Proton kauoha - kumu waiwai kula haʻahaʻaa huna ke kālaikūlohea

Inā 'oe makemake e kama'āina me ka' ole o ka'Ātoma, oe paha ike i ka'Ātoma o kekahi hehee ai ninoieo o ekolu ano o kula haʻahaʻaa (particles): protons, electrons, neutrons. Protons hui me neutrons, e lilo i ka nucleus o ka Nine Inch hehee ai. Mai ke kauoha o ka proton mea 'oluʻolu, ka nucleus ua mau olelo ikaika mai, papa mai. Ka uila malama o ka'ātoma nucleus compensated ao a puni nā kula haʻahaʻaa (particles). Na negatively papa mai huina'ine - keia mea i ka ke keʻena nā'ātoma e stabilizes i kaʻoihana o ka proton. Ke kaumaha ma muli nui electrons puni ka nucleus ana, o ka hehee ai i e ka uila'ākilikai (ma ka hihia o like ka helu ana o protons a me electrons ma ka'Ātoma), a i ka maikaʻi a me ka io e mālama ai (ma ka hihia o ka shortage a oi electrons, niioaaonoaaiii). hehee ai'Ātoma e hali ana i kekahi kauoha, i kapaʻia ion.

He nui no ka hoomanao i ka mea o ka helu ana o protons i nānā 'ana i ka waiwai o ka hehee wale, a me ko lakou wahi i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina ia. D. I. Mendeleeva. Na ma ka nucleus neutrons i ole kauoha. Aie i ka mea i ka nuipa a o ka neutron a me ka proton correlated, a kokoke like i kekahi i kekahi, a me ka hū o ka huina'ine ua negligible hoʻohālike au iā ia (i ka 1836 manawa emi ma mua o ka nuipa o ka proton), i ka helu ana o neutrons i loko o kona nucleus ua kūlana loa nui kekahi,ʻo ia, e hoʻoholo i ka kumupaʻa o 'ōnaehana a me ka uku o ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o radioactive nuclei. Maʻiʻo o ka neutron ua nānā 'ia e nā kālaiōewe (ʻano) o ka hehee ai.

Eia naʻe, ma muli o ia ka OOAaAeAa o na nā paʻi hua o ka mea i hoopiiia (particles), protons, a me electrons i kekahi mau manaʻo e mālama (keia waiwai me ka nānā 'ana i ka lākiō o ka haʻahaʻa (particles) o ka uku ole i kona kaumaha). Nolaila, i ka like ana o ka proton uku ole mea 9.578756 (27) x 107 C / kg ku e -1.758820088 (39) 1011 · ka huina'ine. Aie i ka mea kiʻekiʻe kekahi malama aiee a noa protons hiki ole nei i loko o ke kinowai ai Media: ka mea, e haawi aku hydration.

Mass a me ka malama ana o ka proton - he mau 'nui, a ua hiki ke hookupaa aku i ka hoʻomaka o ka hope kenekulia. Owai la ka mea o nā kānakaʻepekema i ia - kekahi o ka mea nui loa - i ka puka o ka iwakalua kenekulia? I ka 1913, Rutherford, ma muli o ka mea e nā nā paʻi hua o nā mea a pau i ka ike Nine Inch hehee wale, ua oi aku ma mua o ka nuipa o ka hydrogen'Ātoma i ka helu helu o nā manawa,? Aaeaaaaony i ka nucleus o ka hydrogen'Ātoma pū i loko o ka nucleus o ka'Ātoma o kekahi hehee ai. I kekahi mau mea ma hope Rutherford mālama 'ia i ka hoʻokolohua ma i aʻo i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka naikokene nuclei Alpha (particles). E like me ka hopena o ka hoʻokolohua, mai ka nucleus o ka'Ātoma lele huna a Rutherford i kapaia "proton" (mai ka Helene hua'ōlelo "protos" - o ka mua kekahi), a laila'ōlelo akula ia mea, o ka nucleus o ka hydrogen'Ātoma. Ka mea mahuʻi Ua ai experimentally ma ka hou o keia scientific hana i loko o ke keʻena ao.

Rutherford hookahi kuhiakau o ke ola ana o ka huna i loko o ka'ātoma nucleus Ua i loko o 1920, i mea like me ka mea hū o ka proton, akā, hāpai i ka i ka pila malama. Naʻe, ka mea, he mea hiki ole ke huai ae keia huna i Rutherford. Akā, i ka 1932, kāna haumāna Chadwick experimentally hoao iho la ia i ka wa o neutrons i loko o ka nucleus - (particles) e like me ka wānana Rutherford, kaha like kokekau i loko o ka proton nuipa a. Huai ae neutrons ua paʻakikī, no ka mea, i ole uila e malama, a, me, 'aʻole i hele mai i loko o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me nā nuclei. Ka nele o ka uku ole ua wehewehe ia e ka waiwai o neutrons me ke kiʻekiʻe loa penetrating mana.

Protons a me neutrons i paa aku nei ma ka'ātoma nucleus ka loa poe ikaika. Ano, ke kālaikūlohea converge ma luna o ka manaʻo i kēia mau walaʻauʻana nukelea (particles) e mea i like loa i kekahi i kekahi. No laila, ka mea, i ka ia hope, a me ka nukelea koa hana ma luna o ia loa like. Na wale koena unuhi - ka maikaʻi malama o ka proton, neutron iaʻaʻohe kauoha. Akā, e like me ka uila e mālama ai i loko o nukelea hana kūleʻaʻaʻohe ano, ka mea hiki wale ke noʻonoʻo me ka ano o ka proton i 'ae'. Inā, naʻe, 'auʻai ka proton uila malama,ʻo ia, e lilo kona individuality.