoʻoponopono. I ka lā, i nā 'ano o PVC membranes ae lākou hoʻohana i ke kapili hana ma luna o nā hale kahiko o ka palahalaha type. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia a me ka mea hoʻonoho o hou puhi.

Ke kaupaku o ia mea, ua oluolu i ka hana, a me kona mea hoʻonoho mea hiki ma luna o nā mea a pau ano o surfaces, i loko o nā wā, a me nā mea a pau malie ana. PVCʻili lahilahi i na kēia mau waiwai:

• ka ikaika;
• kumupaʻa ka wā kokoke ana i UV kukuna, acee? iuo oeiia o ke kimu ole, a me ka ili honua wahi hoʻouka.

He mahalo i ka kūlana waiwai o PVCʻili lahilahi, e hookauwa oe, ma ka pono no na makahiki. Kau i o ia i ka hale, ua like me ke ola o ka hale, i ka wa o ka owili roofing pono hana e noi mai ana regular hoomau, a, ma kekahi mau hihia a pau i nā mea a pau i loko o ka'iako a me ka mea hoʻonoho o hou palaoa.

Aʻili lahilahi ma waena o ka PVC Pūnaewele Puni Honua i pili ma ka kuʻihao wela a kaniʻuhū, i ka wela o loko o ka laulā o 400-600 kekelē Kelekia. Kēia pilina ka loa airtight.

Pono o PVC membranes

Ka hanohano o ko lākou maopopo:

• 'ōlewa roofing'ōnaehana i pono hoʻopili like ai i ka hana ana;
• mau nō, leakproof waiwai me ka ai pili aku ulana ma waena o kaʻili lahilahi lole;
• Hemolele portability ka huliau, malie aku ana, wela, humidity;
• hoomahuahua ae la lakou i ka wai mahu permeability e kōkua ai i nā ka omoāea o ka ona mau loaa i loko o ka hale makahiki;
• nui Lolina o onionio;
• ke ahi hoʻopale waiwai;
• ka hiki, e malama i ka wā lōʻihi o ka loiloi mua waiwai a me ka helehelena;
• PVCʻili lahilahi - loa hewa ole mea, a ua hookupaa iho la ia ma ka AYEIE palapala;
• mea hoʻonoho kaʻina mea mechanized, no laila mai e lawe i ka puu o ka manawa;
• Ke hoʻohana lula ae i ka mea hoʻonoho o nā kuhikuhipuʻuone e lewa ana i luna o kaʻili lahilahi PVC hale;
• hookahi-, ahu iho stacking hoola i kou kala;
• hoopau i ka malama a me ka hoomaemae.

ʻili lahilahi'aʻaʻa

Loleʻili lahilahi lole i loihi, uaʻikeʻia. O ka mea i kamaa a me ka lole: mākua a me nā keiki. Kaʻili lahilahi - kaʻili lahilahi kākoʻo lole i hōʻike 'ia ma ke ano o ka lahilahi polymeric Auana, a ua ano e like me ka wai ia'ku a me ka ohu permeability. No ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o keia mea i ka manaʻoe kūkulu he ua kapa komo iā ia me ka mea ma waho a ma loko aiiay papa. Lākou nā hale a hoʻoholo i kaʻili lahilahi iho. He ua hana i ka mea e malama i ka pono waiwai, a hiki i ka hihia o ke poho. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, kaʻili lahilahi mea kūpono ke kapa i ka wa i hooleiiaʻi mawaho, e ke kimu ole i loko o ka palapala o ka ua a me ka hau, akā, i ka mea ia manawa lea ae ka ohu mai ke kino a hiki i ka mawaho kaiapuni. Kēia bandwidth apono 'i ka ili i ka hanu.

E manao i ka mea ma luna, ua hiki ke manao nei makou i ka lole ua i o ka like maikaʻi ka hooilo kapa. Aʻili lahilahi, Aia i loko o ka waihona ipu lole, ma laila e e:

• me ka ili;
• me ka ili;
• hui.

E like me kekahi hapa o kaʻili lahilahi me ka ai iiiaanoaa o micropores, ka helu o Teflon. Ke Ana o kēia mau ili mai i hiki i nā Ana o ke ahiahi, he kulu o ka wai, akā, ka hapanui o ka wai nā lātoma, e hoike ana i ka wai ia'ku, a me ka hiki, e wehe hou.

Membranes mea i hala aku, e like me ka rula, ua i mai o polyurethane. Ko lakou mau pahale, ahu iho noʻonoʻo i ke kaawale ana potozhirovye kanaka a pau kino, a pushes ia waho.

Ka 'ole o kaʻili lahilahi hui kuhi i ke alo o nā papa: he porous a me ka laumania. Oia lole he kiʻekiʻe ma Hawaiʻi 'ano, a e mau no na makahiki.

Manawa a hiki i kēia mau pono o ka aahu a me nā kāmaʻa e paʻa ana i kaʻili lahilahi fabrics, a ke hoʻololi e komo i loko o ka hoʻoilo manawa o ka makahiki, he ikaika, akā, Lightweight, maikaʻi ka palekana i ka hau paa, ona mau, a me ka lepo. Ka mea, e paʻa mau no kaʻano o ke ano o kaʻeleu ka hooilo? Aaoee, mountaineering.