Nā kino kino o nā aldehydes

Ma aldehydes nā ke aloha i huiʻia, a i wehewehe aku ma ka waʻa paʻa ma waena o ke kalapona a me ka oxygen ma nā'ātoma, a me ka mau kaukahi paa ana o ka mea hookahi kalapona'Ātoma me ka hydrocarbon'ano'ē denoted ma ka palapala R, a me he hydrogen'Ātoma. 'O kahi hui> C ='O ia ke kapa carbonyl,'o ke'ano o nā aldehydes a pau. Nui ka'ala o nā aldehydes. Hiki ke loa'a iā lākou mai nā wai'ona e ka dehydrogenation (lawe'ia o ka hydrogen), no laila i loa'a iā lākou kahi inoa ma'amau - aldehydes. Ke ho'oholo'ia nā'āpana o nā aldehydes e ke alo o ka hui carbonyl, kahi o kona wahi i loko o ka mole, a me ka lō'ihi a me ka hi'ona manawa o ka radical hydrocarbon. Ia mea, e ike ana i ka inoa o ka waiwai, hōʻikeʻana kona mall haʻilula, e hiki mai ana kekahi Nine Inch a me physical waiwai o aldehydes.

'Elua ala nui o ka inoa'ana o nā aldehydes. 'O ke kumuhana mua e pili ana i ka pūnaehana i ho'ohana'ia e ka International Union (IUPAC), ua kapa'ia'o ia ka inoa inoa nomenclature. Ho'okumu'ia ma ke'ano'o ka lō'ihi lō'ihi i ho'opa'a'ia kahi hui carbonyl i ka carbon carbon e ho'ohana'ia ma ke kumu no ka inoa o ka aldehyde,'o ia ho'i, kona inoa e loa'a mai ka inoa o ka'eleka pili e pili ana i ke pani'ana o ka suffix -a no ka mīkini (methane-mananal, ethane-ethanal) , Propane - propanal, butane - butanal a pēlā aku). Kekahi iaoia hoʻohana i ke kahua o aldehydes inoa ka inoa e like carboxylicʻakika i ka huli i ka hopena o ka'okesaside (methanal - formic aldehyde, ethanal - acetic aldehyde, propanal - aldehyde mea propionaldehyde, butanal - aldehyde ka aila, a no laila, ma luna).

'O ka ho'ohālikelike kumu nui ma waena o nā alkanes a me nā aldehydes, ka mea e ho'oholo ai i nā'ano kino o nā aldehydes,'o ia ka noho'ana ma ka hui carbonyl hope loa (> C = O). 'O kēia pū'ulu ke kuleana o ka'oko'a'ana o nā kino a me nā kinikano o nā mea me ka helu like'ole o nā kumuma kalapona a i'ole ka like'ole mole like. Ke ho'ākāka'ia kēia mau'oko'a e ka polari o ka hui carbonyl> Cδ + = Oδ. 'O ia ke'ano, ua ho'ololi'ia ka māmā electron mai ke kalapona kala i ka oxygen atom, i lilo ai ka oxygen ma kahi o ka mea pono ole, a ua ho'ololi'ia ke kalapona. No ka hō'ike'ana i ka polarity o ka hui carbonyl, ua ho'ohana mau'ia ka delta Greek (δ), e hō'ike ana kēia i kahi ha'awina ha'awina. 'O ka hopena maika'i'ole o kekahi pola pola e'ono i ka hopena maika'i o kekahi pola pola. Hiki i nā molekino like a me kekahi mea'ē a'e. Ho'ohālikelike'o Aldehydes i nā ketones i loko o ke kalapona hope loa o ka hui carbonyl e ho'oku'i'ia me nā mea i pa'a i nā huila hydrocarbon. Ma keia pōʻaiapili ia mea i hana hoihoi i ka hoohalike i ke kino ai 'waiwai o aldehydes a me ketones.

It polarity pūʻulu> C = O e loli ai i ka physical waiwai o ka aldehyde: ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi ana wela o ka baila aʻela i wahi, solubility, kūpenu iho ia i manawa. 'O nā huihu wai hydrocarbon,'o ia wale nō o ka hydrogen a me nā carbon carbon, e ho'ohehe'e a ho'olapalapa i nā mahana ha'aha'a. I nā mea pā'ani me kahi hui carbonyl,'oi aku ka ki'eki'e. Eia kekahi la'ana, he butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3), propanal (CH3CH2CHO) a me acetone (CH3COCH3) ke kaumaha like ho'okahi me ka 58, a'o ka paila kola o ka poteha he 0 ° C, akā no ka propane'o 49 ° C a'o ka acetone 56 ° C. 'O ke kumu o ka'oko'a nui he hiki i nā polapo pola e ho'oikaika i kekahi i kekahi ma mua o nā'ōmoku nonpolar, no laila e koi'ia ka'ikehu e wāwahi iā lākou, a no laila, makemake'ia ka mahana ki'eki'e e ho'ohehe'e ai a ho'olapalapa ai kēia mau pūnaewele.

Me ka hoʻoulu hakakino kaumaha o hoʻololi i ke kino ai 'waiwai o aldehydes. 'O ka Formaldehyde (HCHO) he mea malo'o ma lalo o nā'ano ma'amau, acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) mau pūpū ma ke ana wela. 'O kekahi mau aldehydes (koe a'e nā mea nui o nā mea kaumaha kinikona ki'eki'e) he wai i lalo o nā'ano ma'amau. 'A'ole hiki ke hui like'ole nā molepole Polar me nā kinikona'ole pola, no ka mea e ho'okipa'ia nā'ōpili pola i kekahi i kekahi, a'a'ole hiki i nā molepole pola po'i'ole ke kau i waena o lākou. No laila,'a'ole e hemo nā hydrocarbons i ka wai, no ka mea, he polar ka wai. Aldehydes, kahi i emi iho ai ka nui o nā carbon carbon i lalo o ka 5, e pau i ka wai, akā inā'oi aku ka helu o nā kumuma kalapona i 5,'a'ole hiki ke wehe. 'O ka solubility maika'i o nā aldehydes me kahi kaumaha li'ili'i li'ili'i ke kumu o ka hana'ana o nā hawewe hydrogen i waena o ka hydrogen atom o ka wai wai a me ka oxygen atom o ka hui carbonyl.

'O ka polarity o nā molecule i hana'ia e nā mana like'ole e hiki ke helu'ia i ka helu i kapa'ia he manawa dipole. 'O nā molecules i ho'ohui'ia e nā mea like'ole,'a'ole lākou he pola a'a'ole o lākou manawa. Ho'okomo'ia ka vector o ka manawa dipole i ka mea i loko o ka pākaukau manawa o Mendeleev (no ho'okahi manawa) i ka'ākau. Inā loa'a nā mole o kahi pū'ulu hui ma kahi mole, a laila e ne'e ke kinona electron i ka mea me kahi helu li'ili'i li'ili'i. 'O ka nui o nā hydrocarbons'a'ole he manawa lō'ihi a'a'ole nui paha kona nui, akā no nā aldehydes'oi aku ka ki'eki'e, a'o ia ho'i ka ho'ākāka'ana i nā'ano kino o nā aldehydes.