Microbes - He aha ka keia? Mea Maluna o ka meaola

Germs - o ka huna uuku ola, ka hapanui hookahi-aa? Meaola e e ike hiki ma ka microscope wale ka loa pololei. Lākou nui mea uuku ia i ka mea, ua anaia mai ka manawa i loko o microns (1 micron = 1/1000 mm), a hoi nanometers (1nm = 1/1000 mm).

He aha ka mea i këia microbiology

Microbiology kapa 'epekema e kaupaona i nā ka laulā o ke microbial ola:' ole, hana, ano o ke ola,? Acaeoey a me nā'ōlelo.

Ke kanaka mua i ua hiki i ka ike a me ka wehewehe koʻohune, ua ka Dutchman A. Leeuwenhoek. I ka napoo ana o ka 17th kenekulia, oia koli i ka maka aniani magnifies ke kiʻi Ua oi ma mua o 200 manawa. Ua Ua walawala ai ka mea ana i ike ma ia mea microbes - o ka honua a me konaʻano iho o ke ola. Pela i waiho i ke kumu o ka hou 'epekema - microbiology. Leeuwenhoek kahaki ii ka a ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma microbes loaʻa. Photos a me nā kiʻi a me kā lākou mau kiʻi o ia mau manawa - mahuahua kiʻi pū ma ka microscope.

microbial? ueo

Olalo i ka nohona o ka microbial? Ueo Ua kilakila. Microbes - ka pōkole inoa haneri o ka loaʻano. Ka mea, oko ma ka nānā aku, me nā hale, na kumu o ke ola, ka mea hiki ke paʻi. Hoomaopopo ole-ke kelepona hele, multicellular a me ka unicellular microbes. Photos a me kā lākou visualization kōkua i hiki wawe ka hai aku i kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka kekahiʻano. Na Mea Maluna o microbes :

• koʻohune;
• nā mea hoʻomaʻi;
• phages;
• Fish;
• microalgae;
• protozoa;
• ka hū.

koʻohune

An māhele holoʻokoʻa o Microbiology - bacteriology - wehe i ka nui honua o koʻohune - prokaryotic meaola. Mai eukaryotic (multicellular, protozoa, ka līoho, fungi) i wehewehe aku e ka nele o ka chlorophyll, hoopukaia ka nucleus me aaiaoe mea a me organelles. Ka nui o na koʻohune mea,ʻaʻole ikaika, ka mea e oko i ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia (mai 0,1 a hiki i 28 microns). Ka loa kaulana Mea Maluna o ka koʻohune - ma ka morphological 'ole.

cocci

Kapaia spherical cocci koʻohune, i hiki ke lawe i ka spherical, me ka pī, elliptical paha lanceolate.

1. Micrococci paha e waiho i kekahi e kekahi, ma ka hui a randomly. Lākou mau kapa saprophytes, e noho i loko o ka wai a me ka lewa.
2. Diplokokki paʻi ma ka māheleʻana i loko o ka ia pelane ma na apana elua. Mau nā meningococcus (meningitis Media) a me ka gonococci.
3. Streptococci like me maheleia i loko o ka ia pelane, akā, ke kaula holoʻokoʻa. Ike pathogenic no na kanaka meaola ioeo i ua ho'īli angina a me kiʻekiʻe erysipelas.
4. Tetrakokki hooponopono i na apana elua ma nā Kekoa ÷ haku. Opportunistic kanaka ka loa pohihihi keia.
5. Saredio bales i ano o aeee i 8, 16 a oi i ekolu ae ÷ haku Kekoa. ʻaneʻane a pau o ko lākou mau 'elele e noho wale nō i loko o ka lewa.
6. Staphylococci hiki ke kaana ka poʻe i loko o kekahi mau Kekoa hoonohonoho randomly me ka pili ana i kekahi i kekahi ma ka nānā aku e hoohalike ai pai o ka hua waina.

kookoo-hoʻokino

Paukūʻolokaʻa microorganisms ua ikaika nui ae, he pono ole i loko o nā? Ueo. Ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o koʻohune aole hiki e sporulate (diphtheria, ka hī koko, tuberculosis, partifoznaya, Escherichia coli) a me ka Bacillus hiki ke spores (anthrax, hay, tetanus, anaerobic). Mea Maluna ma ka mahele ana i hana:

• Diplobakterii, diplobatsilly oko i loko o ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha i loko o hoʻokahi pelane elua wale aeee (pneumonia).
• Streptobakterii, streptobatsilly ma fission kūlana 'he hookahi pelane ma i kūkulu i ka kaulahao (anthrax).
• Ke bulk o ka paukūʻolokaʻa microbes i hoonohonoho Mahea ma luna o ka hookahi kanaka.

crimped

Crimped microbes e lawe i ka palapala o ka comma, ia cholerae (e like, cholera). Spirilla i kekahi mau curls, spirochete - he lahilahi he olonā i hoaa (syphilis).

He nui e hoailona oukou i ka germs a pau koʻohune i polymorphic, ka mea, i ka hanana hiki i ka hoʻololi 'ana i kona helehelena ma lalo o ka aoao o keʻano o nā kumumea. Mawaho a puni, wela,ʻakika, etc. He kēia hiki i ke kumu o na mea he nui keʻena hoʻokolohua haʻawina o microbes, nona ma ka hooulu ana o ka lāʻau i e kōkua i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, e hana me ka kanaka pathogenic koʻohune.

nā mea hoʻomaʻi

Nā mea hoʻomaʻi - he nui kaiāulu o nā microbes e oko a mai na mea e ae e like me ka nele o ke kelepona hele 'ole iho. Mai Ana launaʻole uuku ma mua o koʻohune, mai ka 5 a hiki i 150 HI. E ike ia, ia mea e pono ke kau i ka huina'ine microscope ma waena o nā kulanui o ka pololei. Ka hapanui o ka poeikohoia mea hoʻomaʻi microorganisms komo wale o ka kumuʻiʻo a me nukeleaʻakika (RNA, DNA).

Kekahi koʻohune a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi i ka causative konohiki o na mea he nui ia mea kanaka maʻi (maʻi palū, hepatitis,ʻo Waimānalo). Eia kekahi, eia? Ueo pathogenic no na holoholona (maʻi, wāwae a me ka waha mai).

Mycophagous - nā mea hoʻomaʻi, fungi. Bacteriophages - nā mea hoʻomaʻi, koʻohune, e loaʻa aneane na wahi a lakou i kahi mea ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kekahi ola. Kekahi phages i ka loa pono ioeaie - e luku microbial halepaahao, no laila, pinepine ia i loko o ka hana o ka medicament no ka Kāohiʻana a me ka hana ana i nā mea palahēhē o acee? Iuo oeiia.

Ricketts - he kūikawāʻano o ka koʻohune e hiki e wahi ai i nā ka koʻohune, a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi. Kēia immobilized koʻokoʻo intracellular parasites incapable o ka ho okumu i spores a capsules.

Fish

Kēia kūikawā microorganisms kanu nalowale chlorophyll, a me ka hiki, e synthesize ke aloha 'ona. No hoi, ko lakou mau ola pono makaukau ke aloha ia mea, no laila, aneane a pau o ia mau mea ulu ma ka kumu o na substrates o kekahi kumu. Aia nō kekahi pathogenic i kānaka, a me nā holoholona laha 'mea kanu o fungi.

mai koʻohune Fungi oko no ka mea, o ko lakou mau keena i oi like e kanu i ka nucleus a me vacuoles. Lākou i hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o ka palapala o ka hyphae - filaments loa i i lala a intertwined i kekahi i kekahi.

Fungi ke paʻi i loko o kekahi mau aoao: ma ka vegetative mahele, asexual a me ka 'īnea i - ke kahua o spores. Fungal spores mea nui hoʻopale, ka mea hiki ke ola i ka lōʻihi manawa i loko o kaʻokoʻa i hoʻolilo 'ia a me ka ho okele i ka hookahi manawa ma nui mamao like loa me e ole haule i loko o ka meakino kahi ka mea, e iho koke i loko o hyphae.

Ka hopena he i loaʻa iā mākou loa pinepine, ka mea hiki ke eaaei ike me ka maka kapa ole ma ka hene-ai nā huahana. Ka mea, nana e like me ka cheesy plaque haoʻa waihoʻoluʻu. Aia nō kekahi mau ano o ka fungi mea e ole e luku aku i nā huahana ka mea, pakaʻawahia i kānaka a me nā holoholona mitoksin e like me Aspergillus a Fusarium.

Eia naʻe, mau fungi mea i nā palapala, i ko lakou nui maikaʻi kēia waiwai i ua hoʻohana ana ma Manufacturers o nā lāʻau. Ka loa pono a me ka mahaloia antibiotic penicillin hua mai ma fungi o ka? Ueo Penicillium.

Actinomycetes - loaʻa kekahi nānaina o microorganisms, a i kekahi me nā hale a me ka waiwai o ka koʻohune a me nā'ōlelo iaoia like fungi.

hū

Kēia unicellular microbes immobilized ka nui o ka 10 a hiki i 15 microns, a hiki e hoʻopoepoe, ka'ololaha, paukūʻolokaʻa i ka pohihihi keia hihia a me ka crescent shape. Hū fungi i like ma ka 'ole e iloko o ka vacuole a me ka nucleus. Hiki ano o ka pilikia ka pua - mahele, i opuu ae paha ma ka hoopaapaa. Ka mea, hoʻomōhala hoʻomaka koke i loko o ka lepo, no kaʻai, mea kanu. Hū iliʻai alakai i kā lākou fermentation a me ka acidification. Kanakaʻona mau fermentation ana o ka mahi kō i loko o ka waiʻona, ke kaʻina waiho i ke kumu no ka waiʻona hana a me ka hale winemaking.

Aia i pathogenic ke kanaka kinoʻAno. No ka laʻana, he 'ano like me ka ano o ka candida hū paipai' ana i kaʻawaʻawa loa maʻi - candidiasis.

Pono microbes i loko o ke kanaka kino

Ke kanaka kino ua hoolahaia'ku [na kanaka trillions o okoa koʻohune, a hiki e nā palapala a me ka pono. Aia nā koʻohune i mea nui no ka mea maʻamau functioning o ko mākou kino. Ka huina o ke kaupaona ana o na koʻohune i loko o ka makua kanaka i e like kiʻekiʻe me 4 kg, me ¾ o ia noho i loko o mākou gut. Na mea e ae a māhuahua ma ka urogenital'ōnaehana,ʻili a me ka mucosal surfaces. Interestingly, i ke kino o ke keiki ua na kanaka] ma ka microorganisms ia i loko o ke kaʻina hana o kona hanau ana, a me ka 10 makahiki o intestinal microflora ka mea, ua maopopo i hanaʻia. Kekahi microbes i loa pilikia no na keiki, no laila, i ka makahiki mua o ke ola i ke keiki ka kino kou niho pono e loa makaala.

He aha nā microbes e noho ana i loko o ka gut:

• lactobacilli;
• bifidobacteria;
• streptococci;
• enterobacteria;
• Fish;
• protozoa;
• nā mea hoʻomaʻi.

Ka hoʻohanaʻana i koʻohune i kānaka

1. Me ka enterobacteria meaola maʻa nō hoʻi nā wikamina B, C, a me K, niacin a me folicʻakika.
2. Unsplit kōkua hōʻuluʻulu ai.
3. Ua malama ionic, a ka wai-paakai pūnao,
4. Inhibit i ka ulu ana o pathogenic microorganisms.
5. E kōkua i malamaʻi i hoʻonele.
6. Ulu ka lymphoid i hoʻomākaukauʻia.
7. Ho'ēmi i kā pā lonoaʻili o ka intestinal pa i carcinogenic huahana.
8. E hoomahuahua oe i ia'ku i nā mea hoʻomaʻi.
9. 'Imi komo i loko o ka wela kaulike.

Bifidobacteria a me ka lactobacilli noho hou ma mua o ka hapalua o ka intestinal microflora, ka mea, hula nui i kūlana i loko o ke ola ana o ke ola i ke kanaka:

1. e hiki ke hana ia i 'ia i loko o ka gut, i hiki ole e ola maʻi-ma o na la microbes Lacticʻakika a me ka'ākeka hua mai la ia me ka komo o kēia mau microorganisms.
2. Bifidobacteria - maoli antihistamine suppresses allergic reactions i loko o ke kino.
3. I mai la lakou i ka antioxidant keia a me ka noho 'īnea nei me ka ulu o kaʻeho keena.
4. Bifidobacteria e 'Imi' ole i loko o ka ulu ana o ka B nā wikamina
5. Bifidobacteria a lactobacilli kōkua, e hoomahuahua i ka pakeneka o ka kaʻaluna o ke kanaka o ka hao, kalipuna a me ka wikamina D.

Ke kumukuai no ka mea microbes maoli

Koʻohune i loaʻa ka ammonifying nā'ūhū proactively he hoʻonui i ke kaʻina hana o ka palaho i ka i koe iho o nā kānaka, nā holoholona, mea kanu a me ka ai neoneo. Ma kumuʻiʻo decomposition i loko o ka lewa ka loa nui anao? Aou kinoea: ammonia a me ka naikokene, i mea e pōʻino ai no kānaka, a me nā holoholona mea kanu.

Urobakterii hiki ke decompose urea hua mai la i kela la ma kela a me keia kanaka a me Ka Hānai Ā Huhu. A me keia, incidentally, mea i emi malalo o 55 miliona tona kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Microbes hiki o nitrification, ammonia ua oxidized, Denitrifying microorganisms he hoʻonui i ka ea puka, mai ka aina mai o hakakino ka oxygen.

Kalapona - kekahi o ka loa nui ke kelepona hele i huiʻia o ko ke ao nei a mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Puluniu, iʻai na holoholona, iloko ona i kakauia i ka hailona o ke kalapona. Ma ko lakou opu ia ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka kelulose koʻohune kaʻawaʻawa, a koe ka manure hoʻi i ka ano. Penei, o ka honua launa mai humus, e lilo ia i mea 'ē aʻe momona, a ua paʻa kūhohonu loa i ka lewa me ka o carbon dioxide.

Penei, koʻohune a me germs - keia mea he mea nui loa o ka holoʻokoʻa ola honua. Lots o ka pono keia mau mea koʻohune mau ana i ke kanaka ma ke ola a me ka hoomalu i ko makou kino, mai hua'ōlelo i makemake mawaho ololi. He mea nui,ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i ka ke kino a me ka fragile kaulike ma waena o pono a me ka pathogenic microorganisms.