He aha nō keʻano o ke kila. Ho'ākāka o nā hōʻailona

Steel - ka pūʻulu oi aku ka nui o na mea hiki ke hooheheeia hoʻohana ', a me ka lepili hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka Mea Maluna o ka pae.

He aha nō nāʻanoʻokoʻa o ke kila

Wehewehe mark hoʻomaka me ka manao paa o kona iniiaiie pae i ka mākaʻikaʻi. Hoomaopopo i nā pūʻulu steels: mall, e kukulu, koʻi lipi, a me kūikawā waiwai (wela-hoʻopale, wela-hoʻopale , a kiʻekiʻe-ikaika).

O mall kila ua hanaʻia mīkini wahi, olokaa ae la, welded no? Ieoaeunoaa. Mea paahana, e like me ka inoa hoʻohuʻu, e hoʻohana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka machining kila. A kūikawāʻano o ka mea paahana steels - kiʻekiʻe-wikiwiki, ka mea i manaoia no ka aaioee i kiekie ae wahie. ? Ieoaeunoai kila hoʻohanaʻano nui no welded hale, i haʻahaʻa (0.25%) kalapona maʻiʻo. Ma hua'ōlelo o ka haku mele 'ana i' ano like i kūkulu.

mall kila

Ma kona haku mele 'ana, ka mea, ua mahele ia i oka a pau a me ka kalapona, i mea, me ka kūikawā mea hoʻonui, a me ka ia. Ke oka a kila E komo ma ka liʻiliʻi 45% hao. An pono o ke alo o extraneous ole-mea hao impurities ma ka resultant oka a - luaipele, phosphorus a me na mea e ae. Ma mua o lākou emi 'ia ka inoa, i ka maikaʻi o ka noʻonoʻo metala. I huina, he 4 kona mea e like pūʻulu:

I ka pau ana o ka inoa i ke ka i hookauia mai 'ano oka a deoxidation (deacidification - ana o ka o oxygen, mai ke kila haku mele): kapuahi e (KP), kalaka nui-pepehi (PS), noho malie (SP). "SP" ka 'inideka ua IeAUPIIe, IAa IO,ʻaʻole i hōʻike.

I mau, ka ho omńkalakala i steels a pau i Groups doped, hiki e na poe like penei:

- [kalapona maʻiʻo] [alloying hehee] [deoxidation iaoia] [i nā 'ike], ai ka kalapona maʻiʻo ua kākau i loko o-haneri, o ka pakeneka.

Alloying oihana mua i hōʻike me he huihui 'ana o lettering, a me ka huina ma ka pakeneka. Inā ka maʻiʻo o ka hehee ai i loko o ka oka a ua emi mai o kekahi pakeneka, ka huina ua ole i hoakaka ia. Currently inclusions kēia notation ua hoʻohana ': .. N - nikala, X - chrome, C - ka silica i, titanium - T, manganese - T, U - Aluminum, etc. No kekahi laʻana, kila 09G2S ua haku o 0.09% kalapona, 2% o ka manganese a me ka silikone i loko o ka nui o ka ma kahi o 1%. Eia hou, ma laila nō kekahi i nā hōʻailona steels, deciphering ia like penei:

1. Ka "W" i loko o ka hoʻomaka - kila kona hanau ana.

2. "L" ma ka hopena - ke kila foundry.

3. "A" i ka hoʻomaka - kila automaton.

4. ka "E" i loko o ka hoʻomaka - uila kila.

Kaawale kaʻawale hale momoku ahi steels. Decryption Ua like penei: i ka hoʻomaka, ma hope o ka palapala "C" ma ka hua stress. Leka "K" 'o ia hoʻi ka mana o ka Nine Inch haku mele' ana, "T" - thermal a.

Peni steels kūikawā waiwai i 'ano like ka lepili mall oka a pau.

mea paahana steels

Ma mua o inoa, o ka palapala "Y", hahai ma muli o carbon mahele (ka palena iki dala o ke kalapona E e ole e emi malalo o 0,7%). Mea paahana steels like hoʻi me mall, a māheleʻia i loko o kalapona a me ka oka a pau, akā, i elua wale pūʻulu o ka mea e like ai - ka pono a me ka kiʻekiʻe e like ai. I ka lua o ka hihia, ma ka inoa, i ka palapala "A" ma ka hope o ka inoa. Ka leka "D" Hōʻike he kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo o ka manganese. Deciphering steels pili ana i HSS koʻi lipi, o kekahi okoa. Ma ka wahi mua he mea he inoa o ka pae holoʻokoʻa - palapala "P" (mai ka English manawa "kokololio" - hookeai), a laila, i ka helu i ka 'i ka papa kuhikuhiE alloying ke keʻena - tungsten (kona palapala inoa ua hōʻike pū' ana).

Note e'a'ā ana steelmaking

No ka kbps oka a ma ka hope o ka hōʻike i ke ano o ka hana steels, e hōʻike mai iā ia ma lalo nei omńkalakala manufacturing ki ina hana like. Mau nā loina e hoonoho iho i ka hope o ka inoa: VD - holo piʻo; W - electroslag; EL - huina'ine mea ulana lole; VI - holo hoʻokomo.