Onaona hydrocarbons, i ka papa kuhikuhiE lunamakaainana a me kā lākou palapala noi i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni.

Onaona hydrocarbons (ole kapaia arenes) - biosoedineniya i ke aloha nā lātoma o ka i pihaʻi me hoʻokahi a oi pōʻaiapuni o eono nā'ātoma o kalapona. Benzene ke komo lima, wehewehe aku ma ka hana kino ai a me ka Nine Inch waiwai. Ka inoa "Arena" i komo i loko o ke aloha a me ka nui kemika i loko o ka hopena o 18th - i kakahiaka nui 19th kenekulia. Mau hookomoia waiwai i oia o elua Nine Inch i huiʻia - hydrogen a me ka kalapona, a loaʻa iā ia ka maikaʻi ala (kēpau, silika, nui mea kāhinu, i ka meaʻala). Over manawa, o ka inoa "onaona hydrocarbons" lilo kona waiwai, no ka halawai mawaena o nā papa o ke aloha i huiʻia aromatics, a me ka loa onaona paha i kaʻawaʻawa loa ala. Benzene Ua kaʻawale no ka manawa mua i loko o ka kakahiaka 19th kenekulia mai ke kinoea lanahu. A iki ma hope (1845) AF Hoffman allocates onaona hydrocarbons (benzene) mai lanahu hohono. Kēia manawa ka Arenes papa (IUPAC Mea Maluna) Desha i huiʻia me ka nānā 'nā lātoma mea i benzelnye Kora naʻEsau. No laila, i ka mea, ua hookaawale ia i huiʻia i loko o hookahi a me ka nunui-ke komo lima, e like me ka onaona hydrocarbons me Punk nuclei.

Mononuclear Arena - ka ke aloha i huiʻia i pihaʻi me hoʻokahi benzene apo. Ka 'ole o ka benzene nā lātoma typical Luna arenes loa Kekule haʻilula ua hōʻike like me ka pōʻaiapuni o eono Carbo nā'ātoma, a i alternately i pili ma ka mea C-C a me C = C kaulua paa. Kēia 'ole i hoʻopaʻaʻia ke kālā no physico-Nine Inch Ka Ikepili.

Kekule walaʻauʻana ka naauao o ka 'ole o ka benzene e: 1) i ka' ole o ka hexagonal benzene apo; 2) benzelnom ke komo lima o esti ekolu poe noonoo ole, a ekolu papalua paa; 3) All eono Carbo nā'ātoma ma ka benzene ke komo lima e like i kekahi i kekahi. Ke haʻilula hōʻike i ka elemental haku mele 'ana o ka benzene, a me ka lākiō Carbo hydrogen nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma, no ka nele o ka monosubstituted isomers o benzene nā mea loaʻa.

Onaona hydrocarbons i loa he ākea ma ke ano. Ka mea, eia he integral hapa o ka lanahu hohono i ua loaa ia ma hope o maloo distillation o ka lanahu. Arena i kekahi hapa o naʻano likeʻole o ka aila a me ka 'ē aʻe maoli huahana (kēpau, silika, etc.). Iloko o ka distillation maloo o ka lanahu i ka awelika loaa no ma kahi o ekolu pakeneka lanahu hohono, a me ka lanahu hohono. A mai ka lanahu hohono ma fractional distillation, he helu o nā mahele: mālamalama aila (kekahi mau xylenes, toluene, benzene, thiophene), carbolic aila (kekahi mau cresols, phenols a me naphthalene), creosote aila (he naphthalene), anthracene aila (i loaʻa ka phenanthrene, anthracene, 'ē aʻe kiekie ae Arena), a me ke kēpau i ua hoʻohana' ia no ka alanui? ia n oaa, a me ke kukuluʻia.

Ka hoʻohana o onaona hydrocarbons. Benzene ua wehewehe aku ma kekahi mau 'ala, kokoke insoluble i loko o ka wai. He He maikai'ūheheʻe no ke aloha biosoedineny. Synthesized mai lanahu hohono. Benzene - he waiwai maka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka make, laau lapaau, pahū, ulu kanu promoters, herbicides, insecticides, etc.

Toluene Ua hooholo koke wailana i loko o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe. Hoomakaukauia mai lanahu hohono, e like me kekahi papa o ka aila. Synthesized mai toluene benzene ka waiʻona, benzaldehyde, benzoicʻakika, make, laau lapaau, saccharin, trinitrotoluene.

Xylitol mea maikai ke aloha nā'uheheʻe. Hoomakaukauia mai ka lanahu aila, e like me ma fractional distillation o ka lanahu hohono. Mai xylenes synthesized phthalic anhydride, xylene, rayon polyester. I kekahi manawa xylenes i pākuʻi e kakolina.