Dzheyms Chedvik: Kawaihae, kiʻi, wehe

Sir Dzheyms Chedvik (Photo ia i loko o ka 'atikala) - English physicist a me Nobel laureate, ka poe i loaa kaulana ma hope o ka loaʻa o ka neutron. Ua Ua fundamentally loli na ke kālaikūlohea o ia manawa, a ae kānakaʻepekema, e hana hou 'ikamu, akā, i alakai i ka loaʻa o nukelea fission a me kona hoʻohana no ka koa a me ka maluhia mau hana. Chadwick i waena o ka pūʻulu o Pelekāneʻepekema, ka mea ma ka Mahele o ke Kaua Honua o ka US kōkua hoʻomōhala i ka'ātoma pōkā pahū.

Dzheyms Chedvik: he pōkole Kawaihae

Chadwick Ua hanau ia ma Bollingtone, newa, England, October 20, 1891, ke keiki a Dzhona Dzhozefa a me Anne Meri Noulz. He aʻo ma ka kūloko haʻahaʻa a me ka Manchester lehulehu kiʻekiʻe kula. Na heʻumikumamāono loaa i ka hoʻonaʻauao ma ka Kulanui o Manchester. James makemake e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina makemakika, akā, manaʻo kuhihewa hele introductory haʻi'ōlelo ma ke kālaikūlohea, a helu i loko o kēia hana kūikawā. Ma mua, ka mea, he misgivings e pili ana i kona hoʻoholo 'ana, akā, ma hope o ka makahiki mua o ke ao, loaʻaʻo ia i ka papa hou hana hoihoi. Chadwick Ua helu i loko o ka papa o Ernest Rutherford, kahi āna i aʻo uila a me ka magnetism, a ma hope hoonoho lecturer James noiʻi pāhana ma ka radioactive hehee ai radium.

i kakahiaka nui haʻawina

Dzheyms Chedvik puka 'o ia i ka 1911, a hoomau iho la oia i ka hana me Rutherford ma omo o ka gamma pāhawewe me ka haku o ka degere i ka 1913. Alanui hoʻokumu i kona manao o ka hana noiʻi hāʻawi, i kapaʻia no ka hana wahi. He hoʻoholo i ka noiʻi i loko o Pelelina me Hans Geiger, ka poe i kipa Manchester i ka manawa ia James loaa ka papahelu o ka haku. I loko o kēia wā, Chadwick hoʻokumu i ke ola ana o ke ana pae o ka Hoʻokolohua pāhawewe e hoonawaliwali ai noiʻi, a alakai aku ai i ka loaʻa o ke neutrino.

E nohoʻoukou i loko o kahi e hoʻomoana ai

Koke ma mua o ka First World War, ka wā koa hana i inevitable, Geiger Chadwick ia e hoʻi hou akula ia i 'Enelani i hikiwawe e loaa ana. James ua pioloke kōkua Hotele poe, a noho iho la a hiki i ka hopena o ke kaua i loko o ka German Pow hoʻomoana. I na makahiki elima o kona paa ua hiki ke negotiate me ka poe koa kiai a me ka hoʻomaka kumu o noiʻi fluorescence Chadwick.

I ka hana ma ka Cavendish keʻena hoʻokolohua

Dzheyms Chedvik, nona Kawaihae mea i loko o ke kālaikūlohea i nā mea a pau i ka manawa, e ke hoʻokō 'ia ma 1918, i ke aloha a hiki i ka hoʻoikaikaʻana o Rutherford hoi i ka' epekema, a hookupaa iho la ia i ka nucleus kauoha ua like me ka'ātoma helu. I ka 1921, ua hookoia i ka noiʻi internship ma Kamepelika College Gonville a me Keyes, a me ka i kēia makahiki i lilo ai Hope no Rutherford ma ka Cavendish keʻena hoʻokolohua.

Ka hana ana i kela lā,ʻo ia nō loaʻa manawa no ka noiʻi, alakaʻi o ka a me ka pau ae la ia? Aaei e Rutherford. Chadwick a me ka mālama moku hopena Charles D. Ellis laila hoomau haʻawina ma Trinity College a me Rutherford, investigating transmutation hehee wale ka wā bombarded me ka, alpha (particles) (helium nuclei). I ka noiʻi Amelika Huipû ma Vienna, hōʻike i nā hualoaʻa i mea ole pahuhopu nei me ka 'ikepili i loaa mai ma ka Cavendish keʻena hoʻokolohua, i ka pololei o ka i i ua noʻiau kokua aku e hou ho okolohua Chadwick, a me kona nā hoapili.

I ka makahiki 1925, James mare Aileen Stewart-Brown. Ka hui i ua kaikamahine māhoe i hanau.

Ma ka hapalua like 1920s Dzheyms Chedvik alakaʻi hoʻokolohua ma ka hoopuehu aku ana i, alpha (particles) i loko o ka pale umauma hoʻokahi hoi e pana aku i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a me ke gula a me ka uranium, a laila ka hapanui o ka helium kona kāna mau 'ōlelo i ka mea hookahi nuipa a me ka Alpha (particles). Hoopuehu ua asymmetric, a me Chadwick wehewehe ia ma 1930 me ka quantum kŰia.

I ka loaʻa mai o ka neutron

Back i ka 1920, Rutherford kona makemake nui i ke ola ana o ka uila'ākilikai (particles) kapa neutrons e wehewehe i ke ola ana o ka hydrogen isotopes. Makou manaoio i keia huna ninoieo o ka huina'ine a me ka proton, akā, i ke kahe ana o ka haku mele i ole, ua loaʻa.

I ka 1930, ka mea i loaʻa i ka wā bombarded me ka malamalama nuclei, alpha kukuna kinoea polonium E kū aʻe penetrating pāhawewe me ka pila nui kauoha. Ua Ua manao i ka gamma kukuna. Naʻe, ka wā hoʻohana i ka beryllium pale umauma hoʻokahi kukuna ua nui na manawa hou penetrating ma mua o ka hoʻohana 'ē aʻe mea. I ka 1931, Chadwick, a me kona colleague Webster? Aaeaaaaony i'ākilikai nā kukuna maoli hoike ai i ke ola ana o ka neutron.

I ka 1932, he mare mau o ka noiʻi Iren Kyuri a me Frederika Zholio hoike mai i ka beryllium pāhawewe ua oi penetrating ma mua o ka poe i hoike ma mua noiʻi, akā, e kapaʻia nō hoʻi ia gamma kukuna. heluhelu Dzheyms Chedvik i ka palapala hoike, a koke hoʻomaka i ka hana ma ka i ka ho omaulia o'ākilikai nā huna nuipa a, i makemake e hiki ke wehewehe i ka mea hou i nā hualoaʻa. He hoʻohana beryllium pāhawewe e bombard na kumu mua, a loaʻa i nā hualoaʻa e pahuhopu nei me ka ole o ka'ākilikai (particles) me ka nuipa a kokoke'ālike i ka nui o ka proton. Ka mea, ua i ka mana e hooiaio ai o ke ola o ka neutron. I ka makahiki 1925 no kēia e piʻi like, Chadwick loaa ka Nobel makana i loko o ke kālaikūlohea.

Mai neutron nukelea naoh

Neutron Ua koke lilo i ke koʻi o physicists hana ia e komo iloko o na nā'ātoma o na kumu mua, a me ko lakou loli, no laila, olelo ikaika mai, papa mai nucleus ka mea, ua i kipaku. Penei, hoomakaukau Chadwick ke ala a hiki i ka fission o ka uranium-235 a me nukelea mea kaua. I ka 1932, no keia nui loaʻaʻo ia i i hookoia ka Hughes kâlâ keʻokeʻo, a ma ka makahiki 1935 mamuli o ka Nobel uku. A laila, ua aʻo ia Hans Falkenhagen loaa ka neutron i ka mea ia manawa me ia, akā, ua makau iho la ia, e hoolaha aku i ko lakou hopena. German haumāna, nonoi emi mai ke kaumaha e kaʻana i ka Nobel uku, a haawi aku la ia Dzheyms Chedvik.

I ka loaʻa mai o ka neutron kōkua kāinoa transuranic nā kumumea i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua. Ua alakai aku ai i ka loaʻa o Nobel makana e uwa Enrico Fermi nukelea reactionsʻonou e lohi neutrons, a me ka loaʻa o ka Kelemānia chemists Otto Hahn a me Strassmann o nukelea fission, a i ka hopena o ka pili ana nukelea mea kaua.

I ka hana ma ka'ātoma pōkā pahū

I ka makahiki 1935, Dzheyms Chedvik lilo Kumu o ke kālaikūlohea ma ke Kulanui o Liwapula. E like me ka hopena o ka Memo Kākau o Frisch-Peierls i ka 1940 o ka feasibility o e kukulu i ka nukelea pōkā pahū ,ʻo ia i hoonohoia ai i ka MAUD Komite e nana i kēia pukana i hou au mamuli. I ka 1940 kipa ia North America ma ka huakaʻi Tizard e hoʻomōhala alu like 'ana i loko o nukelea noiʻi. Ma hope o ka hoʻiʻana i ka hoʻopilikiaʻia,ʻo ia hoʻoholo i ka mea e ole e holopono ana a ka kaua mea ma.

Ma Kekemapa o ka hookahi makahiki Frensis Saymon, ka mea i hana i loko o ka MAUD, loaʻa ka manawa, e hookaawale i ka kālaiōewe uranium-235. I kona hoike oia ii kumukuai, a oaoieei hoakaka no ka mea i hanaia o ka hana he nui no ka uranium enrichment. Chadwick hope palapala aku ia wale laila oia i ike i kekahi nukelea pōkā pahū ua hiki ole wale akā, inevitable. Mai ia manawa a pau e hoʻomaka lawe e hiamoe ana huaale. James a nui kākoʻo pōkā pahū pae o U-235, a ua aponoia kona hoʻokuʻu ma maholahune o ka kālaiōewe U-238.

hoʻokūkū ola

Koke aku la ia i Los Alamos, ka ke keʻena luna o ka Manhattan Project, a me ka pu a me Niels Bohr ia i nā mea'ōlelo aʻo i ka haku polokalamu o ka'ātoma hopeʻia, Nākulukulu nō ma luna o Hiroshima a me Nagasaki. Chedvik Dzheyms, nona discoveries i radically hoʻololi i ka papa o kanaka mōʻaukala, i ka makahiki 1945, i me ka Naita.

I ka pau ana o ke Kaua Honua II, hoi aku la oia i kona wahi ma Liwapula. Chadwick haʻalele i ka 1958. Ma hope o Noho he umi makahiki ma North Wales, hoi ae la oia i Kamepelika i ka makahiki 1969, kahi i make ai July 24, 1974.