Na Luna Nui Duchy o Warsaw (1807-1815 makahiki): History

Warsaw Duchy ola i loko o ka 1807-1815 biennium. Ua Ua hanaia e Napoleon, a me naʻe formally noonoo kuokoa, ma ka mea, o ka ukali o Farani. Ina o ka lanakila maluna iho o ka Russian He Hoikehonua i hele e hoohuli ia i ke aupuni, akā, kela mau manao kuka i hele awry. Ma hope o Farani i ka make ma ka Ally Warsaw Duchy i puunaueiaʻi kona aina iwaena hoalauna: Austria, Prussia a me Rusia.

prehistory

I ka pau ana o ka XVIII kenekulia ma hope o ka paku o Rzeczpospolita hapa o Poland i hoohui ia e Prussia. Heluia, o ka kūloko heluna i ka Kelemānia Aupuni i Ua loa io. I ka manawa, oiai ma ka hikina Europe ka Polish hana keaka pâʻani mai i loko o ke komohana o ka Old World wāwahi i ka PalaniʻOiʻenehana. Hope koke i ka mana, Napoleon hele mai i Paris. He alakaʻi ka Palani e kū'ē i ka Europa monarchies 'ē aʻe, ka mea i ike i ka haule ana o ka Bourbons hoʻoweliweli' ana i kā lākou mau'āina. Napoleon lanakila i ka moho no ke kai eʻe. Europa i loko o ka lanakila aina, kuni ihola ia i ka hou o ka papa, a ua hoʻokahua kivila liberties like me ka mea iʻikeʻia i nei ma Farani.

No laila, no nāʻauamo, ka mea i noho ma lalo o kaʻauamo o na rula, He Hoikehonua Ua lilo i ka hōʻailona o ka manaolana no kokololio hou. Palani kokua i halawai lakou me ka poeikohoia o ka bourgeois ka papa. Keia manaoio i kona kumu, no ka mea, Napoleon ua ma ke kaua ana me Prussia, i ke ano o ia na aupuni elua i kekahi, he pono ole enemi. Me na pio o ka monarchistʻahahui nationalist olelo la ma Poland lilo ikaika a me ka ikaika. I ka 1806, Napoleon ka poe koa komo Prussia.

Palani nohoia Polish aina i Napoleon ma lalo o ka auspices o ka kūikawā? Aiaiiuie Aupuni Komisina. Kona poo lilo Ilamuku Stanisław Małachowski. Ke hou mana ua hana ma ka pono a me kaʻai o Polish a me Palani kaua. Eia hou, ke Komisina hōʻoki aku i ka Prussian kānāwai, a hoihoi aku i ka mua kanawai i ka manawa o ka mokuaina.

hanaia'na o ka Duchy

I ka 1807, ma waena o Palani a me kona mau hoa i kakauinoa ia ke Kuikahi o Tilsit. E like me keia palapala, ua kuokoa o Prussia Duchy o Warsaw. Kēia hou Polish moku'āina ua aina i haawi ai i na kēia kanaka Kelemānia, e like me na pauku II a III o ka mokuaina. Naʻe, i haʻalele i ka Duchy me ka mākeke i ka Baltic kai. Controversial Bialystok māhele 'āina, Napoleon i ka Lūkini Emperor Alexander I.

Ka wahi o ka lānai hou i hana moku'āina ua 101.000ʻahā like mika. ei. Ua noho 2,5 miliona kanaka. Special kūlana loaa Gdansk. He lilo i noa kulanakauhale (like i ke au o ka Uhane Roma aupuni a pau) ma lalo o ka hooponopono ana o ka Palani kia'āina.

Napoleon pāhana

Artificially hana Duchy o Warsaw mau ae la ia wale nō 8 makahiki. Keia manawa iloko o ka au o Napoleon ka nui loa successes i loko o ka International Arena. O ka ihu, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mana Kuokoa, ka Duchy o Warsaw i mau Ua he ukali o Farani, e like he nui 'ē aʻe Puhi iho kuokoa Hawaii ma WesternʻEulopa. Poland i ka hikina bastion o ka Napoleonic aupuni a pau. Kona waiwai ua like kiʻekiʻe no i ka inevitably e nee mai ana i ke kaua me Rusia. Ia mea e kahaha ko oukou naau i ka 1812, ka Duchy o Warsaw i ae nunui ka pōʻino. Kona poe koa, hoouna aku la ia Rusia, aia no ua kokoke 100 tausani kanaka. i ke aupuni o ka kūlana like me ka oihana koa hoʻomoana i hoopaa e ka mea i Napoleon i kekahi hapa o ka Polish moku'āina-waiwai waiwai ma kona Farani ke 'ano laulā a me ka Ilamuku.

I Iulai 1807, i ka Luna Nui Duchy o Warsaw loaa kona iho kumukānāwai. Ka pūlima 'ia ka lawelaweʻia i wahi ma Dresden. ike ke hou kumu o kānāwai i ka nui o kaʻai, a me ka Hoʻohaku kulana o ka Polish alii ko lakou. Ke'ī mai, i ka Luna Nui Duchy o Warsaw loaa mau freer Kumukanawai, i like me ka aponoia ma Hawaii'ē aʻe Europa hana e Napoleon.

Palani Auguseto wehe 'ia mai ka mana i loko o Poland, o ka Jacobins. Ke no ia mau hopena o kona 'uao ua i loko o kaʻai hoʻi he ua he piha kūpono o ka'āina i loko o ka lokomaikai o ke ano hanohano, a me ka aristocracy. Polish nā loea kālai'āina Ua lilo ki Stanislav Potocki (lunahoomalu o ka State Council), Feliks Lyubensky (Kuhina o Lunakanawai), Tadeusz Matushevich (Kuhina Waiwai) a me Yuzef Ponyatovsky (koa hoʻokuhikuhi a me ka lawelawe ana o ke kaua).

mana

Formally, ka Duchy o Warsaw i he aupuni mō'ī. Ua komo aku la i loko o ka hui ana me Saxony. Pela, ke Duke i ke kiaaina o ka German moku'āina o Frederick Augustus I. ka Mō'ī i ka pono e hoololi, a kumukanawai a ke Kumukanawai, e ka hoʻoponopono 'ana i ka Sejm. He mea pono i ke Aupuni.

ʻai hoʻi i loaʻa iā ia nā keʻena - ka Senate a me ka Ambassadorial hale. Kēia mana mea ku pono i ka mōʻaukala waha ua lilo kekahi kaua o ka aoao o ke alii ko lakou (hanohano). He hana hoihoi i ka Warsaw kumu kanawai hoole aku paha i kekahi Napoleonic kumukānāwai (e like me ka Westphalian a me Napela) i loko o ka hoohalike i ka mea e hoʻokau i ka loina oʻaʻohe pono, a me ka poe i waeia i ka hale kanawai.

lehulehu hiʻona He nui no ka Duchy o Warsaw i aponoia ma ka hoʻokahuli aupuni Farani. Ke Senate luna, lunakiai a me Castellan. A pau no ia i na poe i like huliāmahi. Ke Senate, e like Posolskaya hale na mea e like me ka mea i manao ai mō'ī. Ke kamaʻilio (township) halawai, ka hapanui holo nōhie apo no na industrialists a me landowners, mea,ʻaʻole i nā aliʻi.

A mea koe o ka Farani'ōnaehana i loko o ka Duchy o Warsaw ua i ka 'Aha o ke Aupuni. Ua Ua poai puni ia e ka mō'ī. I hookomoia ma ka 'Aha o Kuhina. Keia kino unuhi ae la oia i bila e hoopau i hoopaapaa ma waena o ka aaieieno? A Hookolokolo Aupuni. Ka 'Aha o ke Aupuni i hana aʻoaʻo oihana ma Duke.

Sejm

Keʻai i kuleana no na auhau, karaima a me ka kivila kānāwai. Nō hoʻi i loko o kona malama ua coinage o ka Duchy o Warsaw. Mea nui mana o ka mō'ī hoopomaikai io ia i kanawai no ka aaieieno? A me ka mau mea. Duke i hooponopono Bedroom. kikoo kānāwai i kākau i loko o ka State Kukamalu. Sejm hiki wale hoomalau mai la lakou aʻae ia. Ma keia kino o ka mana e hana Komisina, i kona makemake nui kona mau hoololi i ke kānāwai, akā, ma keia hihia, i ka olelo hope ua i ka 'Aha o ke Aupuni.

Iloko o ke ola ana o kaʻai e pili ana i wale ekolu manawa: i ka 1809, 1811 a me 1812. Hope Ahaolelo ua kekahi. Ua ua laila i no ka mea, o ka olelo hooholo o ka Sejm hoomaka World War II me ka Duchy o Warsaw, he ma kaʻaoʻao o Napoleon. He Hoikehonua, maalo ae la oia ma Poland, mua nō i hoʻoili i ka mālama 'ia o ka halawai Ahaolelo. He hana hoihoi 'ia ma ka ia manawa ka Palani Emperor hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana o ka hou ana o ka hoao ana me Lithuania. Pilina Vilnius a me Warsaw hoʻouluhua 'ana a me Alexander I. ka Lūkini Emperor Ua ho'āʻo ana e lanakila ma luna o Lithuanians ma kā lākou mauʻaoʻao, e olelo ia i ka hou ana o ka Luna Nui Duchy. Kekahi aoao ai kekahi, akā, he hou kikoo o ka mokuaina i ole lawe wahi. I ka wā e hiki mai ana o Poland ka manao ole aelike, a me ke kaua ma waena o Palani a me Rusia. E pili ana i ka Duchy o Warsaw a me ka Ahaolelo o Vienna i loko o ka hala ua haʻalele i ka manaʻo o ka Polish-Lituania Union.

aupuni

Duchy o ke aupuni oia o 6 lawelawe: Kalaiaina, ka hoopai, ka hoʻomana, waiwai, makai a me koa. Ua noho ma Warsaw. Ma keia hihia, ke Säkona luna noho ma Dresden. No keia kumu, ma waena ona a me ke aupuni i mau Ua he mea uwao. Eia hou, ka wā kūkā pakahi aku la ia mau manaʻo nui a, nā ma wahi lulu, a me ka kuwaho, i haʻalele i ka olelo hope i Palani nā kupa.

Nō hoʻi, nā hana o ke aupuni ma lalo o ka mana o ka State Aha. Ke Kuhina Aʻole e hilinaʻi ma ka Sejm. Kēlā me kēia 'Oihana ua monokratnym aupuni. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka bureaucratic luna kiʻekiʻe i lawelawe i ke ki huahelu i loko o kāna mahinaʻai. Kona subordinates ua hiki eʻaʻa aku i ka olelo o kona aʻa Makehewa. Special nui o kekahi mau nā keʻena kahu o ka makai a me na mea. Ka mea, he poe e kiai maluna o ka malama o ka mea i loko o ka moku'āina. I pilikia wahi, i hiki, ke Kuhina o ka makai ke hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia kā lākou mau hana koa.

ke kaiāulu kanaka,

A me ka mea hou pili i ke kahua o ka Duchy o Warsaw i haawi mai Poland ka fundamentally hou kanawai. E like me ka aponoia Kumukanawai, na loina o ka like o nā mea a pau makaainana ma mua o ka kānāwai i enshrined. ʻOiai ka mahele i loko o nā papa ua i hoopau, ia markedly kaupalena '. Ua ka mua ke koho i ka Sejm, a kamaʻilio mau halawai hōʻike i nā makaainana (maka'āinana), ua hiki ke lawe wale i haawiia mai ia koho kuleana ia.

Eia naʻe, i loko o 1808 ke kauoha i hala, he ikaika loa i ke kulana o ka poe Iudaio. Ka mea, manawa (no ka 10 makahiki) ua, ua kaupalena 'ia Kivila pono. Ma lalo o ka hou rula, na Iudaio, wehe e noi no ka oihana ae no ka mare ana. I ka Iudaio, ka heluna i ole mai ka muli o koa lawelawe, akā, kahi, i konaʻelemakule auhau.

Like ma na aina Europa'ē aʻe, ia mea nui e noho hoʻomanawanui kua'āina nīnau. Ka Duchy o Warsaw i hanaia i loko o Poland, ka wā ma laila nō ola serfdom. Ke aupuni hou hoopau ia ka feudal kaukaʻi o nā kama'āina. Eia naʻe, mahiʻai i maoli ua hoonele ia o ka aina i koe no nā aliʻi. Mihi a me ka mea hiki ole ke hoʻokō a hiki i ka hopena. A eia i Napoleonic kaua, kena ae la ka make a me ka impoverishment nā pūʻulu aina. Ke feud ma waena o na kauwa a me nā aliʻi e wale hoʻonui kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Ke lanakila ma luna o Austria

Neʻe maila i loko o ka hou o ko Napoleon ka kulekele, ka Duchy o Warsaw hele aku la i ka inevitable kue i na enemi o ka Palani Auguseto. I ka 1809, hoomaka ae la Kaua o ka Elimaʻahahui. I keia manawa, eʻalo Palani a me kona allies me Austria, Pelekane, a me Sicily Sardinia. Ka hapa nui o ka Polish kaua hui i ka poe kaua o He Hoikehonua. Ke Duchy koe kino Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo (ma kahi o 14 tausani kanaka). Ke'Aukekulia koa hooukaia mai Saxony a me ka Duchy o Warsaw, i ka hihia o ka dispersal o Napoleon ka kaua mea pio oluolu.

Ma Poland ka mea, kaua akula 36000th kaua. April 19, 1908 i wahi ke kuleana kaua - kaua o ka raszyn. Auamo i kauoha mai ai ma ka Yuzef Ponyatovsky, ka Austrians - Archduke Ferdinand Karl. Ka hookui ana i hoʻonaninani marshland. Auamo kaua ikaika, akā, hope auhee. Warsaw Ua Komikina'Āina koke. Naʻe, ua ka nui huli i loko o ka lima o kaʻahahui kaua no ka Austrians hahau hoʻi. Wale i kekahi mau pule i ka auamo counterattacked, hoi aku la a pau o ka aina i laweʻia aku, a, ma ka hou, i Sandomierz, Lublin, Lviv a me Kakow. I ka pau ana o ke kaua, e like me ka maluhia kuikahi, Warsaw Duchy e hoohui aku komohana Galicia, pela ka hapa nui ae la kona mokuna.

Ke kaua me Rusia

Ma ka outbreak o ke kaua ma waena o Farani a me Rusia, huli mai i ka Duchy o Warsaw (1807-1813) e ia he aooa? Ma waena o ka papa kuhikuhiE mau hoa paio elua. Ma June 1812 ka Seimas, halawai ana ma Warsaw, ua hoʻoholo ihola e lawe i kaʻaoʻao o Napoleon. Emperor o ka Farani kai eʻe ma Rusia haule. Hele ana ma ka hikina a me ka poe koa-hapalua miliona, hoi aku la oia i kona'āina me kekahi mau tausani ua weluwelu a me ka pōloli luna.

Napoleon ka make i manaoia ke kakahiaka nui hope, i i e kali ana no ka Luna Nui Duchy o Warsaw. Ke kaua, e halii mai i na aina Polish. January 1, 1813ʻekolu kolamu ma lalo o Ilamuku Mikhail Kutuzov kela aoao o ka palena muliwai Neman , a poai puni i Polotsk. Ke Duchy ma keia manawa, he he mau Polish a me ka Säkona poʻe hao wale, i ka poe i hiki ia lakou ke ku imua o ka neʻe aku i loaa Lūkini kaua. I Poland, hoomaka ae la kona kaulana haole kai eʻe i pau ai i ke ana o Paris.

January 27 Ua peacefully ia Warsaw. I mea, o ka duchy oki i nei. Part o ka auamo, nae, koe ma ka pono a hiki i Napoleon. 15000th mau pūʻali ma lalo o ke kauoha Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo haʻalele Austria ma ka manaolana i ke Palani nō loaa Lūkini, a kuokoa o ka moku'āina, e e hoihoi hou ia. Ma Poland, ku wale Palani naehana hoʻonohoʻia ma luna o ka Vistula. Naʻe, ka mea hiki ole ana i kaʻenemi - mai la i ka neutrality o Austria, a Prussia, ka mea i hoʻoholo, e hookaawale ia lana mai ke kaua.

abolition

A lohe o Napoleon waiho wale aku no i ka make hope, halawai mai la me na mana lanakila ma Vienna ma ka mea e hoʻoholo i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka Old World. Ka Palani Emperor redrew nā mokuna a loko o ka Europa'āinapuniʻole - manawa i nā mō'ī o ke aupuni, e disentangle i kēiaʻai kālai'āina. Ma ka wahi mua, ka mea, ua hana hoʻokipa kekahi paku o Poland. Ua coexisted me ekolu ikaika mana (Austria, Prussia a me Rusia) mea e hoihoi i loko o kona ola ana.

May 3, 1815, e like me ka olelo hooholo o ka Ahaolelo o Vienna, ma ka hikina Europe hoʻokumu hou palena. Aia i ka paku o Poland - Warsaw Duchy i hoopauia. Kakow, he mua hapa o ka mea, i kukala he noa kulanakauhale me ka republican kālai'āina nenoaiu. Ma keia waihona mea ola a hiki i 1846.

Ka hapa nui o ka Duchy o Warsaw lilo kekahi hapa o Rusia. Ka Emperor Alexander i kukala aku ai e ke Polish ke alii. New panalāʻau alaila, haawi mai kū kaʻawale a me ka lokomaikai hoi o ka kumukānāwai. Ke'ī mai, eia nae ka Duchy o Warsaw i kekahi hapa o Rusia, kona kanaka e noho nui freer nae Russian. Western aina hoopau ia ka moku'āina i haawiia mai ai i Prussia. Ka mea i hana i ka hou German mokuna - ka Luna Nui Duchy o Poznan.