Pehea ka Tureke ma ka 18th kenekulia ua hiki i ke kanaka naaupo! I ke ao nei?

No ka nui o ka weuweu 18th, a i kakahiaka nui 19th kenekulia ka Tureke ikeia me he Tureke o Laielohelohe kanaka o ka nana aku ma 'Eulopa, a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. I mea, o ka oaeuiinoe lopako, kuikui aku la ka malihini ma ka exhibition ua he Kiure hoi i ka hoopunipuni. Akā, me ka mīkini Ua ai ingeniously papahana i ka mea, ua hiki i ke kanaka naaupo! I ka lehulehu no ka lōʻihi 80 makahiki. Ma mua o kona mea huna i hōʻikeʻia,ʻo ia ua hiki ke kuikui ia influential Mū Kākela kânaka, e like me ka Hoikehonua a me ka Beniamina Franklin.

Ka hoʻomaka o 'Amelika moʻolelo

I ka hoʻomaka o ka 1826 ikeia ma Europe "Mū Kākela haku" hiki ma New York me ka Debut. Ho i ka mīkini i ua hoʻomano hoolaha. Ua aʻo na tausani o kanaka e pili ana i ka hōʻeaʻana mai o ke akamai kupanaha o ka Nupepa 'atikala a me ka hoʻolaha. Aohe mea hana ma ka oiaio i ka mea mua exhibition mālama 'ia ma Broadway ma ka hokele National Hotel, hiki ole lawa a pau. Aia he wale 200 malihini. I kā lākou ka olioli nui i loko o ka lumi, he mau maikaʻi GM. i lohe ai i ka lehulehu e pili ana i ka invincibility o ka mīkini, ua i hele i ka nui loa'āina maʻEulopa. Akā, 'Amelika GMs i ole hālāwai' upu 'ana o ka ahakanaka. Ka mea, e hana maʻalahi loa hookuu mai ai ia unconditionally.

I ka piko o ka hiʻona

I Amerika, Ua kākoʻoʻia a pau o ko ka aina i ka nui loa ka lehulehu ākea ka lehulehu pīhoihoi. Ka mea, kau 'ike e pili ana i ka invincible Luna Nui ma ke aloʻaoʻao. A me na manawa i loko o nā keʻena jammed nui a me ka nui nana aku, i loko o ka manaolana i ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kekahi kanaka laki lawa i ka lanakila. Ma kahi momona a manaʻo o ka manawa, he mea he Logical nīnau: Pehea ke ÿano lopako i na manawa a pau kahu ai i ka noho unbeaten? Ua manao i ka Tureke mea hiki ke kamaʻilio. Pehea'ē aʻe e wehewehe ana i kona 'imi naʻauao nā mea hiki i ke kaua me na grandmasters ikaika o kona manawa? No kekahi e hoole ia Mū Kākela - ka mea, o ka loa huikau imi naʻauao hihiu.

'Aukekulia Baron makemake e hoʻopio i ka manao o ka Empress

Kēia ingenious mīkini ua hiki ke hele aku ma kekahi mau mea nona. Tureke i mua imua a hiki i ka pā hale o ka Austro-Hunakalia Empress Maria Theresa i ka 1769. Ke inventor o keia mana o ka'Aukekulia barona Wolfgang av Kempelen. Kēia kanaka i ke kaulana no ka charlatan, oia hoʻolimalima i oia ia ia iho ma ke alo o ka hanohano o ka inventor ka inoa. Akā,ʻo ia mau makemake e holoʻokoʻa i hele mai i ka Empress manaʻo, a hoohiki iho la ia e manao i ka mīkini mea eʻoi a pau o ka lealea i i invented wale ma ka ke kanaka ai mamao. I mea e hana ma ka papahana i ole keʻakeʻa ma ua e kekahi mea e, Maria Theresa haawi mai i ka inventor o ka lōʻihi hawaii.

Ua nana aku la e like me ka Kauai?

ua mea he mhihi piha-nui kanaka akā, i kona keiki. mau noho i ka lopako ma ke kua o ka nui laau kapa. Kūlokoʻano papa hana reminiscent o ka loko o nā hola, a me ka hailona ana o cranks a me levers. Sam mannequin hoaahuia oia i lei kapa Tureke, ma luna o kona poʻo ua he kahiko pāpale, a me ka lima Tube. He no ka mea, o keia palapala kiʻi o ka pu, a ua kapaia he Tureke.

Ke kaʻa i ikeia'ku me eono mahina hope

Wolfgang av Kepel hoi aku la a hiki i ka pā hale eono mahina hope. Ka hana ana mua i wahi ma luna o ka Tureke i ka 1770 a hiki i Maria Theresa a me ka pae ana o kanaka ma ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo. Ka mea nānā i ka inventor ua olokaaiaʻe manikin kau ma luna o ka Aha Kuhina kiekie o 1,2 mika. A laila, e hoʻomaka i ka hana, a e hoʻomau olalo i manawa e e hai: Kempelen wehe i ka Aha Kuhina puka no laila, i na i komo a pau, ua hoomaopopoia i ka ole e noho kanaka. Manawa pololei ike i ke kipiʻano papa hana o ka noonoo o kanaka. Ka mea, ua malie. Aloha mea maemae, i ka hoʻopunipuni. Once ua kapaʻia ka mīkini mua manawaleʻai, ka inventor hele mai i keʻano papa hana, a haliu ae la i ke kumu. Kauai i hele mai i ke ola a me ka lohi huli i kona ÿano poo, mai kēlā me kēiaʻaoʻao. Hohola ae la oia mai kona lima, i ka pawn, a i ka mua oni ana iloko o ka laua.

Ke hoolohe, ua mokuahana ua

Loa koke ka Kauai i mea hoʻopāhaʻohaʻo, aʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ka pā hale o ka Empress. I ka lohe ana ua pioloke. People i i ike pehea e pane koke. Kekahi koke holo, e kau aku i ko lakou mau wale nō. Mawaena o ka loa pinepine hai speculation elua: o ka hooponopono anaʻano papa hana ma ka mea o nā mākēneki a me ke komo 'ana o nā keiki mee, hūnāʻia i loko o ka mannequin. Naʻe, ka mea hiki ia he dwarf. People, ua maopopo nö iä ia mea, e hūnā i ke kanaka, he pono i mea hiki ole i loko o ka mhihi. He hana hoihoi ia no na skeptic ua he kanaka i manaoio he Turekeʻanoʻenehana kahaha. Kekahi kilo ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka hanaiia'na mai o barona av Kempelen :. "He mea' ole ke hoʻokō i ka ike hou lea o mechanics ma mua ia o ke keonimana"

kaapuni kana

Soon Maria Teresa, aole maluhiluhi o losing ka liʻiliʻi. Naʻe, i ka 1783, kona pa alima, ka Emperor Joseph II o, ua ola ae la ia hoihoi i loko o Turku. He i ka Send kau mīkini ma luna o ka huakaʻi oʻEulopa. Ma Paris ingenious mīkini 'ana me Beniamina Franklin, laila, i ka American elele i Farani. kipa Tureke laila, England, Kelemania, a me ka Netherlands. A mau o ka manawa āna i noho ai ma ke alo o Ana II. Ma kela a me keia holo ana, ia i luku aku i kona mau hoa, a Puzzle pāhaʻohaʻo anaʻepekema. No kekahi kanaka hiki ole i loaʻa i ka Logical wehewehe no keia kŰia.

houʻona

I ka 1804, Kempelen make, a ua kuai lilo i kona haku ma Kelemānia inventor Johann Johann Nepomuk Maelzel a me showman. Ua ua i ka waiwai kūʻai maikai, no ka mea, he enterprising German Tureke holoholo mākou me ke koena o kona ola. A me na wahi a ohi piha na hale. Johann Nepomuk Maelzel i lawe mai ai i ka holoholona hihiu mīkini he iki hou Polish. He haawi Tureke leoʻano papa hana ana i ka make māinoino o ka hoa paio i ka ke alii hoʻopuka i ka hua'ōlelo "Shah!". It O hiki oi kupaianaha i ka lehulehu. I ka 1809 ka mea i hoʻonohonoho 'ia ma ka Mū Kākela külike ma waena o nā Kauai, a me ka Auguseto He Hoikehonua. E like me ke eyewitness hoike, ka Palani ia Auguseto i imi e manipulate i ka neʻe aku i, akā, kēlā me kēia manawa i ka Tureke luliluliʻana i kona poʻo reproachfully a me ka huahelu hoi i like me ka maʻamau.

-Liloa o ka waiū

Iloko o ka US huakaʻi, he kau mīkini ma luna o kekahi o ka pono hana Tureke i hele mai i kekahi keiki kākau moʻolelo Edgar Allan Poe. Hope, o ka mea kākau paʻi he revelatory (essay), a ua kūkākūkāʻia i keʻano papa hana ua hūnāʻia i loko o ke kanaka ke kaōhiʻana i ka holomua o ka laua: "Aole au loaʻoiaʻiʻo. All mīkini Pńk'pika e noho mana ana ma na kanaka naau. " Edgar Allan Poe i ole ka mua skeptic. kakau iho la Mai ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka Tureke mea nō i loko o ka 80s o ka 18th kenekulia ka holumua ai manaʻo o Europa kekahi mau pepelu a me na hoike ana mai. Ka pilina i hoomaopopoia e ka mīkini hiki ole pāʻani ma ko lakou mau makemake. Mawaena o na skeptics loa kaulana koe Edgar Allan Poe hiki ke kapaia ka Beritania kākau moʻolelo Robert Willis, ka mea i ua kūkākūkāʻia e GM i hunaia maloko o ka Aha Kuhina, a uumi i ka holoholona hihiu ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka nenoaiu o levers.

Tureke ka huna

Akā, manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni he pono e pili ana i ka GM ka poe i holo i ka kaʻina hana o ka noho ana ma ke keena mehameha. I aku o ka lanakila, na mea i ole functioning maloko Aha Kuhina hoʻoponopono. Lakou paraded i ka lehulehu, a paa wale i kekahi hapa o ka pahu. Loko he mea lawa wa e lawa kanaka ma laila i hiki. Ma ke kumu huahelu ma ka chessboard, na nā mākēneki i ua paa. I loko o kēlā me kēia huinahalike Ua waiho ma lalo o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea poepoe e kau ana ma luna o ka pae. "Pua" GM hiki iʻike i ke kaua hahau ana. He maopopo ia, ma kahi o ka hoa paio kolo ana i nā'āpana ia ia i ike ai ma mua ona sag poepoe. Retaliatory neʻe aku i ia i hana aku ai me ke kōkua o ke leverage. Ia ia i mana poʻo mhihi ka lima a me ka.

O ka papa, ma loko o ka Aha Kuhina au i, e noho i akamai ma ka Mū Kākela. No ka lōʻihi manawa, he nui loa ka hoao ana i âlapa pôhili me kipa i loko o keʻano papa hana. Ua pono, iloko o ka huakaʻi Amelika Johann Nepomuk Maelzel hoʻohana i nā lawelawe o ka Europa grandmaster William Schlumberger, ka poe i hookohukohu iho la lakou e ia i ka inventor o ke kino kakauolelo.

make mīkini

I ka 1838, ka mea nana o ka Tureke i make i loko o ke kai, holo mai Cuba a hiki i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. No laila, i ka mīkini iho la i loko o ka lima o kekahi o na aie. Ma ka hopena, i kūʻai liloʻia aku i ka brainchild o barona Kemplena a hiki i ka pūkaʻina, o ka enthusiasts ka poe i hoihoi i ka ike mai ai ia i ka oiaio. A laila Tureke Ua hahao i loko i kekahi hōʻike nō ia o ma ka Philadelphia Museum. July 5, 1854 85-makahiki-kahiko "ka mea pâʻani pôpeku" i ke ahi i loko o ke ahi i loko o ka hale.