Plasmid - plasmids kuleana pili i ka ...

He 'atikala he' ike e pili ana i ka mea pohihihi a me ka luna 'hakakino hale o kekahi keena, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO koʻohune - plasmids. Here oe e loaʻa 'ikepili ma luna o lākou me nā hale, manao, replication epekema, ka mau' ano a me ka mea 'ē aʻe.

Nā plasmids he

Plasmid - DNA mea he lātoma i loaʻa he uuku ka nui a me ka physical kulana hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka halepaahao chromosome genomic type. Ua ka 'auhau no ka hana nona iho replication kaʻina. Holo nōhie plasmid loaʻa i loko o mea koʻohune meaola. Mawaho, i kēia lātoma me ka papalua ili hoʻopoepoe palapala. Loa hiki ke loaʻa pohihihi plasmid ma ka archaea a me eukaryotes.

Nō kāu, koʻohune plasmids pihaʻi me aaiaoe 'ike i hiki ke hoʻoikaika ia'ku i mawaho ano kumumea he kūlana mea e pono ai i ka moku'āina o ka meaola i loko o i ka mea, i ke aupuni'. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka plasmid e emi i ka laulā o antibiotics aie i ka māhuahua kumupaʻa o ka koʻohune wale. i ke kaʻina hana o ka hali 'plasmids mai koʻohune i koʻohune pinepine i loaʻa. Plasmids - e mall hehee wale i ka hoʻokō 'ano o laila' o ia aaiaoe 'ike i loko o ka papamoeʻano.

J. Lederberg - hakakino biologist, nä känaka 'epekema mua mai kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o ka plasmid i ka makahiki 1952.

Ke dimensional nui o plasmids a me ko lakou mau helu

Plasmid - he 'ole me keʻano o ka nui like' ole. Ka uuku palapala hiki ke komo ma kahi o elua tausani kumu hui a emi mai, akā, ke 'ē aʻe nui ano o plasmids hoopuniia mau haneri tausani kumu paʻa type. Ike ia e leie aku oe, e kikoo aku i ka laina ma waena o megaplazmidami a me ka ieie-chromosomes. Aia nā koʻohune i hiki e kû ana acee? Iuo oeiia o plasmids. Ma keia hihia, i ka huina nui o aaiaoe mea i oi aku ka nui o ka mea o ka poʻe kaua aeea.

Ka helu o nā kope o nā plasmids i mea i loko o ka hookahi halepaahao, hiki oko a nui. No ka laʻana, i loko o hoʻokahi aeea malaila e e he hui wale, oiai o ka helu o nā plasmids o ka iaʻano hiki mai ai i na umi a me na lunahaneri. Lākou helu mea ku pono i ke ano o ka replication.

Plasmid - he ke kelepona hele mall oihana mua hiki hoi ke hana nona iho replication. Ia mea, ka mea hiki ke replicate ma luna o lākou iho, me ka i kumuhana e kū chromosomes. I ka Ia manawa, i ka chromosome mea hiki ke kū iho plasmids. Ma ka hihia o ka ikaika ana o ka helu o replicated plasmid ana uuku, no 1-3. Plasmids liʻiliʻi nui like 'ole i oi kūlana a me ka hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia manao e hooponopono ke hana hou kope.

replication

Mea koʻohune plasmid hiki hoi ke hana nona iho replication. Naʻe, i kēia kaʻina ka mea ia e loli iki degere o ka chromosomal ana. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka nele o kekahi nui nā'ōewe. Ma nānaina o keia ke kelepona hele nā'ūhū i komo i loko o plasmid replication.

replicationʻanuʻu ua maheleia i loko o ka hoʻomaka aiʻanuʻu, elongation a me ka hoopau wale. DNA polymerase hoomaka replication seeding ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka primer wale nō ma hope. First hamama kaapuni mākaukau kaua paha ma priming RNA, ukali ma ka hikiʻana mai i kekahi o na kaula hilo ua hanaia noa 3`-OH hopena, a.

Ma ka hapanui o na hihia, ka hoʻomaka ai ke kahua ia lŘlŘ ma lalo o ka hana ana o catalysts nā polokina encoded ma ka plasmid. I kekahi manawa, i kēia mau ia nā polokina ke komo i loko o ke kaʻina vіrabotki primer.

Elongation ia lŘlŘ golofermenta hoʻohana DNA polymerase III (kekahi manawa au) a me kekahi ke kelepona hele nā polokina, iloko olaila ma replisome.

Hoopau wale o ka replication hiki hoʻomaka wale ina i halawai kekahi mau rula.

Nā loina o ka replication ana

Na Makuahine replication maomeka hana ma ke kahua o ka hoʻomaka o ka replication. Ua apono 'oe, e malama i ka helu ana o plasmids ma ka ikaika nui. I ka lātoma hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ia, e:

1. RNA me ka mea ku pono polarity.
2. DNA - kaʻina (Iteron).
3. RNA me ka mea e ku pono polarity, a me nā polokina.

Mau maomeka i ke alapine (frequency) o hou recreate na plasmids i loko o ka halepaahao pōʻaiapuni, ka mea i hoʻopaʻa i kekahi deviations mai ke kūmau alapine (frequency).

Ano o ka replicationʻano papa hana

Aia he ekolu maomeka o ka replication o plasmids:

1. Thetaʻano papa hana ninoieo o unwinding pae 2 kaapuni makua RNA hoʻololi kemikala primer no kēlā me kēia ili aku ai, i ka replication i hāpai i ka lilo o ka mea ulu o ka covalentʻano PrNK ma luna o nā kaulahao a me ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka like DNA ma luna o ka makua kaula i puhi ai. I loko nō o ka mea i ka hoʻololi kemikala kaʻina hana i wahi i ka mea ia manawa, i kekahi o na kaula hao o ka alihi kaua, a me ka mea'ē aʻe o ke kua.
2. Hakahaka lei - pohupani hale o ka lānai hou hua mai la i kekahi DNA lei o ka makua. I ka hopena o kēiaʻano papa hana ua hana DNA hookahi kaula 'ano apau loa i ke komolimaʻano a supercoiled DNA me na kaulahao elua. DNA mai kekahi kaula gula, ae e hoihoi hou ia hope.
3. Ua hiolo kaiapili replicationʻano papa hana - mea he hookahi-ili nahā o ka DNA me ka hoʻohana 'Rep kumuʻiʻo. Kēia hualoaʻa ma ka 3`-OH pae, a e hana me ka primer. Kēiaʻano papa hana i wahi ma ka mea o ka likeʻole lawe nā polokina aeea, e laʻa me, he DNA helicase.

'Ole o ka EYI

Plasmids komo i loko o ka halepaahao, ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi o nāʻaoʻao. Ka mua ala - o ke kukuluia'na o ka hui 'ana ma waena o ka halepaahao, a me ka halepaahao lawe, a' aʻole i apo ia plasmids mai ana ka conjugation kaʻina. Aia i conjugative plasmids ma koʻohune, Gram-maikaʻi a me Gram-io. Ka papa hana mua i nā pū i hiki i ka manawa o ka transduction a loli. Ka lua o kaʻaoʻao Ua hana artificially ma loko o ka halepaahao i hoʻolaunaʻia ma plasmids, ka meaola pono ola mahope aku o ka hōʻike o nā'ōewe o ka lawe keena, a laila keena kuai mākaukau.

oihana

Kūlana o nā plasmids nui mea, e hāʻawi aku i ka poʻe kaua aeea kekahi waiwai. Kekahi o ia hiki apuepue ho ololi i ka phenotypic ano o kona haku, oiai kekahi poe e hiki o ka hoʻomake 'olelo i loko o ka Media ka waiwai, e haawi ana ia i oi i kekahi hana i alu keena. Kēia superiority e kahua aeea mea maikaʻi e 'ike adverse? Aneie kumu i loko i ka mea e ola ana. I ka wa e kaawale aku o ia mau plasmids a aeea e ole ulu a me ka ulu, aʻaʻole i nā mea a pau e e nalowale.

Plasmid - he multifunctional ke keʻena keena. Ka mea hana i ka nui helu o ka hana:

1. Lawe aku aaiaoe 'ike iloko o ka papa o ka conjugation. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO, ka mea i F-plasmids.
2. Bakteriotsinogennye hooponopono plasmid kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala, a hiki e alakai ai i ka make ana o nā koʻohune. Heʻano nui ka Col-plasmids.
3. Hly-kuʻi nukeliu plasmid hoʻoili hemolysin.
4. I ia'ku i ka waiwai o ka mea kaumaha ke hooheheeia.
5. R-plasmid -? Ienoai aa ia'ku i antibiotic konohiki.
6. Ent-plasmid - e leie aku e synthesize enterotoxins.
7. Kekahi o ia mau mea hoomahuahua i ke degere o ka ia'ku i UV pāhawewe.
8. Plasmids colonization antigens ae mea koʻohune mea pīlali lawe wahi ma luna o ka halepaahao luna i loko o ka holoholona kino.
9. Kekahi o ko lākou mau 'elele i kuleana no ka māhele o ka DNA ili aku ai, i mea, kapu a me ka hooponopono hou.
10. Plasmids pahupaʻikiʻi pono cleavage camphor, XYL xylene hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo plasmid a me ka plasmid SAL - salicylate.

Ka loa? Anoee? Ueo

Ka hapanui o kanaka i pono? Anoee i ka waiwai o ka plasmid F, R a me Col.

F-plasmid - o ka loa kaulana kongativnaya plasmid. Anei he episome, oia hoi o ka hoʻokahi haneri tausani kumu paʻa type. Ua i kā lākou wahi iho o ka replication hoʻomaka 'ana, a me ka mokuāhana ma wahi. Like nā 'ano o conjugative plasmids, hoʻoili hoʻopā'ālua nā polokina hiki o antagonizing IeIIeYOA kaʻina kēia pili nā mea koʻohune meaola i pakahi aeea paia.

Ma waho maʻamau 'ike he loci Tra a me trb, a hoonohonoho i ka ho'ānoʻole, integral operon i loaʻa hoʻokahi haneri a me ke kanakolu tausani kumu hui. ʻO nā'ōewe ke aupuni 'ma keia operon, kuleana no kela, ao ke ano o ka conjugation.

R-plasmid (ololi) - o ka DNA lātoma, a mai ka annular shape. DNA plasmids pihaʻi me 'ike i ka mea kuleana no ka pele a me ka hoʻokō i ka replication kaʻina hana a me ka wehe' ia 'hoʻopale waiwai i loko o ka haumāna haʻawina kālā halepaahao. Lakou i hooholo i ka nui o ka halepaahao e kū'ē'ē mai i kekahi mau antibiotics. Kekahi o ka R-plasmids i conjugative. Aoaao R-ololi mea ku pono i ka maʻamau transduction a me ke kelepona hele mahele. e hiki ia e hoolilo ma waena o kekahi mau laha 'mai kekahi i kekahi, a hiki lākou mauʻohana lakou.

He kēiaʻano o ka plasmids pinepine ke kumu pilikia ma ka iapaau ana o ka mea koʻohune ka maʻi ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i lawe hou ike antibiotic konohiki.

Col-plasmids i kuleana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o colicin - kūikawā kumuʻiʻo e hiki inhibit na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka ulu a me nā'ōlelo o ka koʻohune, koe wale no o ka lawe.

Ka makamake nui Mea Maluna

Ka holoʻokoʻa Mea Maluna'ōnaehana ua kūkuluʻia ma ka like ana me kekahi mau waiwai o plasmids:

1. Nā Papahana no ka replication a me konaʻano papa hana o ka kulu.
2. Ke alo aku o ka na huahelu o ka Media.
3. Hiʻona kope helu.
4. Topological ano o plasmids.
5. Hoʻokaulike.
6. He / conjugative plasmid.
7. Ke alo aku o ka peni mäka'ōewe aia ma luna o ka plasmid.

Eia naʻe, ma kekahi papa hana o ka Mea Maluna loaʻa ka replication he lālā wahi.

Noi o plasmids

plasmids kuleana pili i ka wā hoʻohana 'ia ma ka ke kanaka mea he ano no e pili ana i ka cloned kope o ka DNA. Plasmids lakou hana e like me ka maʻi lele. Hana e ae replication o plasmids e recreate i ka recombinant DNA i loko o ka halepaahao lawe. Ka laha ana ka mea i loaʻa i loko o aaiaoe wilikî. Kēia lālā o ka 'epekema plasmids i hanaia artificially no ka hoololiia ana o ka aaiaoe type' ike 'ole kekahi manipulative hana me ka aaiaoe mea.

I ka manaʻo o kēia mau ke kelepona hele eiiiiiaiou i loaʻa i loko o ka mea piliwaiwai hana ( "Bioshock"). Plasmids hana i ka hana o ka ho'ākāka 'ona a mea hiki ke hai aku kūlana waiwai o ke kino. He nui ka ike ana i ka holoholona hihiu plasmids iʻaneʻane mea e hana i kekahi oiaio. I ka holoholona hihiu hana 'ia ma ka' ano moʻokalaleo Ke poʻe me ka oihana mua RPG, i kapaia o Bioshock, plasmids e aaiaoe hooponopono hou ana i kekahi mau waiwai o ke kino, a me ka hoʻololi lākouʻaoʻao o ka haawi ana superabilities.