Pehea e heluhelu i kekahi kaha o ke kila

I ka olelo ana e pili ana i ke kino ano o ka kanaka, e hoʻohana i ka epithet o "kila", e makemake ana indomitable ano, he ikaika makemake, a loaʻa, i mea ole pela oluolu i ka lanakila. Steel invented e e mau nō a me ka ike loea maomeka, na mea paahana, a me nā mea kaua. Ano, hiki ole ke hana me keia mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

He aha ka mea - i ke kila, a pehea ia i kekahi, mai ka hao? I ka papa kuhikuhiE koena unuhi i loko o impurities, pookela mawaena o lakou - kalapona. I mea e haawi aku i ka kūikawā waiwai o keia metala ma ka oka a ua hou a hiki i ka'ē aʻe eiiiiiaiou.

Na ia papa o ke kila i loko o kekahi aina, e koho okoa. Eia naʻe, i loko o ia he mea nui ia mea a hiki i ka hoʻomaopopo like denominator ua,ʻaʻole i hiki mai.

Ma ka palena o ka mua Soviet Union, me ke koe nae o ka Baltic Huipuia, hoʻohana alphanumeric nā loina e like me ka mua na moku'āina hae. Oia ka wehewehena o ka papa o ke kila ka loa kūpono a me ka maopopo, ka huahelu pili ia i ka pakeneka ka maʻiʻo o impurities, a me ka palapala - he Nine Inch hehee ai.

Steel papa papu, i loko i loaʻa nā wale hao a me ka kalapona, kapa mall. Ka mea, ho poe noonoo ole, Paukū 2, no ka laʻana. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea o carbon pau 0.2%.

Qualitative unalloyed kila i like pūʻulu huapalapala, akā, ke kalapona pakeneka ua lewa mau kikohoʻe hoailona ia St.08.

Inā ka metala ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka moku, a e i e hana ma lalo o kiʻekiʻe puʻe, laila, i kona kūikawā e pono ai. Like o ka hihia a me kona mea e like mall kila,-huahelu papalua pakeneka, akā, i loko o ka hoʻohuiʻia palapala "K" (no ka hoʻohālike - St.12K).

More eiiieaena metallurgical mele e māheleʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu - vocal, kūkuluʻia, ka popopo, a no laila, ma luna o. i kēlā me kēia o ia kona mau 'ano omaka, akā, e like me ka mea i palapala inoa o ka alloying hehee wale e like me nikala (H), chromium (X), keleawe (D), tungsten (V), manganese (T), molybdenum (M), silikone ( C), cobalt (K).

deoxidation hana ua kekahi lewa i loko o ka helu kuʻina steels. Ke'ī mai, ka "maluhia" ua hōʻikeʻia e nā palapala SP, "kalaka nui-make" - PS a "baila aʻela i" - KP.

Oka a steels i ka hou hōʻailona, i loaʻa o nā palapala a me nā huahelu. Ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai ia i ka wā o ka huikala maʻiʻo o ka emi ma mua o ka hapalua pakeneka o ka helu ua ole ia. Pela, ke kuhi 10 X2 M-W makemake manao i ke kila he 0,1% kalapona, 0.2% chromium a me ka emi o 1.5% molybdenum. Aia ka hoi i ka palapala "W", ua olelo mai o ka hoemi posapahate maʻiʻo. Inā kahi ka mea, ua "A", ka mea makemake e hana me ka luaipele. Kēia mau hōʻailona a hōʻike i ka hou e like ai ano.

Mall kila foundry i hōʻike mai i ka hopena o ka palapala "L".

Constructional koi metala me ka haʻahaʻa hua, ka mea Hōʻike 'o ka palapala "C" e kū ana ma ke alo. Litera, e ku ana ma hope,'ī akula nā waiwai (T - i ka wela ikaika auanei, K - no ka popopo ea).

Hoʻoholo 'ana o steels pono no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o na mea paahana, laweia aku la oia ma ka palapala "Y", a ua kau ma hope o ka-huahelu papalua pakeneka o ka kalapona, e laʻa me U8.

Aia mau no hoi kuhiliʻole kila. Ahi, e like 08X18H10T nana e like me ka huikau cipher, akā, ma ka ike maopopo o ka ia loina like no me ka oka a mall oka a pau. Ia aole i pili i ka kūikawā hihia ma na palapala e ia i loko o ka hanohano o nā mea kanu, no ka manawa mua, e smelt i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia me ka kūikawā waiwai.