'Ole feudal: hanana a me nā' ano

Feudalism ua he integral hapa o ka Europa Middle Ages. I ka Ia manawa ka kaiapili-kālai'āina nenoaiie o ka nui landowners i hoʻomaha ai, alahula mau mana a me ka ole. Kokua i ko lakou mana ua enslavement a me ka powerless peasantry.

Ke kumu o ka feudalism

Ma Europa, ala ae la kekahi feudal'ōnaehana ma hope o ka haule ana o ka Western Roma aupuni a pau i loko o ka hopena o V kenekulia BC. e ka. Together me ka nalowaleʻana o ka mea kahiko kahiko ka noho i koe ma hope o ke au o ka noho kauā kuapaʻa, Classic. Ma ka palena o na keiki kela poe kanaka ei aupuni i ala aʻela ma luna o ke kahua o ke aupuni a pau, hoomaka ae la e hoʻomōhala hou nohona hoahanau.

Feudal'ōnaehanaʻikeʻia ma muli o ia i ke kahua o ka nui pae ka waiwai. Ikaika a me ka mea waiwai kaukaualiʻi, kokoke i ke aliʻi mana mau mea e kukaʻi loaa ia i kela a me keia hanauna wale mahuahua iho la lakou. I ka Ia manawa ka bulk o ka Western Europa heluna (kauwa) e ola ana i loko o ke kaiaulu. I ka VII kenekulia ma a ua he nui stratification. Common aina i hala i loko o nā lima. A o ka poe kauwa, ka poe i ole i mau mea e kukaʻi, i mea ilihune, kalele iho ma luna o lākou haku hana.

enslavement o ka peasantry

kapaia kuokoa aina kakahiaka nui Middle Ages i huhu. I ka mea ia manawa, he mau kumu o kaiʻewaʻewa Competition, ka wā nui landowners i hooluhiia e ka makeke o ko lākou mau hoa paio. E like me ka hopena, i hōkaiʻiaʻauhau a me ka makemake i hala ma lalo o ka patronage o aristocrats. Pela no ke kiʻekiʻe o ala ae la ka feudal nenoaiu.

He hana hoihoi i ka manawa e hōʻike i loko o ka Middle Ages, akā, he nui hope. I ka pau ana o ka XVIII kenekulia i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni Farani feudalism i kapaia "kahiko mea" - i ka wā o ka piha aupuni mō'ī a me ka hanohano. Hope o ka manawa i mahalo i waena o kānakaʻepekema. No ka laʻana, ka mea i hoʻohana 'ia e Karl Marx. I kona puke "Capital" He kapa i ka feudal'ōnaehana o ka hoʻokomo o ke kālā no capitalism a me ka hoʻokele waiwai kuai.

benefice

State francs, ua ka mua ma i na hoailona o ka feudalism hoike aku. Ma keia aupuni mō'ī o ka muli o hou nohona pili i hōʻeleu i ku pono i ka benefice. Ka ai-i kapaia o ka aina o ka uku, mai ka moku'āina servicemen kanaka - luna a me koa. Ma mua ia i ea ae ia mau ona e e waiwai e kekahi kanaka no ke ola, a ma hope o kona make ana i ka mana mea hou hiki e hoolilo aku i ka waiwai i kona manao (no ka mea hoike, hoouna aku i ka hahai ana i ka mea noi).

Naʻe, i loko o ka IX-X kenekulia. noa aina puu dala i pau ai. No ka mea, o keia waiwai i nā oki e ia i ka pau, a lilo hereditary. ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka mea nāna ke manawa e hele olonā (allotment) i kā lākou poʻe keiki. Mau loli, ma ka wahi mua, māhuahua ke kaukaʻi o ko kauwa, mai ko lakou mau overlords. Ka lua, o ka mihi i hoʻoikaika i ka nui o ka meakino a me ka liilii, feudal haku. Ka mea, i no ka lilo i lōʻihi manawa i ke kumu o WesternʻEulopa poe koa.

Mahiʻai i ka poe i lilo i ko lakou iho e kupikipikio ai, i ka aina, mai ka feudal haku ia makahiki, no ka malama, e lawe mai regular hana ma luna o kona mau kahua. Ia? Aiaiiuie hoʻohana ma o ka mana i kapaʻia precarium. ole Major mea nona ua hoihoi i ka mea i kipaku kauwa, mai ka aina loa. Kukulu iho la lakou i kekahi kaʻina hana no ka haawi ana ia lakou i ka nui makahiki, a ua lilo iho la ia i ke kumu no ka mea e pono ai no ka aristocracy a me ka hanohano no kenekulia.

Hooikaika e ana oia i ka mana o feudal haku

Ma Europa, ka oi aku o ka feudal'ōnaehana mea no loko o ka mea i nui landowners e ho'ōla loaa kumu ole wale nui, akā, me ka maoli mana. Ka moku'āina haawi ia i keʻano o ka hana, a me ka Ahahookolokolo, makai, aaieieno? A me ka auhau. Kēia mau aliʻi palapala i lilo i hōʻailona ia no ka aina magnates loaa e hoʻonele mai kekahi 'ākeʻakeʻa i loko o kā lākou mau mana.

Ke kauwa ma luna o lākou kāʻei kua ua palupalu a me ka powerless. Landowners hiki hoʻomāʻewaʻewa mai i ko lakou mana, ka makau o ke aupuni 'ākeʻakeʻa ole. No laila, ma ka mea ua ka feudal serf'ōnaehana, i ka wa a na kauwa i haʻakoiʻia i loko o ka hana hana ole e pili ana i ke kānāwai a me kekahi palapala aelike.

Corvee a me Ka Waiho '

Over manawa, ua loli ka hana o ka poʻeʻilihune kalele iho. He ekolu ano o feudal haehaeia - corvee, Ka Waiho 'a me maoli Ka Waiho' kala. Makana a me ka hookupu ua oi loa, he pono ole i loko o ka kakahiaka Middle Ages. I ka XI kenekulia, ke kaʻina hana o ka aneiai ulu mai o na kulanakauhale, a kuai ulu. Kēia i alakai ai i ka laha ana o ke koi pohō a pili. Prior i keia, ma ke kahua o ke kālā ke ia i ka ia maoli huahana. Oia ka aneiai mea i kapa e like me ka'auwaʻa. A hiki aku i ke kālā ua palahalaha ae ma Western 'Eulopa, ua neʻe ka feudal haku i ke dala maoli i? Ieaoa.

Akā, hiki hoʻowahāwahā keia, i ka nui aina o aristocrats ma ka oihana ho ohana ana, aole i sluggishly. Ka hapa nui o nā huahana a me nā waiwai hua mai la i loko o ko lākou mokuna, i hoopauia ma ka aina. He nui e hoailona oukou i ka aristocrats i hoʻohana ole wale i ka hana o ka peasantry, akā, i ka hana o artisans. Ke kiʻekiʻe, ka like ana o ka aina i haku i loko o kona hale iho no lakou ua hoʻemi. ʻo Baron he makemake e haawi mau mea e kaukaʻi kauwa, a ola ae la i ka lakou a me ka serfdom.

kēia māhele 'āina hiʻona

Ma ka hapanui'āina o Western Europe feudalism hope kinona i ka XI kenekulia. Somewhere i loko o kēia kaʻina ua pau i kakahiaka nui (ma Farani a me Italy), Kaleohano - hope (i loko o ka UK a me Germany). Ma kēia mau'āina a pau, feudalism uaʻaneʻane'ālike. Kekahi mau kekahi mau ana o ka nui landowners a me kauwa ma Scandinavia a me Byzantium.

Ua loaʻa iā ia kona mau 'ano a me ka nohona luna kiʻekiʻe i loko o medieval Asia. No ka laʻana, ka mea feudal'ōnaehana ma India i wehewehe aku e ka ole nui ma luna o ka moku'āina o nui landowners a me kauwa. Eia hou, uaʻaʻohe panina 'Eulopa serfdom. Ke feudal'ōnaehana ma Japan oko mai ka maoli pālua mana. I ka wā o ka shogunate Shogun i nui ole ma mua o ka Auguseto. Kēia nenoaiu o ke aupuni i paʻa ma luna o kekahi papa o ka 'oihana koa i loaa ia mau mea e kukaʻi uuku o ka aina - Samurai.

hoonui i? iecaianoaaiiuo

A pau i ka mōʻaukala kaiapili-pili aupuni'ōnaehana (ke kauwa'ōnaehana, ka feudal nenoaia, a no laila, ma luna o. D.) hoʻololi ke kiʻekiʻe. No laila, ma ka pau ana o ka XI kenekulia ma Europe i hoomaka ai e 'ūlōlohi? Iecaianoaaiiuo ulu. He Ua pili ia me ka hana hou ana i hana i na mea paahana. Naʻe, i ka kaawale ia lŘlŘ specializations poe hana. Ua Ua laila, definitively hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka artisans kauwa. Kēia nohona papa hoomaka ae la e noho i loko o nā kūlanakauhale i ua ulu pu ia me ka hale o ke Europa? Iecaianoaaiiie.

I ka hua ma ka helu o nā huahana i alakaʻi ai i ka hoolaha kuai. Au hoʻomaka e kūkulu i kekahi market hoʻokele waiwai. Aia i ka influential kuai papa. hoomaka poʻe kālepa e lilo kauä kuapaʻa, e hoomalu aku i ko lakou mau pono. Like me, hoʻokiwikā paahana hana kauä kuapaʻa. A hiki i ka XIV kenekulia, i nui kēia poʻe i loko o WesternʻEulopa. Ka mea, ae artisans e noho kuokoa o ka feudal haku. Naʻe, a me ka hoʻomaka o ka hōʻeleu 'epekema holomua ma ka pau ana o ka Middle Ages kauä kuapaʻa lilo i kea laa, o ka hala.

kua'āina uprisings

O ka holo ana, i ka feudal kaiapili mea hiki ole ke loli ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mea a pau kēia mau kumumea. Mea hoʻonui kauhale, i ka ulu ana o ke koi pohō a me ka huakūʻai ana - a pau keia ua hanaia e ku e ia i ke kāʻei kua o ka hooikaika ana paio na kanaka o luna o ka luhi o ka nui landowners.

Kanaka kua'äina uprisings lilo commonplace kekahi hanana. A pau o ia mea, brutally uhi pū ka feudal haku, a me ka moku'āina. Ua hana nā kumu nui, a me ka poe noonoo ole lala hoopaiia me nā hana a me ka hoʻokolokoloʻiaʻana. Eia naʻe, i nā, ma uprisings, pilikino kaukaʻi o na kauwa, hoomaka ae la e emi iho, a haliu ae la i ke kulanakauhale i ka bastion o ka noa heluna.

I ka paio ana o ka feudal haku a me na'lii

Kauwa, feudal, capitalist nenoaiu - la lakou a pau, i loko o kekahi aoao a me kekahi, he aha ka mea i ka moku'āina mana a me kona wahi i loko o kaiāulu. Ma ka Middle Ages ka hoʻoikaikaʻana o ka nui landowners (ʻo Baron, helu, makualii)ʻaneʻane AOON lākou mō'ī. Mau iloko feudal kaua ma i aristocrats e Hoʻokaʻina 'ia na mea mai mawaena o lakou iho. Ma keia hihia, ke Kalaunu i i ālai ia 'aʻe i loko o kēia mau o onei, a ina e ālai ia' aʻe, a laila, no ka mea, o kona nawaliwali hiki ole ana i ka hookahe koko.

Feudalism (flowering wā i ulu aʻe ma ka makahiki XII) alakai aku ai i ka mea e, no ka laʻana, ma Farani, Monarch noʻonoʻo wale nō i ka "mua i waena o hoahanauna". Mau mea, hoomaka ae la e hoʻololi, a me ka mahuahua-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, mahalo uprisings, a no laila, ma luna o. D. Ua, ma ka Western Europa aina i ulu ke aupuni Hawaii me ka ikaika aliʻi mana, a ua lilo oi a oi na hoailona o ka absolutism. Centralization i kekahi o na kumu no a ka feudal'ōnaehana ua i loko o ka hala.

I ka ulu ana o ka capitalism

Feudalism i ka gravedigger o capitalism. Ma ka XVI kenekulia, ka kokololio holomua o ka 'epekema, i lilo ai i loko oʻEulopa. Ka mea, ua alakai ai i ka modernization o ka hana pono, a me ka oihana a pau. Aie i ka mea nui Leeuwerikplein discoveries i loko o ka Old World mākou i aʻo e pili ana i ka aina hou e moe ma kela aoao o ka moana. Ka muli o ka hou'auwaʻa alakaʻi i ke kūpono 'ana o ke kuai ana. Uaʻikeʻia ma luna o ke kuai mua ÿole ÿia hoÿi waiwai.

I keia manawa i nā alakaʻi o hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo lilo ka Netherlands a me Enelani. Ma kēia mau'āina, i kekahi hola - he houʻano o ka hana. Ka mea hoʻolimalima hana i hoʻohana ', i i mokuahana kekahi. Ia mea, i loko o ka manufactories hoʻohanaʻia hoʻi i hoomakaukauia ka hoʻomalu - kuhikuhi artisans. Mau kanaka, ua kuokoa o ka feudal haku. A eia hou ano o ka-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo - lole, ka hao, pai, a pela aku ...

decomposition o feudalism

Together me manufactories originated bourgeoisie. Kēia nohona papa oia no ka poe nona i nā mea o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka nui pāʻoihana mea nona. Initially, keia stratum o ka heluna kanaka ua uuku. Kona kaʻana like i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai i ua moku. Ma ka emi ana o ka Middle Ages ka bulk o ua hanaʻia ka waiwai iʻikeʻia i loko o ka'āina i ka mahiʻai, e kaukaʻi ma feudal haku.

Ua, nae, o ka bourgeoisie loaa momentum, a lilo iho la waiwai a nui loa aku kou mana. Kēia kaʻina hana hiki ole e alakai i ke kue i ka mea kahiko waiwai. No laila, i loko o ka XVII kenekulia ma Europe hoomaka bourgeois kaiapili kipi. Ke hou papa makemake e consolidate lākou mau keiki iho ma ka kaiāulu. Kēia i hanaʻia e ke kumu o ka hoohalike ai i loko o ka lani kiekie loa moku'āina nā loko (ka States-Nui, hale kanawai), a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Ka mea mua i 'War, i pau ai i ka makahiki he kanakolu' i ka kanawalu na makahiki War. Kēia uprising ua o ka oi aupuniʻano. Kupa o ka Netherlands ho'āpono pakele o ka mana o ka mamo aliʻi ikaika o Paniolo Habsburgs. Ka kekahi kipi i loko o 'Enelani. Ua hoʻi i kapaʻia ke Kanawai War. I ka hopena o nā mea a pau o kēia a me ka mea mahope like coups ua he rejection o feudalism, ka emancipation o ka peasantry, a me ka lanakila o ka noa kuai hoʻokele waiwai.