Nā loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu. 'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana kuleana pili i

Ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana mea he ohi o kekahi nā'aʻaʻa, nā loko, a keena. He Heʻano luna '' ole. Next, ua, e ike ka oihana mua i komo i loko o kona haku mele 'ana, e like me nā mea me ka mana o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu.

Overview

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea oihana - luku ana o na waiwai loaa i loko o ka meaola a me ka malu, mai kekahi mau pathologies. Ke 'ole ho i ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai i ka fungal nā mea palahēhē, mea hoʻomaʻi a mea koʻohune kumu. I ka wā o ka kanaka ka e hoʻonele mea nawaliwali paha he mea kekahi ole i loko o kāna hana, ka mea maoli i ka likelihood o anal o na Luna i loko o ke kino. Ua hiki i kela maʻi.

mōʻaukala 'ike

Ka manawa "e hoʻonele" Ua wahahee i loko o 'epekema ma ka Lūkini nä känaka' epekema Metchnikoff a me Ehrlich Kelemānia huahelu. Ka mea, hookolokolo aku la ia i ka nouanoao? Aiiay maomeka e ho'ā 'ia i loko o ke kino o ka kaua me kekahi mau pathologies. Mua o nā kānakaʻepekema hoihoi i loko o ka pane i ka maʻiʻaʻai. I ka makahiki 1908, kā lākou hana ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea pane i i hookoia ka Nobel uku. Eia hou kekahi, he nui na makana i ka noiʻi a me ka palapala i i ka Farani Lui Pastera. He hoʻomohala i kekahi ano o ka vaccination e kū'ē i ka helu o nā mea palahēhē i mea pilikia i kānaka. Initially ka mea i manaoio aku i ka aiiay kino hale a kuhikuhi mai kā lākou hana wale nō i wehe nā mea palahēhē. Eia naʻe, ma hope haʻawina Pelekāne Medawar i hōʻikeʻike i ka mea, triggered'ōnaehana paleʻea maomeka ka wā i ke kaua ana o kekahi haole, Agena, a me ke ano nui pane koke i kekahi palapala 'ākeʻakeʻa. I kēia lā, ma lalo o ka aiiay 'ole meaʻano nui e maopopo i ke kino o ka ia'ku i mau antigens. Eia hou, i ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu - o ka pane ana o ke kino,ʻaʻole nona wale i ka make ana, akā, no hoi, e hoʻopau i ka "poe enemi". Inā ka mea, he ole no ka mea aiiay koa o ka meaola, a laila,ʻaʻole e hiki iā nei maʻamau i loko o ka? Aneie keia kanaka makemake. Ke alo aku o ka e hoʻonele E ho oku ui kopina me abnormalities, e noho i ka elemakule.

Nā loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana

Ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o nui pūʻulu elua. Ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana mea he kikowaena loa i loko o ke kahua o ka aiiay hehee wale. People ma keia hapa o ka 'ole ninoieo o ka thymus a me ka iwi ka lolo. ʻike ākea nā loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana i 'ia kahi e mālama' ia hoʻi hehee wale oo neutralize antigens. Ma keia hapa o ka 'ole ka loaʻa o ka lymph aka wahi, spleen, lymphoid'aʻaʻa i loko o ka digestive'āpana. Ua Ua pū i loaʻa i ka aiiay waiwai i ili a me ka neuroglia CNS. Ma waho aʻeo ia ka luna, he mea no hoi vnutribarernye Ma hope mai o ka'ākeʻakeʻa mai a me nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu. Ka waeʻano mua ka loaʻa o ka ili. Ma hope o ka'ākeʻakeʻa mai nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana: ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, maka, testes, ka fetus (hāpai keiki), i ka parenchyma o ka thymus.

ka 'ole o ka pilikia

'ōnaehana paleʻea keena ma ka lymphoid hale a hooku iho la ia puleʻAmelika, lymphocytes. Ka mea, i ua hoʻopōaiapuni ma waena o ka constituent eiiiiiaiou o ka pale. Ua Ua ea ae ka hana i ka mea,ʻaʻole e, e hoi aku i ka iwi lolo a me ka thymus. Hana o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana nā loko loaʻa:

• E pili ana no ka hana hea lymphocyte maturation.
• Hoʻohui populations aiiay hehee wale puehu liilii ma ke kino, ma ke kino nenoaiu.
• Hooponopono o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o nā lālā o kekahi mau paahana o lymphocytes a me macrophages ma ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokō 'ia e malu ai.
• Kaulike 'eleu amo oihana mua a hiki i ka lesions.

Next, noonoo hou nā loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu.

lymph wahi

Keia lala ua hanaʻia e pahee'aʻaʻa. Lymph wahi mai i ka'ololaha shape. Kona nui - 0.2-1.0 knm a pau loa imua i ka'ōnaehana paleʻea keena ma ka nui mea .. Education mai he kūikawā 'ole, a e leie aku oe e hana i kekahi nuiʻilikai wahi no ka hoonohonoho hou ana o lymph a me ke koko e kahe ana ma ka capillaries. Ka hope hele mai, mai na arterioles a me venules hele ia. Ke lymph wahi keena ia lŘlŘ immunization a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau kino ho okumu. Eia kekahi, kānana konohiki haole ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka ie (particles). Ke lymph wahi kona huapalapala iho o nā mea'aʻaʻa makana ma kela apana keia apana o ke kino.

spleen

Mawaho, e like nō hoʻi me ka nui lymph wahi. Ka mea ma luna nō o ka walaʻauʻana mana o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana nā loko. Ke spleen hanaʻia kekahi mau hana 'ē aʻe. No ka laʻana, ma ka hou ana i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o lymphocytes i loko o ke koko ka mea, ua wae 'ia, e waiho waho kona oihana mua. He 'aneʻi i ka make ana o ka wa kahiko a me ka hemahema keena. Spleen kaumaha mea no ka mea o 140-200 nā huna. Kona lymphoid'aʻaʻa ua hōʻike i loko o ka palapala o ka pukapuka o reticular keena. Ka mea, i hoʻonohonoho a puni na sinusoids (capillaries). Holo nōhie spleen piha erythrocytes paha leukocytes. i mau keena i ka hui 'ana me kekahi i kekahi, e lauwili ma ka haku mele' ana a me ka mea. Me ka ka ho'ēmiʻana o nāʻalā mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku kaula makalii ia lŘlŘ expulsion o ka helu o ka neʻe hehee wale. E like me ka hopena he mea i ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ka buke o ke spleen. Kēia a pau kaʻina ua hauma¯na ma ka hana o ka noradrenaline a me ka adrenaline. Mau i huiʻia nā kūlana postganglionic kōkua aloha o olona, a me ka lolo hapa o ka adrenal gland.

iwi ka lolo

Kēia hehee ai He He pahee a naele'aʻaʻa. Ua Ua Aia i loko o ka iwi i lalo, a omo. Ka Central nā loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana paka i ka pono hehee wale, a i laila, haawi mai la i mau mea o ke kino. Ma ka iwi lolo e paka platelets, ulaula koko keena, a keʻokeʻo koko keena. Like me, nā koko keena, e lilo ia i mea oʻo ma hope o kēia'ōnaehana paleʻea mākaukau. Ma na olelo e ae, ma kā lākou mau membranes receptors e hana characterizing similarity me nā kumu i 'ano like me ia. Ma waho iwi ka lolo, e hana i ka olelo no ka āpana o ka aiiay waiwai o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana nā loko e like me tonsils, Peyer ka plaques naʻau liʻiliʻi, thymus. I ka hala he mea ka maturation o ka B lymphocytes i i he nui ka nui o ka (hoʻokahi haneri -ʻelua haneri manawaʻoi aku ma mua ia o T-lymphocytes) microvilli. Koko ma na moku ua haliia mai la mawaho, i nā sinusoid. Ma kā lākou mau iwi ka lolo komo ole wale hormones, nā polokina a me nā hui. Sinusoids mau auwai a neʻeʻana mai o ke koko keena. A pau ua hoemi ia e aneane hapalua stressʻikena. A hiki i ka hoʻomālielie lākou holo mahuahua i ewalu puke.

Peyer ka loʻi

Mau kumu mua i kia ma ka intestinal paia. Ka mea, e hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o ka palapala o ka huhui o lymphoid'aʻaʻa. O ka hana ka papa kuhikuhiE e pili ana i ka systemic holo. Ua ninoieo o lymphatic ducts e hoʻohui i nā aka wahi. Ma kēia mau kaha i ka loli ia e kaʻi aku. Uaʻaʻohe waihoʻoluʻu. Ka loli i ka nui helu o lymphocytes. Mau kumu pale no ka meaola mai illnesses.

thymus

Ua ua i kapaʻia ka thymus gland. Ma ka thymus, maturation a me nā'ōlelo lŘlŘ lymphoid hehee wale. Thymus hanaʻia endocrine kuleana pili i. O kona epithelium i loko o ke koko kū thymosin. Eia hou, i ka thymus - he immunoprodutsiruyuschy kino. He ke kahua o T-lymphocytes. Kēia kaʻina ia lŘlŘ ma ka mahele hehee wale ka receptors no haole antigens, komo i loko o ke kino i kamaliʻi. Ho okumu ana o T-lymphocytes ua lawe mai irrespective o ko lākou mau dala i loko o ke koko. Ua loaʻa i kanawai ma ke kaʻina hana a me ka maʻiʻo o antigens. I a'ōpiopio kanaka na keiki i ka thymus hana ma mua o mua kanaka. Me ka hooholo ana o makahiki, ua hoemiia ka thymus gland i ka nui, a me ka hana ia lilo ole ai hookeai. Suppression o T lymphocytes ia lŘlŘ ma lalo o stress ana. Kēia i ia, no ka laʻana, anu, wela, psycho-mea naʻau stress, koko poho, ka hoʻokēʻaiʻana, excessive hoounauna. People waiho kokoke ana i stressful wahi, i hiki, i ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu, ua nawaliwali ia.

Other oihana mua

ʻO nā loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana Ua pili ka i paiiaʻi. Ua Ua i kapaia "intestinal tonsil." Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka loli ma ka ha awina o ka loiloi mua māhele o ka AeXIeAaOIePEAaI loli a me ka buke o limfotkani. Nā loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea oihana, a kaapuni ua manaʻo ma lalo, i nā tonsils. Ka mea, i ke aupuni 'ma kekahiʻaoʻao o ka pharynx. Tonsils i na poe e he mau huhui uuku o lymphoid'aʻaʻa.

Ke kumu nui e Uwao o ke kino

Ka luna i hoakakaia kiʻekiʻe a me ka Central nā loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu. Ke noaia hōʻike i loko o keia pepa hōʻike i e haawi kona hale ma ke kino. Ke kumu nui e Uwao i lymphocytes. Mau keena i kuleana no ka luku ana i maʻi aeee (ʻeho, maʻiʻaʻai, pathologically pilikia) a malihini microorganisms. Noʻonoʻo pono i ka mea nui o T- a me B-lymphocytes. Kā lākou hana a ua lawe mai i loko o ka huipūʻana me nā'ōnaehana paleʻea keena. A pau o ia pale aku i ke kaua ana o na waiwai i loko o ke kino. Ma ka loiloi mua ke kahua ia mea i loko o kekahi alanui "ao" ka T-lymphocytes e hoomaopopo maʻamau (pono) mai ka haole nā polokina. Kēia kaʻina hana i wahi i loko o ka thymus ma ka noho 'ana kamaliʻi, no ka mea, i loko o kēia wā, ke thymus mea K'lauea.

i ke kino o ka pale hana

Au e olelo aku i ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana Hawaiʻi ma luna o ka lōʻihi evolutionary kaʻina. Ma kēia poʻe kānaka hoʻokahi, i kēia 'ole hana me ka hamoia i mīkini. Ua kōkua kekahi kanaka Makuakane me ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole o ke kaiapuni. Ma ka 'ole o ka pilikia mea ole wale iaia, akā, i excretion o penetrating i loko o ke kino o ka haole konohiki, e like me decomposition huahana, pathologically hoololiia keena. Ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana paʻa nei i ka hiki e kuhikuhi i ka nui helu o na waiwai a me microorganisms. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hana mea e malama i ka pono o ka 'ole o ka na meakino a me kona liluwelo individuality.

Ka iaia kaʻina

E like me ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana e hoʻoholo i ka "poe enemi"? Kēia kaʻina hana i wahi ma ka aaiaoe kiʻekiʻe. Ua pono e mai la oia i kela a me keia halepaahao i kona iho, ano wale no ke kanaka ka aaiaoe ike. Ua kālailai ka aiiay 'ole i loko o ke kaʻina hana o kaʻimiʻana e komo i loko o ke kino, a me ka hoʻololi i laila. Inā aaiaoe 'ike o ka ia me ka mea hope i loaa kona iho, alaila ia mea i ka enemi. Inā ole, alaila, me, ia mea he haole Agena. In Immunology "poe enemi" i kapaia antigens. Ma ka loaʻaʻana o nā palapala hehee wale ka aiiay 'ole ka loaʻa o kā lākou mau maomeka hoʻomaka "kaua." No kēlā me kēia mau 'antigen'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana produces kekahi keena - nā mea'aʻaʻa. Ke nakinaki nei lakou i na antigens a neutralize ia.

allergic naoh

Ka mea, o kekahi o na maomeka o ka hoomalu ana. Keia ano ua wehewehe aku e mahuahua responsiveness i allergens. Mau "poe enemi" nā 'ikamu a me ka hui ana he kūlana maikaʻiʻole i ke kino. Allergens i mawaho a me na. Ka mua hui e hoʻohui i, no ka mea hoike, i loaa i ka mea hana ma kaʻai, ai ', kela Nine Inch waiwai (deodorants, ala, etc.). I loko o allergens - ka mea, o ka loa nā'aʻaʻa o ke kino, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO me Hoʻololi 'waiwai. No ka laʻana, no ka'ā ka aiiay'ōnaehana perceives make 'ole e like me na haole. Ma keia manao, e hoʻomaka e paka nā mea'aʻaʻa ku e ia lakou. hiki Analogous reactions e noonoo ʻaki bumblebees, nalo meli, wasps a me nā nā mea kolo. Ka hooulu ana o allergic reactions ke hana sequentially paha hikiwawe loa.

Ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu o ke keiki

Kona ho okumu hoʻomaka ma ka loa mua pule o ka gestation. Ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu o ke keiki mau e hoʻomōhala ma hope o ka hanau ana. Bookmark walaʻauʻana maluhia hehee wale lawe i loko o ka thymus a me ka iwi lolo fetus. Like loa me ke keiki i loko o ka opu o ka makuwahine, ua loaʻa i kona kino me kekahi poe he uuku o microorganisms. Ma keia manao, me kona mau pale aku ia lakou i AEeOEXAaI. Ma mua o ka hanau ana o ke keiki ua palekana mai nā mea palahēhē immunoglobulins makuwahine. Inā ka mea, e e he kūlana loli ma kekahi kumumea, i ka pololei a me ka ho okumu? Acaeoey o ka bebe i ka 'ohana ka palekana hiki e uhaʻiʻia. i ka hanau hope, ma keia hihia i ke keiki e kiʻi maʻi nui ma mua o nā keiki pinepine. Akā, i kekahi mea ke hiki mai i loko o kaʻokoʻa alanui. No ka laʻana, i hāpai keiki bebe makuahine hiki hoolilo maʻiʻaʻai. A fetus ke hana i ka ikaika e hoʻonele i ka maʻi.

Ma hope iho o ka hanau ana o ke kino pepehi wale ia e ka nui helu o microbes. Ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana mea e pale aku ia lakou. Iloko o ka makahiki mua o ke ola, i ke kino o ka hale i ke ano o ke "aʻo" e hoʻomaopopo a me ka luku aku antigens. Together me keia ia lŘlŘ memorizing hui 'ana me microorganisms. Kēia hualoaʻa ma ka "immunological iaiyoe". He pono no ka oi kokololio hoouka kaua o ka pane ana i ka ua ikeia antigens. Mākou pono kuhi i ke keiki'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana mea nawaliwali, e mea hiki ke Makuakane me ka poino ole mau loa ana. Ma keia hihia, a hiki i ke kōkua o nā mea'aʻaʻa loko mai o ka opu o ka makuwahine o ka. Ka mea, a pau loa imua i loko o ke kino no e pili ana i ka eha mahina o ke ola mua. Over ka mau mahina ma hope o nā polokina loko mai o ka makuahine, i nā eroded. Ma waena o nā malama keuʻehā a me eono, i ka bebe mea susceptible loa i ka maʻi. Mālama nui ho okumu ana o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana o ke keiki hele mai i ehiku makahiki. Ma ka hooulu ana o ka meaola ike me ka hou antigens. Ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana i keia manawa, aʻo a me ka makaukau no ka adulthood.

Pehea e kōkua flanked ma kaʻiliahi kino?

Poe akamai i paipai aku, e lawe mālama ana i ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana o ke keiki mua hanau. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka prospective makuahine Pono e hooikaika kona aiiay' ole. Ma prenatal wahine eʻai pono, lawe kūikawā kumumea oihana mua a me nā wikamina. Pae lōpū hoounauna mea i nui no ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu. Ke keiki i loko o ka makahiki mua o ke ola mea pono, e loaa i ka makuahine o ka waiū. Ua ua pono ia breastfeeding hoomau no ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 4-5 mahina. Me ka waiū hehee wale komo iloko o ka aiiay kino bebe. Iloko o keia manawa, ka mea, ua nui loa no e hoʻonele. Ke keiki ke hiki eli i loko o ka spout o ka waiū ma ka maʻi palū laha. Ua loaʻa he wahi lihi iki o ka pono keia mau mea hui, a kōkua i kāu keiki Makuakane me ka hopena maikaʻi aʻe.

hou ki ina hana like

Aʻo o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana hiki ke lawe mai i loko o kekahi mau aoao. Ka loa, he pono ole i manaoia e e hoopaakiki, lomilomi, i hana ia ma ka luawai-ventilated kahi akea, lā a me ka lewa bato,ʻau. He nui no hoi kekahi mau mea paahana no e hoʻonele. Kekahi o ia mea vaccination. Ka mea, i ka hiki e haʻalele i ka mea e malu ai maomeka, hoʻoulu i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o immunoglobulins. Me ka hoike ana o kūikawā serums i hana iaiyoe hale o ke kino a hiki i ka hoʻokomo oʻia. Akā,ʻaʻole kekahi mea no e hoʻonele - ka mea, mea kūikawā hoomakaukau. Ka mea, hoʻoulu i ka ha awina o ke kino o aiiay 'ole. Mau laau lapaau i kapaia'ōnaehana paleʻea stimulators. Kēia interferon ai '( "Laferon", "IFN"), interferonogen ( "Poludan", "Abrizol", "prodigiozan"), stimulants leykopoeza - "Metiluratsil", "Pentoxyl" immunostimulants microbial me Kinohi - "Prodignozan", "Pyrogenalum" "Bronhomunal" immunostimulant lāʻau lapaʻau - tincture Schisandra, Siberian Ginseng extract, nā wikamina a oi. ¶ AL.

Hāʻawi aku hiki wale nō i kēia mau kālā e i immunologist paha pediatrician. Pakiko-aaieieno? O ai 'ma keia pae ua ole mahalo paipai.