Pastern iwi: 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo

He aha nō ka pastern iwi? He aha nō ka mana e hana? Pane i kēia mau mea a me nā nīnau hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ka pauku. Palaki mea he distal mahele o ka lima, o ka iwi o ka i ninoieo o metacarpal iwi, manamana lima (phalanges) a me na pulima oʻu.

'ole

He aha ka ka pastern iwi? Ma keia ninau mākou, e pane mai anei oe ia, akā, e hooholo i ka 'ole o ka na pulima oʻu. Ma kona 'ole, he ewalu pōkole a naele iwi waiho ma ka laina elua, eha i loko o kēlā me kēia:

• luna: ka ekolu-oi lua, navicular, semilunar, pisiform;
• Lower: capitatum, trapezium, makau-hoʻokino, trapezoid iwi.

Ka haahaa pau ana o ka ke kahahńnai a me ka ulna hoopili aku i ka iwi carpal hana i ka pulima oʻu hui luna, i hiki e ana e haʻalele i ma luna o nā mea a pau ekolu nā koʻi lipi. Iwi o lalo laina pili i ka luna i ka iwi luna, lalo - i ka mea pepehi 'metacarpus, a hiki i kekahi i kekahi, ho okumu i malopovorotlivye ami.

I kekahi laina o na iwi ho okumu i ka pastern iwi. Aia nā wale elima, i ka helu o ka manamanalima. Lākou mau kumu, ua pili i ka pulima oʻu iwi. Like pono me ka iwi metacarpal, phalanges i pōkole omo iwi. Kēlā me kēia manamana lima, he ekolu phalanges: proximal (kumu), i ka awelika, a me ka distal hopena 'ole (ke kui). Wale i ka manamana nui o ka koe, e like me ka hanaʻia ma nā phalanges - kui a me ka walaʻauʻana. Ma waena o nā phalanges o kēlā me kēia manamanalima a me metacarpal iwi hoʻokino hoʻoneʻe ami.

pastern iwi

Ehia na iwi i kekahi hapa o ka metacarpal? Ua ninoieo o elima metacarpal cortical iwi. Iho nei he elongated lua metacarpal iwi, a me ka shortest - metacarpal iwi o ka manamana nui (mua), i ua wehewehe aku ma kona massiveness.

ʻO nā mea pepehi i ka ulnar palena o ka emi ana ma ka lōʻihi lima o. Kēlā me metacarpal poo malaila, ke kumu a me ke kino. Lākou mau kumu kiko'ī a me na iwi carpal. Articular ili kumu a me ka lima o ka metacarpals i mua noho shape. Ke koena o ka articular ili ka palahalaha. Ma metacarpals i ke poo, a oko hemispherical articular ili a me ka i pili i ka proximal manamana iwi.

lāliʻi

No laila, ua hoʻomau i ka noiʻi i hou pastern. Ehia na iwi ia i? Ua ike mua i ka elima metacarpal iwi nāna i hana i ka pastern. Byʻano ka mea, e pili ana i ka pōkole omo iwi a me ka mea wale maoli epiphysis (monoepifizarnye iwi). Ka mea, i kapaʻia e ka mea - I, II, III, a no laila, ma luna, e hoʻomaka ana, mai ka manamana mua.

Ma ka proximal welau o ka waihona ipu II-V articular iwi i lalo facets i lawelawe i pili ana i ka lua o ka laina na pulima oʻu mau iwi, a me ka poe a i hoonohonoho ma kēlāʻaoʻao - no ka pilina ma waena o lakou iho. Au knuckled kumu pastern he articular lio shape a me ka trapezoidal prichlenyaetsya i na iwi carpal, like oleʻaoʻao facetsʻaneʻi.

Base II pastern iwi 'ano apau loa i ka recess i loko o ka palapala o ka huina e uhi ana i ka carpal iwi. Ma muli V metacarpal mea pepehi ', ma kona ulnarʻaoʻao, i he kuapuʻu. Ma na poo o metacarpal iwi i articular convex surfaces e pono no ka huina me ka iwi proximal o ka manamanalima. Ma ka aoao o ka recess roughened poo i nanaia - wahi ligament IeIIeYOA.

omo iwi

Ua ua ike ia ka uuku omo iwi nā iwi a me ka metacarpal phalanges a me metatarsals. No ka lōʻihi omo iwi no i ka femur, fibula a me ka tibia, e like me ke kuʻekuʻe aku,'ūhā mua a me ka pāhawewe. Oblong wāwae iwi e mai e pili ana i ka hapalua o ka ulu ana kanaka.

He aha nō nā iwi lōʻihi? Kēia iwi trihedral a me ka paukūʻolokaʻa ÿano me ka laula emi ma mua o ka lōʻihi. Ka mea, e ma na welau o na epiphyses, uhi me ka hyaline articular cartilage, a uluʻano nui ma muli i ka mahuahua ma ke kino lōʻihi (diaphysis). Ma waena o ka diaphysis a me ka metaphysis epiphyses waiho ma ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka puberty ec epiphyseal cartilage una honua.

'ole

No laila, 'oe ua ike i ka nui o ka kanaka iwi (metacarpal) e komo i loko o ka neʻeʻana o nā manamanalima. A me ka aha i ka 'ole o ka omo iwi? Mawaho ka mea, ua uhi ia me ka periosteum - he ahu iho la ka connective'aʻaʻa. Iwi epiphysis poeʻano nui cancellous iwi i loaʻa ka iwi ka lolo ulaula, diaphysis - olelo hoopomaikai iwi waiwai. I ke kikowaena aia mea he diaphyseal medullary Canal, i mea piha ka makua iwi lolo mea melemele. Kēia waiwai a kekahi mau ka momona keena.

palaki

Metacarpal iwi a me phalanges i lima iwi. He aha nō i nā iwi o nā manamanalima? Mau mea uuku, hoonoho iho la kekahi ma hope o ka mea'ē aʻe me ke wale maoli iwi epiphysis (mnoepifizarnye iwi). Ka mea, i kapaʻia phalanges. Kēlā me kēia manamana lima, he ekolu phalanges: awelika, distal a me ka proximal. Ka manamana nui o ke koe, e like me ka mea i elua wale phalanges - distal a me ka proximal. Ma nā holoholona, ia mea underdeveloped, a hiki i ka palena o ka ulu wale nō i loko o kānaka.

Kumu proximal articular iwi hanau he hookahi puka, a ua pono, e hoʻohui i ka spherical poo. I na kumu o ka distal a me ka waena phalanges i mau i lalo recesses, kaawale scallop. Ka mea, i ua hoʻopili i nā poʻo o nā meakino a me ka proximal phalanges, i ulu ma ke ano o ka hihia a me ka loko ma ka waena.

Pau flattened phalanges a me roughness. Ma o ka wahi o ka interphalangeal a me ka metacarpophalangeal ami o ka lima, ma na tendons i i pili, e ka sesamoid iwi. Ka mea, e ia a eia i ka manamana lima mua a me ka variability ma ka 'ē aʻe.

Ball ami o ka lima

Aia nā brushes metacarpophalangeal ami, a i hanaʻia e nā kumu o ka proximal phalanges a me ka metacarpal iwi poʻo. A pau kēia mau ami i ekolu ae ÷ haku o nā koʻi lipi o kuapo, a puni a aia no he loihi a me ka adduction, circumduction (roundabout), straightening a anuenue, a nae ka mea, i ka spherical shape. Ka Manaÿo Hou a me ka flexion hiki ma 9-100 °, adduction a me ka abduction - ma 45-50 °.

Collateral ligaments hooikaika i ka metacarpophalangeal ami, a kau ma luna o kekahiʻaoʻao o ka ia. O ka lāʻau i loko o ka capsules o na ami i nā ligament, i kapaʻia ka lāʻau. e ulana pūʻia kēia mau olona, me ka transverse olona, hohonu metacarpal ligament i inhibits divergence metacarpal poo mea pepehi 'ma ke kaʻawale.

i lalo ami

Ua noa e ike i ka nui o iwi o kekahi hapa o ka pastern. A me ka mea kūpono ai carpometacarpal ami o ka lima? Kēia articulation o ka distal carpal iwi laina me ka metacarpal kumu. Mau ami i AEeOEXAaI, a i ka i lalo kinona, hua ka carpometacarpal ami o ka manamana nui. I ka nui o ka neʻe 'ana ia ia, aole ia i oi aku mamua o 5-10 °. Lability i loko o kēia mau ami, e like me ma waena o nā iwi carpal ua IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE wahi aku me ka ulu ligaments.

Laulau kau ma luna o ka luna o ka lāʻau o kou lima, e he ikaika palmar ligament i hoʻomākaukauʻia. He attaches ka carpal iwi i kekahi i kekahi, e like me ia i ka metacarpal iwi. Capitatum i loko o ka ligament nakeke mea Central. Ua ua pili ia ia ka hapanui o na ligaments.

Ka hope palaki laulau ulu nui nawaliwali ma mua o ka lāʻau. Ka mea, i hui ia me kekahi i kekahi a me na pulima oʻu i haku o ka mānoanoa mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku e uhi i na ami ma waena o kēia mau iwi kau. Ka laina lua o na iwi carpal, ma ka hou ana i ka lāʻau a me ka hope, pili me interosseous ligament.

Iwi distal na pulima oʻu laina a me eha (II-V) malomanevrenny pastern iwi ma ka pili ana i kekahi i kekahi, a paa i pili i loko o ka integral pa alima aha i ka papa kuhikuhiE iwi iwi Kora naʻEsau. Ma keia manao, ka mea, ua hoailono aku la e like me ka paa palaki kumu.

Polygonal iwi a me ke kumu o ka mua metacarpal iwi 'ano apau loa i ka carpometacarpal ami o ka palaki mua o ka manamana lima. Ke ami surfaces i noho shape. Ke ami i e like me ka noi: abduction a me adduction, ka mea nana e hoole neʻeʻana (repositioning) a me ka kū'ē (kū'ē) a me ka circumduction (roundabout).

Ka manamana nui ua kue i na nā manamana lima a pau, no laila i ka buke o ka hoʻopaʻa hoʻi lima ka neʻe 'ana me ka nui loa, a mahuahua nui. Motility kiko'î a ma ka carpometacarpal ami o ka manamana nui lakou 45-60 ° abduction, a ma luna o actuation a me 35-40 ° iloko o ka hoʻi ka hele a me ka Akä naÿe.