Physiological like: nohona papa hōʻike, i kona ola, kaianoho koholā, kumu a me nā loina

Kekahi holomua o ka lawelawe ike paka i loko o ka waena o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia he i ke kumu o keia ano moʻokalaleo, me he physiological (essay). Nekrasov a me Belinsky, e pili ana Alemanaka no laila-kahea hou ke kula, me he mea ho'āʻo e hoihoi Rusia i ka palapala, ai 'haʻawina i loko o ka militant a me ka loina hooponopono ryleevskoy bestuzhevskoj "North Star". A lawa ka nui pae o kākau moʻolelo hui pu i ka holomua ideology o ka manawa, no laila, e hoomaopopo ana 'hana i hoʻololi radically.

ʻoia iʻo Nä Pahuhopu

Hoʻokahuli aupuni kaukaualiʻi lōʻihi kahiko auou caiaiai i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni democrats, nolaila, e puku kivila romanticism iaʻoia iʻo hana pono'ī. Physiological study i kekahi o na o ka Naauao, e lawe i ka mālama '-hoʻokahuli aupuni manawa. Ka hua'ōlelo "physiology" o ka moʻokalaleo hoʻohana mea i na kanaka haku a me nā kākoʻo o ka hou kula. Ua ikea nui mamua.

Koni hou i ka 1841, paʻiʻia ma ka "palapala, ai 'Nupepa"'āhihi ironic sketches me he kūoʻo inoa: "Physiology o ka wahine maikai,", "Physiology o ka ihu", no ka laʻana. Nā unuhi o ka hookahi makahiki lawe Palani "Physiology Parisian hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni" a me "Physiology o ke mare ke kanaka."

ʻO kēia ka naauao o ka olelo, aole ia i Aʻohe mea ia i manaoia ma Nekrasov wā. Russian moʻokalaleo o ka 19th kenekulia i ike ai ia i ke ao o ka noho pono a me nāʻano, a oi aku i loko o kekahi 'oihana a me ka pilina' ia.

physiology o Petersburg

Kākau moʻolelo, ua hoʻoholo noiʻi o ka hou kuhikuhi ana i loko o ka moʻokalaleo, e olelo aku i ka mea heluhelu a me ka physiology o Petersburg. A me ia mea i kūhelu, ma kaʻaoʻao o kēia mele kalepa a me ka hoʻomalu mawaena konu alo i manaoia makakū a me ka nohona ola o kona lalo. Physiological (essay) e like me ke 'ano moʻokalaleo Ke na mea meticulously pena i ke kiʻi o konaʻena ola, he okoa ka mamao ia ma ke kua o ka ike weliweli, i mea, hoʻi alanui, a me nā slums.

No laila, Vladimir Dahl lawe mai i kekahi sketch o St. Petersburg janitors, Ivan Ivanovich Panaev i ho'ākāka 'ia Petersburg columnist Alexander Kulchytsky - Petersburg omnibus, a me Evgeniy Grebenka - St. Petersburgʻaoʻao ... ka mea kākau i ke plunge i loko o keʻano me kona poʻo a hiki i nā lāliʻi a pau hiki e hou ke akahele noonoo ole loa kama'āina iā ia ka maluhia baseman.

honua lāliʻi

ole Physiological like i loko o Lūkini moʻokalaleo o ka manawa ua maikai ma uaʻoi aku ko lāua pono hoihoi i loko o ka physiology o ia mea i kēia hoihoi i ka hoʻoponopono-lawa. Image ohua, kiʻi, olelo a manaʻoʻike eiiiiiaiou loa clog i ka hanaʻano nui o ka mea kākau, a hiki i ka hoike manao i ka poe ilihune, aole ia e mau hana.

Mau hāʻule i loko o naturalism - i loko o ka narrowest ano o ka manawa - i hana aku ai i ka mea kākau i ka noʻonoʻo loi. ʻOiai ka noʻeau? Acaeoey o ka nohona ola ana, o ka papa, hoʻolaulaha. Ano like mea ole wale i ka pilikia o ka hana, akā, i ka 'ano moʻokalaleo, a me ka mele.

meʻe ka hōʻike 'ana ma ka hōʻike no ka kela la i keia' ole o ka maʻamau o ke ola, ka kakou kamailio ana i haawi mai ai emi emi a me ka wahi o ka kuka la i mea ole, e like me ka mea Kīwala'ō i ka (essay) - kanaka pena a me ka ike weliweli o ke maʻamau o ke ola, e pili pū ana i käkuhi,ʻaʻole he hookahi hana, a me kekahi o ka ideological pilikia.

physiology o ka peasantry

Ke 'ano moʻokalaleo physiological sketch koke lilo kaila, lilo iho la ia i ka hou hua'ōlelo i loko o ka moʻokalaleo o na 1840s. Petersburg kākau i i hooki. Ukupanee ma ke kua'āina ola, me kona kaʻana like 'ana o ka aina ua hoi nui loa. Ka hōʻike 'ia' ana o kēia theme like oi loa kilakila opiopio moʻolelo Grigorovich ( "Anton pōʻino" a me "Ka Village"), Dal ( "Lūkini kanaka"), Herzen ( "Ka aihue Magpie").

Mau memo i pono e Nekrasov a me kona poem "The Road", kahi loa loea hoolilo kiʻi o ka maʻamau kua'āina, inā i aloha ia i ka manawaleʻa, akā, i hōkaiʻia serfdom. Like loa hui ma ke ala e hiki aku o realism me ka physiology o ka Lūkini kauhale, Ivan Turgenev, ka mea i ka 1847, hoomaka ae la e hoolaha pepa (essay) mai ka haku hale a me ka kua'āina ola.

kiʻiʻoniʻoni walohia

? Ac? O ka hou ano moʻokalaleo Ke ka loa kōkua aloha o ke Belinsky. He ho'āʻo ana e hoapono ia theoretically ikea, originality a me ka pono o ia ka kŰia, me he physiological (essay). Wā ia e like me kekahi o nā Huli i o journalism paha (essay),ʻimi ana i kekahi nohona papa, e like me kona kumu, nā loina a me nā 'ia ua hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka loiloi' atikala o ka noʻonoʻo loi, kahi ia characterizes ka hou moʻolelo o ke ola ana o ka peasantry. I hookuu i ka hana o ka mea kākau i loko o kēia 'ano moʻokalaleo Belinsky i kiʻekiʻe hoolea.

Ahupapa hiʻona pono o kona noonoo. Belinsky manaoio i physiological study e ole lilo i kekahi moʻolelo a me ka puke. No laila, e nema aku Grigorovich, oia kaulana mea kākau tālena no ka lehulehu ola sketches, akā, papa aku la i ka "Village" o ka kakou kamailio ana. Keakea o keia huahana, e like me ka Belinsky, mea e sketch a pau na pena o ke kua'āina ola pono e externally hoole kekahi pilina, akā, i kekahi e hanu ai i ka manaʻo.

hale (essay)

A hou au ma ka moʻokalaleo Hawaiʻi,ʻaʻole e like me i komo, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE LIKE o kaʻike hoʻokumu hoikeia i nā. Belinsky Ua hoomaopopo i hoʻomaka me Gogol bytopisatelstvo nana i moʻokalaleo a me ka hou oihana mua i ai ao alohilohi i spawned nui hoohalike, Gogol hoike mai la ka lehulehu o ka contemplation oiaio o ka Lūkini puke, no ka mea, ua me ia, a hoomaka ae la i ka hou wā o ko mākou moʻokalaleo.

LIKE o Nikolaya Vasilevicha Belinsky kaukahi, no na Vladimir Sologub me kona puke "Ka Two haumāna", "A nui o Two galoshes", "Ka Bear" a me ka "Chemist". Sologub, ka makeʻe kulana aristocrat, a ike aku la ia i ka ka'ōlohelohe o ka naita ma ke ola, i kue ai i kona oiaio a me ka honesty ana o kanaka, mai ka lalo papa. Belinsky kaulana ua hohonu ka manaoio a me ka ikaika ma kahi kaʻawale, ma Sologub ole, no ka mea, i kekahi manawa i ke kiʻi mea untouched. Naʻe, ka keia poe noonoo ole, a kūlike loa ano o ka ike maopopo i ka puke Sologub'āina waiwai.

hoʻonaʻauao a Mānoa

Pakahi aku la ia pono-hiki hiʻona i loko o ka physiological sketch "Oblomov ka Dream". Ke ano o ka meʻe ua koho koke i ho'ākāka 'ia ma Goncharov mea a pau i puni iā ia. Inā na mea a pau benevolently, akā, i ka lokomaikai, aole ia e kamailio e pili ana i uku panai Oblomov iho ola. Kona maoli kulana mea lapuwale a me ka poino, a me ka meʻe mea ike o.

He moe kamaliʻi, a i wahi ma ka patriarchal Oblomovka kahi inquisitive a frolic wahi keiki ia i 'ae' ia e loaaʻi ka lapaauia. Wale kauwa e hana ana malaila. Oblomov ka Dream lawe mai i loko o ka minute no kona ola nei,ʻaʻole no kekahi ', akā, haliu ae la. E like me ke keiki, a me ka manawa a pau i mua ihola ka Oblomov, a ala mai, i ole huli.

ole na manaolana

Aia he mau kākau moʻolelo, ka poe ikaika Belinsky i loko o ka lalani mua o Lūkini moʻokalaleo, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea ana i ike kekahi o ka hewa o ka palapala, akā, ua paulele i nā mea kākau e e hiki ke lanakila.

Hopefully ka noʻonoʻo loi ua, no ka laʻana, I. I. Panaev, kona puke "Ka luahine nohea", "Onager", "Actaeon" a me kekahi poe e ae hea aku no ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i kŰia kupaianaha ma ka Russian moʻokalaleo o ka 19th kenekulia. He kaulana i loko o kēia mau moʻolelo wale nui i mea oiaio, i ke ano, skillfully a tenaciously a kūkulu aʻela. Belinsky, a ike aku la i kekahi mea vacillating, indecisive, unsteady, akā, wehewehe ia immaturity kupaianaha tālena. I mea, o ka noho ana i ka waiwai o ka noʻonoʻo o ka mea kākau, e lanakila ana, ua i pomaikai ae la lakou.

Pūʻia ka manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me novels V. I. Dalya, kahi mea he loa noʻeau, kupaianaha hiʻona akau kalepa ola. I ka moʻolelo "Batman",ʻo ia i kekahi mau i loko o ka waihona waiwai o Lūkini moʻokalaleo. A enthusiastically hai ia ma hope o Gogol Dahl - wale ka mua talena, he oiaio haku mele physiological sketch. I ka mea, Dahl mea,ʻaʻole nui moʻokalaleo, a me ka wā e hiki mai, aole i koke prioritize.

Fantasy honua e ku ei ka mea i hoʻohalahala oiaio

He manawa mākou a pau e ike i ka mea o ka oiaio o ke ola a me ka oiaio o ka moʻokalaleo, a me ka mea, heʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mea'ē aʻe kilokilo e nui aku pipiʻi. Aʻumikumamāiwa-kenekulia kākau moʻolelo, ua neprotoronnoy alanui ma ka huli ana i ka palapala, ai 'realism. He palapala iho e pili ana i ka nui likeʻole ma waena o ka olelo, ano, maʻiʻo a me ka uhane o ka moʻokalaleo o ka mea kahiko, a me ka hou ke kula. I ka moʻolelo kahiko i kākauʻia i ka honua o ka Fantasy, a me ka mea hou - ka maoli ola.

New kula hui ua lawe kinona, ka wā Belinsky hui ma kaikaina kākau moʻolelo - Grigorovich, Nekrasov, he uuku hope - Dostoevsky. A laila, ka mea i ohi ia, a paʻiʻia ma lalo o ka editorship o Nekrasov ekolu Alemanaka: nā puke o ka "Physiology o Petersburg" a me ka "Petersburg Collection", a lilo iho la kekahi ano o ka manifesto o kēia palapala, ai 'neʻeʻana. Aia i manao, a me ka papa inoa o ka makakū kumu (foreword Belinsky), a me ke alanui o kaʻike hoʻokumu.

O ka holo ana,ʻaʻohe masterpieces i ole noho, a me ka makemake primitive ano moʻokalaleo Ke - me ka ia a me na mea kākau. Maanei mākou pono mua kahea Turgenev ka "Notes o ka Hunter": i ka hana ana o na kumu a pau o kākau physiological sketch ewalu ano moʻokalaleo Ke kiʻi i huli mai i ka kiʻekiʻe specimens o ka poetic hua'ōlelo. Hua hoʻohui - antiserfdom i manao ai e accompanies ka mea heluhelu Ma ka "Notes".

Old hou Magazine

Mai ka 1847, hoomaka ae la e hele loa kūkulu hou "Contemporary", a lilo i ka hui, o ka loa holomua Lūkini ka palapala, ai neʻeʻana. I loko nō o ka loli o me ka luna hoʻoponopono (zits-chairmen), i ka rula o ka Magazine loa N. A. Nekrasov. He iwakālua nā makahiki keia Magazine i Ua ka loa hanohano i loko o ke aupuni.

Hana paʻiʻia ma "Contemporary" a me "Notes o ka Fatherland", ua akaka lehulehu a me ka sopa o physiological sketch, a makakū i kūpono i hoʻohanaʻia e ka mea kākau, ua i kaupalena 'ia nā lāliʻi o ka maʻamau o ke ola o na huapalapala. Aia Ua paʻiʻia "An maʻamau Moʻolelo" Goncharova, 'aneʻi hele mai la ka lua o ka hapa o ke kiʻi Herzen ka puke "Owai ka hewa?". Ka puke holoʻokoʻa i paʻiʻia ma ka i paiiaʻi i ka "Contemporary". Uaʻikeʻia M. E. Saltykov (Shchedrin ole i) me kona puke mua. A me Fyodor Dostoevsky. Russian moʻokalaleo o ka 19th kenekulia ma ka physiological sketch loaʻa a E ke Kumu i ka hou kuhikuhi,ʻaʻole kula - realism.